This study investigates the application of the world Englishes (WE) paradigm to English language teaching (ELT) in the higher education context of Japan, as well as the possible application of competing paradigms that also work within a pluricentric view of English: English as an International Language (EIL) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). The Chukyo University Department of World Englishes (DWE), within the College of World Englishes, serves as the primary site of inquiry. A main focus of the study is to explore the development of a broader concept of World Englishes for educational contexts. A literature review of work in the three fields of WE, EIL, and ELF was conducted, as well as a literature review of leading work in the field of English language curriculum design. The literature reviews establish a baseline of what is currently known in these fields. To provide additional answers to the research questions for this study, three sets of qualitative data were obtained and analyzed: a survey of graduates of the DWE since 2006, a survey of teachers in the DWE, and a series of observations of actual classes within the DWE. A coding scheme was designed for each of the two survey instruments to facilitate their analysis, which was used to report on and analyze the survey data, as well as incorporating actual excerpts from the raw data, to better illustrate and support particular trends or commonalities expressed in the data. The classroom observations were written up in the form of ‘vignettes’ from which further analysis could be made and triangulated with the data from the two surveys. These results were then interpreted to report the findings of the study, and a series of themes were identified that showed potential areas to focus on for curriculum enhancements. These include: the overcoming of shyness in Japanese students, the insufficiency of communicative language teaching (CLT) within a 4-skills curriculum, the applicability of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) in Japanese higher education, the need for more academic and business/professional education, the concept of world mindedness, the overall relevance of the WE/EIL/ELF paradigms, and the concept of ‘Educated English’ (Kachru 2003, Bamgbose 1982), as an objective for the Expanding Circle. The concept of Educated English in particular, has heretofore been underexplored in Expanding Circle WE research. The study concludes that based on the needs of students in the DWE, and more widely in Japan and across other Expanding Circle contexts, a broader concept of WE is necessary to better inform ELT curricular and pedagogical practices. The goal of working towards educated Japanese English as an outcome is more realistic for higher proficiency, highly motivated students, and the study concludes that ELT pedagogy to realize this goal is better suited to creation of an honors track, and general track, in the DWE and other institutions. Ultimately, the thesis contributes new insights into creating a broader concept of WE, drawing on research from competing paradigms, and posits a more suitable model of English pedagogy for Expanding Circle users of English.

This study investigates the application of the world Englishes (WE) paradigm to English language teaching (ELT) in the higher education context of Japan, as well as the possible application of competing paradigms that also work within a pluricentric view of English: English as an International Language (EIL) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). The Chukyo University Department of World Englishes (DWE), within the College of World Englishes, serves as the primary site of inquiry. A main focus of the study is to explore the development of a broader concept of World Englishes for educational contexts. A literature review of work in the three fields of WE, EIL, and ELF was conducted, as well as a literature review of leading work in the field of English language curriculum design. The literature reviews establish a baseline of what is currently known in these fields. To provide additional answers to the research questions for this study, three sets of qualitative data were obtained and analyzed: a survey of graduates of the DWE since 2006, a survey of teachers in the DWE, and a series of observations of actual classes within the DWE. A coding scheme was designed for each of the two survey instruments to facilitate their analysis, which was used to report on and analyze the survey data, as well as incorporating actual excerpts from the raw data, to better illustrate and support particular trends or commonalities expressed in the data. The classroom observations were written up in the form of ‘vignettes’ from which further analysis could be made and triangulated with the data from the two surveys. These results were then interpreted to report the findings of the study, and a series of themes were identified that showed potential areas to focus on for curriculum enhancements. These include: the overcoming of shyness in Japanese students, the insufficiency of communicative language teaching (CLT) within a 4-skills curriculum, the applicability of content and language integrated learning (CLIL) in Japanese higher education, the need for more academic and business/professional education, the concept of world mindedness, the overall relevance of the WE/EIL/ELF paradigms, and the concept of ‘Educated English’ (Kachru 2003, Bamgbose 1982), as an objective for the Expanding Circle. The concept of Educated English in particular, has heretofore been underexplored in Expanding Circle WE research. The study concludes that based on the needs of students in the DWE, and more widely in Japan and across other Expanding Circle contexts, a broader concept of WE is necessary to better inform ELT curricular and pedagogical practices. The goal of working towards educated Japanese English as an outcome is more realistic for higher proficiency, highly motivated students, and the study concludes that ELT pedagogy to realize this goal is better suited to creation of an honors track, and general track, in the DWE and other institutions. Ultimately, the thesis contributes new insights into creating a broader concept of WE, drawing on research from competing paradigms, and posits a more suitable model of English pedagogy for Expanding Circle users of English.

