El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido el tratamiento de un residuo (lodo de fundición) procedente del lavado húmedo de los gases del horno fusor. Para ello, se ha evaluado la peligrosidad del residuo y, posteriormente, se han estudiado diferentes tratamientos previos al vertido y se ha realizado su evaluación ambiental. El lodo de fundición es un residuo ecotóxico, debido principalmente a la alta concentración de cinc y a la carga orgánica (fenoles) del mismo, pudiéndose establecer relaciones matemáticas entre la ecotoxicidad y la concentración de cinc y fenoles, tanto en el residuo original como en los productos finales. Entre las diferentes tecnologías de tratamiento, destacan los procesos de estabilización/solidificación con cal o cemento como agente aglomerante, por su elevado interés en residuos de carácter tóxico mixto: orgánico e inorgánico. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio exhaustivo de los diferentes aditivos utilizados en dichos procesos y se han desarrollado diferentes formulaciones cal o cemento y aditivos/residuo con el fin de cumplir los parámetros ambientales, concluyéndose con la relación existente entre formulación y evaluación ambiental y obteniendo una patente de invención. / The aim of this work has been the study of the treatment of foundry sludge coming from after wet cleaning of gases of the furnace in foundry activities. Previously, the hazardous of the waste material has been evaluated. Later, different treatments have been studied and the environmental evaluation have been conducted. Foundry sludge is an ecotoxical waste due to inorganic (basically zinc) and organic (phenols) pollutants, being able to establish mathematical relationships between the ecotoxicity and the concentration of zinc and phenols, both in waste and end-products. Among the different technologies for the treatment, stabilisation/solidification processes with lime or cement as binders are very interesting technologies for waste of mixed character (organic and inorganic). An exhaustive study of different additives used in these processes has been carried out and different formulations have been developed in order to inertise the waste materials, concluding with the relationships between formulation and environmental evaluation and obtaining a patent.

半導體產業自 1950/1960 年代創始以來, 即以高度垂直整合的型式存在. 電路設計, 製程技術開發, 晶圓製造, CP測試, 封裝, 以及 FT測試 都是在同一公司完成. 至今日為止, 雖然仍然有不少的高度垂直整合的半導體公司存在, 許多的半導體公司已開始轉向為較低度垂直整合的型式存在. 在現代的產業術語中, 這些不同的產業單位被稱為整合元件廠 (IDM), 輕晶圓廠公司 (Fab-lite), 無晶圓廠公司(fab-less), 晶圓代工(wafer foundry), 外包封裝測試公司 (OSAT), 等等. 半導體產業自高度整合的IDM模式走向設計與製造分離的商業模式是一個許多人有興趣探討的課題. 其中一項很明顯的因素就是半導體製程開發及產能建置所需的龐大資金所造就出的專業晶圓代工模式. 但是,當專業晶圓代工模式帶入大量的經濟效益的同時, 眾多的公司在半導體產業中跨公司的交易成本亦大量增加. 在本論文中, 作者試圖以個案分析的方法, 探討半導體產業中一家專業晶圓代工公司 (A 公司) 如何使用協同電子商務來降低與客戶之間的交易成本. Coase and Williamson為主所發展出的交易成本經濟學 (Transaction Cost Economics, TCE)為本論文提供了一個良好的理論架構. 這些專精不同的半導體公司(Firms)在半導體產業中(Market)交易(Transact). 當面對不同程度的交易障礙時, 都會努力使這些障礙降低. 本論文之目標是以 Coase/William的TCE為架構, 定性分析出晶圓代工產業的協同電子商務在降低交易成本的效益. 在針對Ａ公司的個案研究中，研究結果指出, 協同電子商務在降低監督成本上是相當顯著的. 其次為搜尋成本及訂約成本的降低. 效益較不顯著的則為違約成本的降低. / The Semiconductor Industry started out in the 1950/1960 time frame, in the form of highly vertical integration. Circuit design, process technology development, wafer manufacturing, circuit probe operations, assembly manufacturing and final testing operations were all performed within a company. Although vertically integrated semiconductor companies still have strong presence in today’s industry, many others have turned much less vertically integrated. In semiconductor industry’s jargons, these various entities are: IDMs (Integrated Device Manufacturers), Fab-lite, Fabless, wafer foundries, OSATs (Out Sourced Assembly and Test), etc… This phenomenon of the semiconductor industry going from being highly integrated towards being highly disintegrated is of interest to many. One of the obvious driving forces is the emergence of the wafer foundry segment in the industry due to the heavy investment in the process technology development and the manufacturing capacity build-up. Given the need for the tight collaboration among various semiconductor industry functions, this disintegration undoubtedly imposed much inter-company collaboration barrier along the value chain. In this paper, the study focuses on how a company (“Company A”) in