In late March 2005, three Romanian journalists were kidnapped by an obscure group of Iraqi militants near Baghdad. Several unusual details about the circumstances of the kidnapping prompted the Romanian media to investigate the speculation regarding the authenticity and motives of this high profile case. This thesis project extends framing theory to incorporate macro-level frames such as cynicism, speculation and metacommunication as dominant reporting styles in this evolving democracy. A systematic content analysis was performed on 255 news stories spanning 75 days from Evenimentul Zilei and Jurnalul National. Additionally, 2,941 of their subsequent online reader discussion posts were content analyzed using the same categories as the news stories to serve as a point of comparison between media reports and public discussion about this bizarre case. Results support evidence of generic media framing and extend the theory to demonstrate media's reliance on speculation and metacommunication as overarching reporting styles. Online deliberation between readers in this evolving democracy demonstrates difficulties in citizens' abilities to emerge from the spiral of cynicism characteristic of the post-communist Romania. While media establish the issues for public dialogue, they do not appear responsible for setting the tone. / Master of Arts

This thesis explores the framing of coordinative experience in collocated computer-mediated communication. It highlights the importance of low- level coordinative properties through multifaceted examination of the transcript of the first minute of a constructed coordinative situation. In efforts to truly understand the culture we are creating and invoking by adding computers to people's activities in groups, and life in general. A lab study was conducted using a computer program that allows one or more users to solve a Sudoku puzzle together, each on their own separate computer. This allowed for an investigation of what happens when people and technology are located in the same place. How do people construct their situation, in terms of who goes next, what do they do and what constitutes the behavior framing. / Master of Science

In November 2013, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych suddenly reversed an ongoing process toward Ukrainian membership European Union in favor of strengthening economic ties with Russia. His action triggered mass demonstrations in Kiev's Maidan Square and eventually resulted in his removal from office. Yanukovych's opposition in the government solidified the regime change by assuming interim control of the government. Their supporters, composed mostly of ethnic Ukrainians from the Central and Western oblasts, became known as the Maidan movement. In response, separatist movements formed in the Southern and Eastern Ukrainian oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Crimea and Kharkiv. Following Russia's annexation of Crimea, separatist leaders in Donetsk and Luhansk united to form the self-proclaimed Novorossiya (New Russia) Union. This thesis used a grounded-theory approach to identify culturally charged framing devices within Maidan and Novorossiya Union discourse. This paper found that the framing devices of Maidan and Novorossiya invoked Ukrainian and Russian belief systems. Analysis of elite cultural discourse demonstrated that Russian and Ukrainian beliefs and attitudes manifested as thematic concepts, which identified problems, suggest solutions and motivate action. Thus, the frame existed within the culture of Ukrainian and Russian interpretive communities. Framing devices and labels used by Novorossiya and Maidan aligned positions regarding the future of Ukraine with such systems of beliefs. / Master of Arts

Purpose: With focus on environment and in relation to civilization, this essay aims to clearify the discource and the process in wich creation of meaning about Africa is produced within swedish articles and also to analyze the exprecisions used. Method: As method, as well as theory, this essay uses the theory of discource and the discource analysis asssociated with Laclau & Mouffe. This because of the linguistic orientation and the tools of signs and elements among others to help identify common use of words and type of language with wich to talk about Africa. To do this, articles are selected from Retriever using the keyword Africa. Thereafter, a closer look at the total of 675 articles reduces them into 160 which clearly shows any description of environment and thereafter says something about civilization, or for that matter, the opposite to civilization. The material is then analyzed based on categories of countryside, urban environments and exotic environments aswell in relation to civilization in purpose to clearify wich environment is conected to civilization, or for that matter rather primitive societies. In this process the essay is also able to clearify the exprecions used. Result: The results show that the mosts common way to describe Africa is through signs of rather primitive societies. All of the environments aswell as the countryside, the exotic environment and the urban environment are described this way and show that the african society overall is to be considered a primitive society. / Syfte: Med övergripande fokus på miljö och relation till civilisation är det uppsatsen syfte att undersöka diskursen rådande kring Afrika och genom diskursanalysens verktyg redogöra för de såväl explicita, som implicita uttryck gestaltande av dessa förhållanden. Metod: Som metod används diskursanalys huvudsakligen präglad av Laclau & Mouffes breda, lingvistiska inriktning som genom användande av nodalpunkter, element och moment kartlägger språkliga uttryck genom vilka att tala om Afrikas miljö och också dess relation till civilisation. Analysen är indelad i flera steg där inledande artiklar ur empirin bestående av enbart beskrivningar av miljö separeras från dem med ytterligare fokus på civilisation eller primitiva förhållanden. Vidare separeras också de artiklar som beskriver civiliserade förhållanden från dem som fokuserar på snarare primitiva sådana. Samtliga artiklar analyseras sedan utifrån dessa kategorier i form  av ämnesområden som stadsmiljö, landsbygd och exotisk miljö för att synliggöra språkliga uttryck samt undersöka i vilken utsträckning respektive miljö beskrivs såväl enskilt som i relation till civilisation. Slutsats: Efter analys av totala 160 artiklar har framkommit att diskursen rådande kring Afrika övervägande inom såväl kategorin för de artiklar som enbart gestaltar Afrikas miljö, såväl som den som också visar dess relation till civilisation gestaltar Afrika i form av primitiva förhållanden.  Samtliga ämnesområden, dvs. stadsmiljö, landsbygd och exotisk miljö visar att Afrika oavsett konkret miljö övervägande representeras kantat av primitiva förhållanden och kan i helhet beskrivas som ett övergripande primitivt samhälle. Dessa resultat, eller tendenser, är att likna vid den tidigare forskning som bedrivits där också samma tendens fastslås hos internationella medier.