[pt] A Constituição da República, de 1988, estabelece que os Estados e a União Federal têm a obrigação de prestar assistência jurídica integral e gratuita aos necessitados devendo fazê-lo por intermédio da Defensoria Pública. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo permitir uma melhor compreensão acerca desse modelo brasileiro de prestação de assistência jurídica, tal como estabelecido na Constituição, com o propósito de averiguar se realmente é o mais apto para garantir o pleno acesso de todos à Justiça e, conseqüentemente, assegurar a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais das pessoas desprovidas de recursos econômicos para atingir esses fins por meios próprios. Para cumprir com esse objetivo, realizou-se inicialmente uma análise crítica na perspectiva histórica e das principais referências normativas do ordenamento jurídico constitucional e infraconstitucional em vigor no país, que regem o exercício do direito à assistência jurídica integral, ou seja, a assistência que é prestada tanto em âmbito judicial quanto extrajudicial, e um estudo das normas que regem o funcionamento da Defensoria Pública. Outro caminho percorrido foi o de investigar mais a fundo os modelos de assistência jurídica gratuita em funcionamento na França e nos Estados Unidos. Tais sociedades foram escolhidas não apenas pela grande influência histórica que têm tido na evolução das instituições jurídico-políticas brasileiras, mas também porque apresentam características bem diversificadas em seus sistemas jurídicos, o que contribuiu para a ampliação dos horizontes do estudo realizado. Para melhor compreensão desses sistemas alienígenas, realizamos duas temporadas consecutivas de estudos no exterior, permanecendo seis meses nos Estados Unidos e seis meses na França. Utilizando a metodologia de caráter etnográfico (observação e entrevistas), tivemos a oportunidade de acompanhar de perto o funcionamento real desses dois modelos de assistência jurídica, com visitas a instituições e acompanhamento de seu trabalho cotidiano, entrevistas com personalidades do mundo jurídico e, também, realizando amplo levantamento bibliográfico acerca do tema nos respectivos países. A partir da análise crítica na perspectiva histórica e das referências normativas atuais que regem o funcionamento desses dois sistemas estrangeiros de assistência jurídica aos necessitados, foi possível realizar um contraste com o modelo brasileiro, destacando-se as virtudes e os defeitos que, como é próprio de toda obra humana, se fazem presentes em cada um desses três sistemas analisados. Espera-se que um conhecimento mais profundo acerca do modelo nacional que foi estabelecido na Constituição Federal para a prestação desses serviços de assistência jurídica integral e gratuita venha a contribuir para que os atores institucionais envolvidos no sistema possam potencializar as virtudes e busquem neutralizar os defeitos existentes, de modo que se atinja plenamente a meta de garantir igualdade no acesso à Justiça e de ampla efetividade dos direitos fundamentais de todos os brasileiros, independentemente de sua condição social ou econômica. / [en] The 1988 Constitution of the Brazilian Republic mandates that the States and the Federal Union provide full and free legal assistance to every citizen in need, through the Office of the Public Defender. The following study seeks to develop a better understanding of this Brazilian model of constitutionally mandated legal assistance, and determine whether it is really the best mean of assuring full access to justice for every person, regardless of their financial means. The study approaches this issue from an historical perspective, with reference to the constitutional and statutory legal system operating in Brazil, requiring full legal assistance to the poor (i.e. legal advice and right to counsel in civil and criminal cases), as well as the rules that govern the operations of the Public Defender`s Office. We will also review alternative models of free legal assistance offered in France and the United States. These systems were selected not only for their historical influence over Brazilian political and judicial institutions, but also because they reveal diverse characteristics in their judicial systems that broaden the horizon of our study. In two consecutive seasons of ethnographic research (participant and no participant observation and interviews), six months in the USA, and six months in France, we are able to closely observe the day-to-day functioning of these two models of legal assistance, with visits to offices, interviews with key figures in the