the wafer foundry segment uses collaborative commerce to provide an integration platform for its trading partners to reduce the barrier of conducting business with each other. Transaction Cost Economy (TCE), a term coined by Coase and Williamson, provided an excellent research framework for this case. The barrier existing in these interdependent semiconductor companies along the value change can be viewed as “firms” in the “market”, while facing the significant barrier (transaction costs), looking for ways to maximize the profits for individual firms, and hopefully for the whole value chain as well. In short, this paper analyzes the qualitative effect of the collaborative commerce in a semiconductor foundry company in reducing the inter-company transaction cost within the Coase and Williamson TCE framework. Based on the case study of company A, the results indicate that Collaborative Commerce has significant impact on monitoring cost reduction. It also helps reduce the cost of searching and contracting. On the enforcement cost reduction, Collaborative Commerce plays a relatively weaker role. Key Words: Transaction Cost, Collaborative Commerce, Semiconductor, Foundry, Integration, Dis-integration

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido objetivando a determinação e a avaliação dos perfis temporais da concentração de alguns elementos químicos potencialmente tóxicos presentes no material particulado em suspensão (MPS) no interior de uma pequena indústria de fundição de metais bronze, ferro e alumínio que, em concentrações elevadas, podem acarretar sérios riscos à saúde do trabalhador. Para isso foi utilizado um amostrador temporal de MPS, que coleta amostras de aerossóis em intervalo de tempo pré-programados, separando-os por tamanho: (a) fração fina ou respirável (partículas com diâmetro aerodinâmico menor que 2,5 m, MP2,5) e (b) fração grossa ou inalável (entre 2,5 a 10 m, MP10-2,5), durante todo o período do processo de fundição (da fusão à moldagem). As amostras coletadas, na forma de faixas (strips) sobre um filtro (fração fina) e sobre um impactador (fração grossa), foram analisadas pela técnica de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDXRF), utilizando na excitação um tubo de raios X com alvo de Mo e e na detecção dos raios X característicos um detector semicondutor de Si(Li) acoplado a um analisador de pulsos multicanal, interpretando-se posteriormente os espectros de raios X obtidos pelo aplicativo AXIL. Para algumas amostras também foi feita uma análise com microscópio eletrônico de varredura (SEM/EDS) para se conhecer a morfologia dos particulados. Deste modo foi possível determinar a concentração de elementos químicos potencialmente tóxicos presentes em um ambiente de uma pequena indústria de fundição de metais, mostrando que o momento mais crítico dessa atividade foi o da moldagem e também determinar a forma do MPS. Na fundição do bronze e ferro, as concentrações dos elementos Cr, Mn, Ni e Pb, principalmente na fração fina no momento de moldagem, mostraram-se muito superior aos limites recomendados pelas agências brasileira e norte-americana. Apesar de não haver limites recomendados para o elemento Zn, foi verificada uma alta concentração principalmente na concentração na fração fina, o mesmo sucedendo para o Cu. Com respeito a fundição de alumínio, foi observado altas concentrações principalmente de Zn e Cu, somente na fração fina, não ocorrendo na fração grossa. Pelos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os trabalhadores estão sujeitos a condições insalubres de trabalho nesse tipo de ambiente, aconselhando-se o uso permanente de equipamentos adequados de proteção visando de preferência a fração fina, assim como um monitoramento constante desses elementos químicos durante todas as etapas do processo de fundição, principalmente na de moldagem / The aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical concentration of some potentially toxic inorganic chemical elements and the time profiles in fine (PM2.5, particles up to 2.5 m) and coarse (PM2.5-10, particles from 2.5 to 10 m) suspended particulate matter (SPM) inside a small foundry plant - bronze, iron and aluminium -, in which at high concentrations turns a healthy concern. For these purpose, a rotating streaker airparticulate sampler for sampling during all day foundry