Bakgrund: I takt med att antalet miljonärer ökat i Sverige har antalet private banking-kunder ökat. Private bankings främsta syfte är att genom rådgivning uppnå kundens finansiella mål, utan att falla i psykologiska fallgropar. För att kunna upprätthålla en effektiv rådgivning krävs en djupare kunskap om förekomsten av psykologiska fallgropar och deras påverkan på rådgivningsprocessen inom private banking.Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga private banking rådgivares kännedom och strategier inom rådgivningsprocessen med fokus på problematiken med anchoring och framing. Uppsatsen syftar även till att, med utgångspunkt i ämnets relevanta teorier och tidigare forskning, analysera och utvärdera hanteringen av anchoring och framing i rådgivningsprocessen inom private banking.Genomförande: Uppsatsens explorativa tillvägagångssätt och kvalitativa ansats kombinerar en litteraturstudie med intervjuer och tester med tio verksamma rådgivare inom private banking. Den insamlade empirin utgör grunden för kartläggningen av private banking rådgivarnas kännedom och strategier i rådgivningsprocessen kopplat till problematiken kring anchoring och framing. En kartläggning som tillsammans med ämnets relevanta teorier och tidigare forskning analyseras och utvärderas för att addera mervärde till rådgivningsprocessen.Slutsats: Anchoring och framing förekommer inom rådgivningsprocessens samtliga delar och hanteras omedvetet av private banking rådgivarna. Rådgivarna har en låg ingående kännedom om fenomenen anchoring och framing men banken har ett intresse i att fördjupa sin kunskap inom forskningsområdet. Anchoring och framing är inte ett problem av avgörande bemärkelse vid rådgivning inom private banking. / Background: As the number of millionaires increased in Sweden, the number of private banking clients increased. The primary purpose within private banking is to achieve the client's financial goals through advising, without falling into psychological biases. In order to maintain an effective consulting requires a deeper knowledge of the existence of the psychological biases and their impact on the consulting process in private banking.Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to identify private banking advisers knowledge and strategies in the consulting process with a focus on the problematics of anchoring and framing. The thesis also aim to, based on relevant theories and previous research, analyze and evaluate the handling of anchoring and framing in the consulting process in private banking.Completion: The thesis exploratory and qualitative approach combines a literature review with interviews and tests with ten active advisers within private banking. The collected empirical data form the chart of private banking advisers knowledge and strategies in the consulting process with focus on the problematics of anchoring and framing. A chart which together with relevant theories and previous research is analyzed and evaluated in order to add value to the consulting process.Conclusion: Anchoring and framing exists in all parts of the consulting process and the private banking advisers handled their existence unconsciously. The advisers have a low ingoing knowledge of the phenomena anchoring and framing, but the bank has an interest to deepen their knowledge of the research field. Anchoring and framing is not an issue of vital sense in consulting process within private banking.