judicial system, and an extensive bibliographical review of the literature on legal assistance in the respective countries. Through this critical historical and normative analysis of the operation of these two foreign systems of legal assistance to the poor, we believe it has been possible to throw into greater relief the virtues and defects of the Brazilian model. We hope that this study will produce a deeper understanding of the national model of free and comprehensive legal assistance established in the Brazilian Constitution, and encourage those responsible for administering the system to optimize its virtues and overcome its defects to better achieve its goals of equal access to justice and the guarantee of the fundamental rights of all Brazilians, regardless of theirs social or economic condition. / [fr] La Constitution de la République du Brésil, de 1988, établit que les États et l´Union Fédérale sont tenus de fournir l´assistance juridique intégrale et gratuite aux démunis par l´intermédiaire du Bureau de la Défense Publique. Le présent exposé a pour but permettre une meilleure compréhension de ce modèle brésilien d´aide juridique, tel que l´a établi la Constitution, avec l´intention de vérifier si c´est vraiment mieux conçu pour garantir le plein accès de tous à la Justice et, par conséquent, d´assurer l´effectivité des droits fondamentaux des personnes démunies de conditions économiques pour atteindre ces objectifs avec leurs propres moyens. Pour accomplir ce dessein on a développé premièrement une analyse critique sous la perspective historique ainsi que des principales réferences normatives de l´ordonnance juridique constitutionnelle et infraconstitutionnelle en vigueur au Brésil, qui régissent l´exercice du droit d´aide juridique intégrale, soit l´assistance qui est proposée aussi bien en matière judiciaire qu´extrajudiciaire, et une étude des normes qui définissent le fonctionnement de du Bureau de la Défense Publique. Une autre voie parcourue a troit à l´énquête plus à fond des modèles d´assistance juridique gratuite en vigueur en France et aux États-Unis. Ces societés ont été choisies, non seulement en raison de leur grande influence historique dans l´évolution des institutions juridico- politiques brésiliennes, mais aussi parce-qu´elles présentent des caractéristiques bien diversifiées dans leurs systèmes juridiques, ce qui a contribué à l´ouverture des horizons de l´étude réalisé. Pour mieux comprendre ces systèmes d´autres Pays, nous avons fait deux séjours consécutifs d´études à l´étranger, passant six mois aux États-Unis et six mois en France. En utilisant la métodologie de l´observation participative, nous avons eu l´occasion d´accompagner de près le fonctionnement réel de ces deux modéles d´assistance juridique, visitant des institutions et accompagnant leur travail quotidien, obtenant des entrevues avec des personalités du monde juridique et aussi, en organisant une importante bibliographie au sujet du thème dans les Pays respectifs. À partir de l´analyse critique de la perspective historique et des réferences normatives actuelles qui régissent le fonctionnement de ces deux systèmes étrangers d´assistance juridique aux démunis(ies) a été possible d´établir une comparaison avec le modèle brésilien, en soulignant les qualités et les points faibles qui, comme il est propre à toute oeuvre humaine, sont présents en chacun de ces trois systèmes analisés. On espère qu´une connaissance plus profonde, au sujet du modèle national juridique établi par la Constitution Féderale pour la prestation de ces services d´assistance juridique intégrale et gratuite, viendra contribuer pour que les acteurs institutionnels engagés puissent multiplier les qualités autant que neutraliser les points faibles existants, de façon a que l´on puisse atteindre pleinement le but d´assurer l´égalité à l´accès à la Justice et une grande effectivité des droits fondamentaux de tous les brésiliens, indépendamment de leur condition sociale ou économique.