activity was utilized. Fine SPM was collected on a filter and coarse SPM in turn by an impactor. The collected samples were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique employing a Mo target tube in the excitation, and the detection was carried out through Si(Li) semiconductor detector coupled to multichannel analyser, deconvolutting the X-ray spectra with AXIL software help. It was also carried out particulated morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer coupled (SEM/EDS). In this manner, the inorganic chemicals content were determined in the small foundry allowing concluding that the moulding step is the critical one taking into account the amount of pollutant released. During bronze and iron melting, the Cr, Mn, Ni and Pb contents in SPM were higher than allowed values by Brazilian and United States legislations. It was also verified a high Zn and Cu content, mainly in the fine suspended particulate matter, although these elements are not contemplated by national nor international laws. Thus, due to this unhealthy environmental working conditions inside the small foundry plant,a proper individual protection equipment is mandatory mainly for fine suspended particulate matter, and a constant air pollutant monitoring in foundry plants is demanded, mainly during the moulding step

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) são uma classe de substâncias químicas que podem ser geradas na combustão de matéria orgânica, e 17 destas substâncias são consideradas como poluentes prioritários pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos EUA (US EPA), em função de seu potencial tóxico e carcinogênico. Para identificar e quantificar os HPAs no ambiente de trabalho por cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massas, foram realizadas coletas de amostras ambientais em um incinerador de resíduos de serviços de saúde localizado na região da grande São Paulo e em três fundições de metais nas cidades de Loanda e Santa Isabel do Ivaí, no Estado do Paraná. A concentração de HPAs totais nas amostras ambientais coletadas no Incinerador foi de 0,36 - 1,72 µg/m3; na Fundição 1 de 0,72 - 4,56 µg/m3; na Fundição 2 de 2,32 - 6,52 µg/m3; na Fundição 3 de 0,19 - 3,72 µg/m3. Foi realizada também a coleta de amostras biológicas de trabalhadores expostos e não expostos, para a identificação e quantificação do indicador biológico de exposição o 1-hidroxipireno por cromatografia líquida com detector de fluorescência. A concentração de 1-hidroxipireno nas amostrados biológicas dos trabalhadores no Incinerador apresentou diferença estatisticamente siginificante entre o grupo exposto e o grupo controle; na Fundição 1 houve diferença estatisticamente pouco significante entre os grupos estudados; nas Fundições 2 e 3 não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados. / The Polycyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbons (PAH) are a class of chemicals that can to be generated by organic matter burning, and 17 of that chemicals are considered priority pollutant by Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), because their toxicity and carcinogenicity potentials. To identify and to quantitify the PAH at workplace atmosphere by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), it was conducted a environmental sampling in a waste incinerator, settled in the metropolitan São Paulo Region, and at three metals foundry settled in the Loanda City and Santa Isabel do Ivaí City, at Paraná State. The concentration of total PAH in the environmental samples collected in a waste incinerator was 0,36 - 1,72 µg/m3; at metals foundry 1 was 0,72 - 4,56 µg/m3; at metals foundry 2 was 2,32 - 6,52 µg/m3; at metals foundry 3 was 0,19 - 3,72 µg/m3. The biological samples of the workers was collected to identify and to quantitify the biological indicator urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr) by high performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence detector (HPLC-Flu). The 1-OH-Pyr concentration in the biological samples of the exposed and control group in a waste incinerator presented a statistical significant difference; in the metals foundry 1 was observed a slight statistical significant difference; and in the metals foundry 2 and metals foundry 3 was not observed statistical significant difference.