Sammanfattning Studiens syfte är att undersöka Nyheter24s kampanj om näthat för att förstå hur den är uppbyggd och vad den har för innehåll. På vilket sätt Nyheter24s kampanj är uppbyggd handlar om vilken typ av journalistiska texter som ingår i kampanjen och vilken typ av redaktionellt textformat som dominerat. Vilket innehåll de väljer att publicera i sin kampanj handlar om vilka frames som används i kampanjen och hur näthat framställs av Nyheter24. Syftet ligger till grund för uppsatsens två frågeställningar: 1) Hur är No Hate-kampanjen uppbyggd? och 2) På vilket sätt skriver Nyheter24 om näthat inom ramen för No Hate-kampanjen? Frågeställningarna kommer besvaras med en kombination av två metoder. En kvantitativ innehållsanalys och en kvalitativ textanalys. Kombinationen bidrar till att både ge en överblick av materialet som utgör kampanjen samt skapa djupare förståelse för texternas innehåll. Undersökningen görs inom ramen för Agenda setting theory och dess andra nivån. Studiens resultat visar att Nyheter24 främst lyfter skribentens personliga åsikter om näthat och känslomässiga effekter av näthat. Det syns i forma av känsloladdade ord, personliga berättelser och exempel på människor som blivit utsatta för näthat. Det kombineras med objektiv information i form av statistik och fakta, den typen av innehåll fungerar främst som ett komplement till det övrigt subjektiva innehållet i kampanjen. / The aim of this study is to examine Nyheter24 campaign about internethate to understand its compostion and to identify its different components. To successfully identify the campaigns compostion it is necessary to see what different type of journalistic texts are featured in the campaign and which ones are overrepresented. To see in which way Nyheter24 writes about internehate ten texts will be studied thoroughly to see which frames reoccur in these texts. Furthermore the essay will identify which frames regarding internehate reoccur in the campaign. With the help of the aim of the study, two research questions have emerged: 1) How is the No Hate campaign structured? 2) In what way does Nyheter24 write about internethate in their No Hate campaign? The research questions will be answered by a combination of two different methods. A quantitative content analysis and a qualitative textanalysis. The combination of these two methods will be usefull to answer the research questions since they will give an overlook of the campaign material and then a deeper understanding of the texts content. The result will be studied with help of the agenda setting theory and its second level. The result of the study show that Nyheter24 has primarily chosen to focus on the authour’s personal opinion regarding internethate and the emotional impact internehate has. This is showed by the usage of words connected to feelings and by personal stories surrounding internethate. This is combined with statistics and facts and this type of information is mainly used as a complement to the other two categories

Title: "Sport is the men's world" - a quantitative content analysts about the gender representation in Hallandsposten's sport pages during april and october 2014. Authors: Martin Laanemets & Maria Narevik Tutor: Ronny Severinsson Examiner: Ebba Sundin Semester: Spring 2016 Number of words: 13 249 Aim: This study aims to examine how the local newspaper Hallandsposten in Sweden portrays male and female ahtletes in the sport pages during april and october 2014. Questions: Is the gender-representation in Hallandsposten dominated by men? How does the gender-representation look like among male and female athletes in Hallandsposten? How does the representation look like among elite- and width-sports? How is the relation between space and gender? How is the relation between space and varoius types of sport? Is the current distribution focusing on the athletes accomplishments or their personal life? Theory: Our theoretical starting point is the idea of gender where men is the norm and women are marginalized. We base our study on theories of masculinity, framing and gender power order. Method: We perfomed a quantitative analysis where we counted all of the sports articles in Hallandsposten with a local aspect during april and october 2014. Furthermore we selected articles that was analysed to the content analysis where the main purpose was to explain and give examples on how both genders are being portayed. Results: The quantitative study showed that 77,9 percent of the articles were about men. It’s a clear domination of male athletes and we could see a few patterns in how female athletes were trivialized and how the accomplishments is not as important as the male’s. Keywords: gender, Hallandsposten, framing, agenda theory, sports

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einem der gewinnbringendsten Zweige der Internetbranche, der Mainstream- Internetpornografie und ihren Rahmenbedingungen im Kontext der Politik der Europäischen Union zu illegalen und schädigenden Internetinhalten. Basierend auf dem Framing-Ansatz wird der Politikprozess zum "Mehrjährigen Aktionsplan zur sichereren Nutzung des Internets" aus grundrechtlicher und feministischer Perspektive untersucht. Dabei wird das Policy Framing der beteiligten EU-AkteurInnen insbesondere hinsichtlich geschlechtersensibler Herangehensweisen und den ihnen zugrunde liegenden theoretischen Zugängen analysiert. Die dominanten Policy Frames der AkteurInnen werden aus unterschiedlichen Schwerpunkten in der Zielsetzung und Definition illegaler und schädigender Internetinhalte und deren grundrechtlichen Implikationen sowie der strategischen Positionierung der AkteurInnen zwischen "möglichen Grundrechtseingriffen" oder der "Betonung liberaler Abwehrrechte" abgeleitet.