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniele Soares da Silva.pdf: 1386235 bytes, checksum: 6fd3d5d342baea6525be33421c37004d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-18 / The aim of this study is to analyze the financing of federal public policies in Brazil's cultural sector, mainly the fiscal incentives mechanism established by the Rouanet law. In other words, the intention is to verify what are the problems faced and propose a few improvements to this mechanism. The research procedure consists on a bibliographic research and a comparative analysis of the French experience with the Brazilian case. It has been identified that the fiscal incentives mechanism works as public money repass; concentration of the resources from this mechanism in a few companies; a geographic imbalance on the distribution of these resources; lack o clarity regarding the differences between donation and financing and lack of transparency on the direction and use of the resources. The French model presents distinct and similar problems compared to the Brazilian one, exhibiting an opportunity to improvements in the model. The law project in the Brazilian Congress waiting for approval foresees changes to correct these distortions. The proposed changes present elements that indicate a possible solution to the presented problems / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o financiamento das políticas públicas federais do setor cultural no Brasil, principalmente o mecanismo dos incentivos fiscais estabelecido pela lei Rouanet. Em outras palavras, o propósito é verificar quais são os problemas enfrentados e propor alguns aperfeiçoamentos desse mecanismo. O procedimento da pesquisa consiste da pesquisa bibliográfica e uma análise comparativa da experiência francesa com o caso brasileiro. Foram identificados o mecanismo de incentivo fiscal funcionando como repasse de dinheiro público; a concentração dos recursos oriundos desse mecanismo em poucas empresas; o desequilíbrio geográfico da distribuição desses recursos; a falta de clareza quanto à diferença das modalidades doação e financiamento e a falta de transparência no direcionamento e uso dos recursos. O modelo francês apresenta problemas distintos e semelhantes aos do modelo brasileiro, dando oportunidade de detectar mudanças possíveis para melhora deste. O Projeto de Lei que está no Congresso brasileiro para aprovação prevê alterações que buscam corrigir essas distorções. As alterações propostas apresentam elementos que indicam uma possível solução para os problemas apontados

Submitted by Mauricio Brilhante Mendonça (mauricio_bm@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-21T13:10:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MAURICIO BRILHANTE MENDONÇA TESE CDAPG.pdf: 2107159 bytes, checksum: f169ebd0a723a4481356850ad3bb58c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2013-03-21T13:19:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MAURICIO BRILHANTE MENDONÇA TESE CDAPG.pdf: 2107159 bytes, checksum: f169ebd0a723a4481356850ad3bb58c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-21T13:57:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MAURICIO BRILHANTE MENDONÇA TESE CDAPG.pdf: 2107159 bytes, checksum: f169ebd0a723a4481356850ad3bb58c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / The Manaus Free Trade Zone (ZFM) is the Union’s regional development policy for the Western Amazonia which is based on the concession of tax incentives to the productive capital. Its main results can be seen in the Industrial Pole of Manaus (PIM). Based on theoretic references on public policies, political decision process and on the framework of historical institutionalism, the thesis analyses three relevant decisions to the ZFM, as well as the public agencies where these decisions are made, characterizing the actors who influence them while also trying to understand the flow of public decisions in each one of the decision making processes. The first one of them refers to the two moments in which the decision of extending the ZFM’s applicability was being discussed in the National Congress, when interest groups were capable of joining their political forces to guarantee the constitutional status of the ZFM. The second one refers to the evaluation of the implantation, update, diversification or extension’s pleas of the industrial projects in the ZFM, on which the research provided understanding that once the technical-economical project is coherently presented, according to the established Basic Productive Process (PPB), the legislation and accompanied by the necessary documentation, the projects of whichever sector will not face any difficulty to be approved by the CAS. The need of a previous PPBs existence makes their establishment process a vital decision in the ZFM policies. This is the third process. PPB is the tool which has allowed the ZFM’s tax incentives’ policy’s governance through the regularization of processes and procedures which are to be abode by the companies which enjoy the benefits. The PPBs are established after negotiation among producers, suppliers and the Federal State, this last one being represented by MDIC, MCTI and SUFRAMA, under the GT-PPB’s management, whose