本研究主要是探討台灣半導體產業中晶圓代工與動態隨機記憶體製造廠商競爭優勢有哪些？並且由價值鍵模型、市場-技術生命週期論著、策略矩陣模型、策略性資源模型及鑽石模型來探討。前面是以一般產業模型探討產業具有競爭優勢。 　　從產業現象中推理，歸納哪些具有競爭優勢條件，再經過模型加以應用、推導、驗證，更能使理論與實務相結合。 　　本研究運用Porter鑽石模型探討，找出每一構面因素的相關競爭優勢內涵。第一因素是生產要素，第二因素是需求條件，第三因素是企業策略、企業結構和競爭程度，第四因素是相關及支援性產業，第五因素是機會，第六因素是政府角色。之後依序探討各因素實際上在產業中成功因素內涵加以分析。並配合個案研究與個案深入訪談專家，依序分析國內最具代表性廠商所具有競爭優勢形成的因果關係，使得探討產業競爭優勢更趨完整。 本研究結果使得下列相關命題更具實質的意義。 1. （價值鍵模型）中探討產業競爭優勢、產業分工與群聚的效果。 2. （策略矩陣模型中）分析得知競爭優勢之基礎與條件。 3. （策略性資源模型）得知廠商組織能力培養與產品創新及有形資產之土地、廠房、設備購置時間之重要性。 4. （後進、先進地區市場-技術生命週期論著）：探討產業發展策略中進入成熟期時台灣晶圓代工與DRAM廠商在進入21世紀深次微米技術時，採取何種方式及步驟，保持競爭優勢。 5. （生產因素）資本資源探討，Venture Capital 投入，不僅止於資金挹注且提供經營資訊，銀行融資及推介策略性合夥人。 6. （企業策略、企業結構和競爭程度）國內該產業廠商之策略、管理型態及組織結構如：未來經營策略有合併、策略聯盟與競爭又合作方向，良好事業策略制定與執行影響廠商生存利基與競爭條件。 7. （機會）產業之機會，如國際IDM大廠製造轉移至台灣晶圓Foundry與DRAM廠商。3C商品整合趨勢，提高DRAM需求與掌握國際市場開拓能力，增加市場通路機會。 第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………… 1 1-1 研究背景與問題………………………………………………… 1 1-2 研究的目的……………………………………………………… 1 1-3 研究對象與範圍………………………………………………… 2 第二章 相關文獻探討…………………………………………………… 4 2-1 競爭優勢觀念之探討…………………………………………… 4 2-2 經營策略觀念之探討…………………………………………… 9 2-3 價值鍵探討……………………………………………………… 15 2-4 產業分析觀念之探討…………………………………………… 16 2-5 其他研究架構因素探討………………………………………… 22 2-6 相關理論架構模式之比較……………………………………… 23 第三章 研究設計………………………………………………………… 26 3-1 研究架構………………………………………………………… 26 3-2 研究流程………………………………………………………… 28 3-3 資料蒐集與分析………………………………………………… 29 3-4 研究方法………………………………………………………… 29 第四章 台灣半導體產業之晶圓代工與動態隨機存取記憶體競爭優勢探討…… 31 4-1 前言……………………………………………………………… 31 4-2 全球半導體產業發展現況與展望……………………………… 32 4-3 影響晶圓代工及DRAM需求因 ………………………………… 48 4-4 台灣DRAM製程技術及研發探討 -市場∼技術生命週期論…………………… 49 4-5 具競爭優勢生產成本與價格-價值鍵模型……………………… 54 4-6 專業服務導向與多樣化產品之競爭優勢-策略矩陣模型………… 56 4-7 專業晶圓代工與動態隨機記憶體製造-策略性資源模型………… 60 4-8 彈性經營管理強度與國際競爭能力…………………………… 70 4-9 整體績效改善與達成…………………………………………… 71 4-10 生產力與獲利能力之優勢……………………………………… 72 第五章 晶圓代工與動態隨機記憶體產業競爭力分析………………… 75 5-1 鑽石理論模型構面因素………………………………………… 75 5-2 生產要素………………………………………………………… 77 5-3 需求條件………………………………………………………… 95 5-4 公司實力、策略與競爭…………………………………………100 5-5 相關與支援產業…………………………………………………104 5-6 機會角色…………………………………………………………116 5-7 政府角色…………………………………………………………119 第六章 公司個案討論……………………………………………………126 6-1 個案介紹-聯華電子股份有限公司 ……………………………126 6-2 聯華電子公司策略性資源模型（一）…………………………130 6-3 聯華電子公司策略性資源模型（二）…………………………133 6-4 聯華電子公司「晶圓專工」策略-價值鍵模型………………136 6-5 個案介紹-台灣茂矽電子股份有限公司………………………138 6-6 台灣茂矽電子公司總體策略-產業價值鍵模型………………141 6-7 台灣茂矽電子公司策略性資源模型……………………………142 第七章 台灣半導體產業競爭優勢-Foundry & DRAM研究探討……145 第八章 結論與建議………………………………………………………161 參考文獻……………………………………………………………………164 附錄一訪談問卷…………………………………………………………169

This thesis reviews the circumstances that led to what Paul Renner called “the inflation of historicism,” places his response to that problem in the context of the Weimar Republic, details how the German attributes with which he began the project were displaced from the typeface that emerged in 1927, demonstrates that Futura belongs to a new category of serif-less roman fonts rooted in Arts and Crafts lettering, and considers why the specifically German aspects of the project have gone unrecognized for over seventy years. Renner’s writing is compared to ideas prevalent in early twentieth-century German cultural discourse, and Futura’s design process is placed in the context of Renner’s personal experience of Weimar’s social and economic crises. Objective measurements are employed to establish the relationship between drawings attributed to Renner and are used to compare features of Futura with other fonts of the period.