O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se os consumidores são suscetíveis aos efeitos do framing de promoções de preço, ou seja, se descontos equivalentes mostrados em porcentagem ou em reais têm atratividades díspares entre os consumidores, em diferentes tipos de produto. O framing é um conceito discutido por Tversky e Kahneman (1979, 1981, 1986) e Kahneman (2003a) ao demonstrarem que a formulação dos problemas de decisão pode afetar nossos julgamentos cognitivos e, portanto, nossas preferências. Os objetivos específicos deste trabalho são verificar quais tipos de promoções mostram-se mais atrativos para diferentes tipos de produto (alto valor e baixo valor); se variáveis demográficas, como \"renda\" e \"escolaridade\", exercem algum efeito nas preferências pelo tipo de promoção; e, se as promoções têm impactos variados em diferentes marcas. O método utilizado consiste em pesquisa descritiva, de abordagem quantitativa, a partir de um experimento com hipóteses, aplicado em 400 consumidores da cidade de São Paulo durante janeiro e fevereiro de 2013. O questionário utilizado teve como base os trabalhos de Chen et al. (1998) e Gendall et al. (2006). Os resultados apontam que para o produto de baixo valor (biscoito recheado), a forma de promoção é indiferente para o consumidor (na forma \"10% de desconto\" ou \"De R$ 1,71 por R$ 1,54\"); e que para o produto de alto valor (notebook), o desconto em reais parece ser mais atrativo. Estas conclusões estão de acordo com o trabalho de Gendall et al. (Ibid.). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas preferências dos diversos grupos de renda, escolaridade e outras variáveis demográficas analisadas (sexo, idade, estado civil e região da cidade onde mora). / The objective of this study is to verify whether consumers are susceptible to price promotions framing effects - more specifically, if showing the same discount as percentage or in monetary terms for different products alters consumer preferences. Framing is a concept described by Tversky and Kahneman (1979, 1981, 1986) and Kahneman (2003a), who demonstrate that the framing of decision problems can affect our cognitive judgment and therefore our preferences. The specific objectives of this study are: to verify which type of price promotions are more attractive to high price and low price products; to access if demographic variables such as \"income\" and \"educational level\" present any effects on consumer promotion preferences; and to examine if promotions have different impacts on different brands. The method consists in a quantitative descriptive survey, applied with 400 consumers in São Paulo, Brazil, between January and February 2013. The questionnaire was based on Chen et al. (1998) and Gendall et al. (2006) work. Results show that for the low price product (stuffed cookie), the consumer is indifferent to the promotion type (\"10% off\" or \"From R$ 1,71 to R$ 1,54\"); and for the high price product (notebook), discount in monetary terms seems to be more attractive. These conclusions are in line with the findings of Gendall et al (Ibid). No significant difference in preference was found between different income groups, educational level and other demographic variables (gender, age, marital status and neighborhood).

Research within regulatory fit framework has shown that athletes perform better when in a state of regulatory fit. This state occurs when there is a match between a player’s chronic regulatory focus and the framing of the given task. In a counterbalanced within-groups experimental design, bowling players (N = 34) performed various rounds of the same ecologically-valid pin-setting configuration under two different experimental conditions: in a promotion manner (aspiration to make the spare) and in a prevention manner (obligation not to miss the spare). Results showed no significant relationship between regulatory fit and bowling performance. Findings are discussed in terms of task difficulty and experimental manipulation in relation to regulatory fit theory. / Forskning inom ramverket för regulatory fit har visat att idrottare presterar bättre när de befinner sig i ett tillstånd av regulatory fit. Detta tillstånd uppstår när det finns en överensstämmelse mellan en spelares kroniska regulatory fokus och framingen av den givna uppgiften. I en motbalanserad inomgruppsdesign genomförde bowlare (N = 34) flera omgångar av en ekologiskt valid kägeluppställning, fördelad på två olika experimentella förhållanden: ena på ett promotion-sätt (strävan efter att spärra), den andra på ett prevention- sätt (skyldighet att inte missa spärren). Resultatet visade inget signifikant samband mellan regulatory fit och förbättrad prestation. Vidare diskuteras resultatet utifrån uppgiftens svårighet och de experimentella manipulationerna, i relation till regulatory fit teorin.