operation is regulated by means of the Interministerial Ordinance MDIC/MCT n°170/2010. The PPB has been used by the State to establish counterparts to the companies which benefit from the ZFM’s tax incentives and also to allow the installation of productive sectors in that zone. It was noted that what is effectively valued is the risk of the PPB being published causing, therewith, the displacement of other productive plants from different regions in Brazil to the ZFM, situation which would turn into a negative decision. However, in cases in which the other federation units, cities or micro regions’ loss is not clear, there may be conflicts of political character, which leaves the decision to be made by negotiation levels and power above the GT-PPB. It is important to mention that the GT-PPB members understand that the ZFM is a public policy for the Western Amazonia, and also that they recognize the power that these members’ functions altogether have, each one with their own specialty, limits and objectives, functions which may influence the formulation and implementation of the industrial, science and technology and regional development policy in Brazil. It was possible to notice the participants’ effort with the current rules to promote improvements in these policies as well as the fact of how these teams are reflected by the lack of an effective national productive development project. / A Zona Franca de Manaus (ZFM) é a política de desenvolvimento regional da União para a Amazônia Ocidental baseada na concessão de incentivos fiscais ao capital produtivo, a qual tem no Polo Industrial de Manaus (PIM) o seu principal resultado. Partindo de referenciais teóricos sobre políticas públicas, processo de decisão política e do arcabouço do institucionalismo histórico, a tese analisa três decisões relevantes para a ZFM, para as quais se buscou identificar as agências públicas onde estas são tomadas, caracterizando os atores que nelas influenciam, ao passo que procurou compreender o fluxo de decisões públicas desses processos decisórios. A primeira delas refere-se aos dois momentos em que a decisão de prorrogar a vigência da ZFM estivera em discussão no Congresso Nacional, quando os grupos de interesse foram capazes de agregar força política para garantir o status constitucional da ZFM. A segunda refere-se à avaliação dos pleitos de implantação, atualização, diversificação ou ampliação de projetos industriais na ZFM, sobre a qual a pesquisa proporcionou o entendimento de que uma vez apresentado o projeto técnico-econômico de forma coerente, de acordo com o Processo Produtivo Básico (PPB) estabelecido, com a legislação e acompanhado da documentação necessária, os projetos de qualquer que seja o setor não enfrentam dificuldades de aprovação no CAS. A necessidade da existência prévia de PPBs torna o processo de estabelecimento destes uma decisão fundamental na política da ZFM. Esse é o terceiro processo. O PPB é a ferramenta que tem permitido a governança da política de incentivos fiscais da ZFM, através da regulação de processos e procedimentos cumpridos pelas empresas que usufruem dos benefícios. Os PPBs são estabelecidos após negociação entre produtores, fornecedores e o Estado brasileiro, sendo este representado pelo MDIC, MCTI e SUFRAMA, sob a gestão do GT-PPB, cujo funcionamento é regulamentado pela Portaria Interministerial MDIC/MCT n°170/2010. O PPB vem sendo utilizado pelo Estado para estabelecer contrapartidas às empresas beneficiárias dos incentivos fiscais da ZFM e para permitir instalação de setores produtivos naquela zona. Notou-se que o efetivamente valorado é o risco de o PPB, ao ser publicado, causar deslocamento de plantas produtivas de outras regiões do Brasil para a ZFM, situação que leva ao indeferimento. Contudo, em situações nas quais não é claro o prejuízo para outras unidades da federação, cidades ou microrregiões, pode haver conflitos de caráter político, alçando a decisão para níveis de negociação e de poder acima do GT-PPB. Destaca-se o entendimento dos membros do GT-PPB de que a ZFM é uma política pública da União para a Amazônia Ocidental e de reconhecerem o poder que, em conjunto, têm suas funções, por meio das quais, cada um com sua especialidade, limites e objetivos, pode influenciar por dentro do Estado brasileiro na elaboração e implementação da política industrial, de ciência e tecnologia e de desenvolvimento regional. Foi possível perceber o esforço dos participantes para, com as regras atuais, promoverem melhorias nessas políticas e como se reflete nessas equipes a falta de um efetivo projeto de desenvolvimento produtivo nacional.