This thesis reviews the circumstances that led to what Paul Renner called “the inflation of historicism,” places his response to that problem in the context of the Weimar Republic, details how the German attributes with which he began the project were displaced from the typeface that emerged in 1927, demonstrates that Futura belongs to a new category of serif-less roman fonts rooted in Arts and Crafts lettering, and considers why the specifically German aspects of the project have gone unrecognized for over seventy years. Renner’s writing is compared to ideas prevalent in early twentieth-century German cultural discourse, and Futura’s design process is placed in the context of Renner’s personal experience of Weimar’s social and economic crises. Objective measurements are employed to establish the relationship between drawings attributed to Renner and are used to compare features of Futura with other fonts of the period.

No description available.

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O principal objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um compósito cerâmico e uma tecnologia de laboratório para a produção de materiais de construção com maior percentual de lodo galvânico, lodo de anodização do alumínio, areia de fundição e argila taguá. Os corpos de prova foram confeccionados com 20 g e 16 g em molde de 20 x 60 mm e prensados utilizando-se uma uniaxial de 10 MPa. Os corpos de prova foram sinterizados a temperaturas de 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 e 1250°C durante 6 horas. Foram realizadas análises de densidade, perda ao fogo, FRX, DRX, MEV/EDS, TGA/DSC, retração linear após queima, absorção de água, resistência de ruptura à flexão e lixiviação, a fim de caracterizar as matérias primas e o material cerâmico desenvolvido. A concentração destes resíduos, utilizados como matérias-primas, variou nos seguintes limites: lodo galvânico 0-10%, lodo de anodização do alumínio 0- 75%, areia de fundição de 0-20% e a argila Taguá de 0-80%. Os valores de resistência de ruptura à flexão na composição 1 a 900 °C alcançaram 5,87 MPa e a 1250 °C alcançaram 12,99 MPa, na composição 7 a 900 °C – 1,40 MPa, e a 1250 °C – 26,82 MPa. Através de métodos de MEV, observou-se que a temperatura de 900 °C a interação das particulas é mecânica e a temperatura de 1250 °C esta interação tornou-se coesa e a argila funde-se transforma-se em um material semelhante ao vidro. Os resultados do ensaio de lixiviação apontaram que os materiais cerâmicos após a sinterização apresentaram traços de Pb, Cu, Al e Fe, tendo imobilizado apenas parte dos metais pesados analisados, o que os classifica como resíduos perigosos. Em comparação com as normas brasileiras, no quesito resistência, as cerâmicas atenderam aos parâmetros para uso em blocos cerâmicos para alvenaria estrutural nas categorias A, B e C e tijolos maciços comuns para alvenaria, respectivamente, no entanto, a imobilização de metais pesados carece de ajustes para que se alcance um material cerâmico ambientalmente amigável. / The main objective of this study is to develop a ceramic composite and laboratory technology for the production of building materials with higher percentage of galvanic sludge, aluminium anodizing sludge, foundry sand and clay Taguá. The bodies of proof (CPs) were made with 20 g and 16 g in 20 x 60 mm mould and with uniaxial press of 10 MPa. The CPs were sintered at temperatures of 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 and 1250° C for 6 hours. Density analyses were performed, fire loss, FRX, DRX, SEM/EDS, TGA/DSC, linear firing shrinkage, water absorption, flexural strength and leaching in order to characterize raw materials and developed ceramic material. The concentration of these residues, that were used as raw materials, varied in the following boundaries: galvanic sludge 0-10%, aluminium anodizing sludge 0- 75%, 0-20% foundry sand and clay Taguá of 0-80%. The values of flexural