La convivialité mondiale :Résumé.<p><p>L’occasion de cette thèse fut à la fois le déclenchement de la première bombe nucléaire à Hiroshima en 1945 et le développement de nouveaux moyens de télécommunications qui révolutionnèrent les domaines informatiques au début des années cinquante. Pour mémoire, les frères Gutenberg, au milieu du XVème siècle, avaient mis au point un procédé typographique qui utilisait les caractères mobiles découvert en Chine au XIème siècle. L’imprimerie, puis l’édition, puis la presse écrite aboutirent finalement à l’avènement des médias de masse contemporains. Convaincus des conséquences fondamentales des débuts de l’informatique de masse sur l’évolution de la géo-sociologie, nous avons commencé dans notre travail, par la recherche d’un modèle sociologique pouvant représenter l’ensemble des habitants de notre planète. Norbert Elias nous apporta le résultat de son étude sur la monopolisation progressive dans des sociétés, dans son livre la « Dynamique de l’Occident ». S. Huntington, de son coté, développa dans « Le choc des civilisations », la réalité sociologique des huit principales civilisations actuellement en développement. A l’occasion de voyages dans des pays appartenant à ces différentes civilisations, nous avons entrepris de construire (p.p. 48bis et 52bis) une trame sociologique mondiale de départ, c’est-à- dire avant l’arrivée d’Internet. L’approche des paradigmes de Kuhn (p. 57), nous donna un support pour expliquer comment l’arrivée d’Internet dans le monde pouvait provoquer un changement, probablement irréversible, de paradigme sociologique.<p><p>La « fusion » des 6 niveaux d’Elias et des 8 civilisations de Huntington, provoquée, de proche en proche, par l’arrivée d’Internet, nous a conduit à définir un concept de convivialité (p. 62). Un tel concept existait déjà, à l’initiative de Brillat-Savarin au XIXème siècle, au niveau d’un groupe d’amis réunis en vue de faire bonne chère et de passer un moment agréable. Ivan Illich d’autre part (voir annexe 1), penseur de l écologie politique (1926-2002), donna un sens tout différent à son concept de convivialité. Nous avons entrepris quant à nous de définir et caractériser un concept adaptable aux quelques 48 domaines similaires mais distinct d’une recherche étendue à l’ensemble de la planète. Pour rappel, la « philia » d’Aristote ne dépassait pas le niveau sociologique de la cité-Etat, et renvoyait le reste du monde connu vers l’appellation de « barbaroi ».<p><p>Après le moment de convivialité décrit par Aristote dans « L’étique à Nicomaque », le monde retomba pendant plus de 2.000 ans dans le règne des autocrates et il fallut de timides débuts de démocratie en Angleterre, puis aux Etats-Unis et en France en 1789, pour constater un changement durable. Depuis une trentaine d’années par contre un grand nombre d’Etats-nations ont successivement évolué et basculé vers des régimes démocratiques :d’abord dans l’Europe du sud, puis dans les quelques pays de l’Asie du Sud Est. L’implosion de l’URSS en 1989 provoqua la création de démocraties beaucoup plus proches des modèles d’Europe occidentale que les pseudo-démocraties populaires de l’ex-bloc soviétique. Simultanément, la plupart des Etats-nations d’Amériques du Sud et du Centre connurent des transformations pacifiques profondes et évoluèrent vers des structures démocratiques. Aujourd’hui, la majorité des Etats-nations parmi les 190 que compte l’ONU, sont devenues des démocraties, au moins en cours de devenir.