strength in composition 1 were 900 °C reached 5.87 MPa and 1250 °C reached 12.99 MPa, and composition 7 to 900 °C – 1.40 MPa, and 1250 °C – 26.82 MPa. SEM to the temperature of 900 °C showed the interaction of particles is mechanical and to the one of 1250 °C exhibited the cohesive interaction and clay fusion produced a material similar to glass. The results of the leaching indicated that the ceramic materials after sintering showed traces of Pb, Cu, Al and Fe, having immobilised just part of heavy metals present in the composition, which classifies it as hazardous waste. In comparison with the Brazilian standards, resistance aspect met the requirement for use in ceramic blocks for structural masonry in categories A, B and C, and solid bricks for masonry, respectively, however, the immobilization of heavy metals requires adjustments to achieve an environmentally friendly ceramic material.

Resíduos industriais têm sido um dos grandes problemas ambientais discutido na atualidade. Muitos trazem em suas composições metais pesados de diversos teores, sendo necessária uma análise de cada resíduo, a fim de que se busquem soluções práticas apropriadas da destinação, e se torne um benefício ao meio ambiente. Foram elaboradas diversas composições com borra de tinta, areia de fundição, vidro e caulim, em moldes de 60mmx20mm, prensados uniaxialmente em prensa hidráulica a 10 MPa e sinterizados em forno elétrico nas temperaturas 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C e 1275ºC. Os compósitos passaram por ensaios de resistências a flexão, absorção de água, densidade aparente, retração linear, FRX, DRX, MEV, EDS, lixiviação e análise de materiais particulados. Posteriormente no material sinterizados, verificaram-se novas propriedades físicas e mecânicas, mostrando a fundição de seus materiais e resistência à flexão que chegou a 12,29 Mpa, 10,85% de absorção de água. 6,04% de retração linear e 1,39% de densidade aparente, na composição que se utilizou de 7% de resíduos e incinerados a 1275°C. Identificou a presença dos minerais montmorillonita, illita, caulinita, gibbsita, rutila e cristobalita e suas influências na cerâmica. Essa pesquisa apresentou uma solução cabível aos resíduos de tinta, areia de fundição e vidro, utilizandoos como matéria-prima para cerâmica branca. / Industrial waste has been one of the major environmental problems discussed today. Many contain in their compositions heavy metals of various contents, and an analysis of each residue is necessary in order to find appropriate practical solutions of the destination, and become a benefit to the environment. Several compositions were made with paint sludge, cast sand, glass and kaolin, in 60mmx20mm molds, uniaxially pressed in a hydraulic press at 10 MPa and sintered in an electric oven at temperatures of 1100 ° C, 1150 ° C ° C, 1200 ° C, 1250 ° C and 1275 ° C. The composites underwent tests of resistance to bending, water absorption, apparent density, linear retraction, FRX, DRX, SEM, EDS, leaching and analysis of particulate materials. Subsequently, in the sintered material, new physical and mechanical properties were found, showing the casting of its materials and flexural strength of 12.29 Mpa, 10.85% of water absorption. 6.04% linear retraction and 1.39% apparent densities, in the composition that was used of 7% of residues and incinerated at 1275 ° C. It identified the presence of the minerals montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, gibbsite, rutila and cristobalite and their influences on ceramics. This research presented a suitable solution for waste ink, sand casting and glass, using them as raw material for white ceramics.