<p><p>Par ailleurs, au-delà du niveau des Etats-nations se développèrent des Rgionalismes Politiques (R.P.), constitués par le rapprochement d’un certain nombre d’Etats, y compris, depuis quelques décennies, les R.P. de l’Inde, de la Chine et de l’Union Européenne qui regroupe actuellement 27 pays. D’autres R.P. tels que l’ASEAN en Asie du Sud-Est ou le MERCOSUR en Amérique Latine prirent corps de façon progressive. On peut constater ces développements suivant des étapes qui commencent en général par des ententes sécuritaires modestes, suivies d’échanges commerciaux croissants, puis des accords financiers et douaniers. Tous ces développements correspondent à des degrés de convivialité croissants et progressifs ;la véritable interconnexion mondiale et instantanée qui est ainsi en voie d’établissement et qui s’étend à tous les domaines de l’économie, est encore rendue plus complexe par l’entrée en jeu de multiples sociétés transnationales cherchant à chevaucher et ignorer les Etats. Ce nouveau tissu de sociétés multinationales ou transnationales spécialisées et efficaces profite pleinement des techniques mondiales d’informatique. Sur le plan des relations politiques, les relations intra-régionales et inter-régionales ont incorporé les spécificités propres aux différentes cultures, provoquant un brassage exponentiel, quoique difficile à suivre tant son ampleur et sa variété sont grandes.<p><p>Nous avons tenté de résumé le degré de convivialité, suivants les domaines, à l’échelle globale de notre planète devenue aujourd’hui rétrécie et interconnectée. En fait, nous constatons que l’aspiration vers la paix, et la suppression des cas de non-convivialité dans tous les domaines est telle que la convergence des activités spécialisées, agit vite et un peu partout simultanément dans le monde. Nous avons examiné successivement quelques domaines spécialisés et avons abouti à la conclusion qu’il existe déjà aujourd’hui un grand nombre de consensus dans les sciences de la nature et les sciences humaines.<p>Tous les domaines sont-ils concernés ?Non, on peut constater par exemple que la convivialité inter-religions est toujours nulle, sinon conflictuelle en particulier lorsqu’il n’y a pas séparation bien définie et acceptée entre religion et politique, comme c’est le cas pour l’Islam. Les religions d’Asie, souvent plus anciennes que celles du Moyen-Orient et de l’Europe, semblent plus accoutumées à la convivialité par respect mutuel. <p>Nous avons esquissé d’autre part l’évolution contemporaine en philosophie où les positions radicales du XIXème siècle nous apparaissent évoluer vers « La Nouvelle Alliance », titre du dernier ouvrage de I. Prigogine. Celui-ci, en phase avec les nombreuses interrogations nées d’un relativisme généralisé et plein de nouvelles inconnues, oriente nos recherches sans a priori et dans le méthode pragmatique des essais-erreurs, qu’aborde de son coté H. Putman en philosophie.<p><p>Dans le domaine de la philosophie politique enfin, un renouvellement d’intérêts provoqué par les nouveaux dangers de destruction de la planète par les hommes, stimule les efforts de convivialité et la recherche de nouveaux objectifs d’écologie et de progrès raisonnables, bien éloignés des traditions classiques de recherche de pouvoir à tout prix.<p><p>Notre antithèse a cherché où il est devenu nécessaire de temporiser et réglementer nos volontés trop excessives. Notre conclusion enfin veut souligner que nous sommes parvenus aujourd’hui à nous consacrer à un plein travail de recherche dans tous les domaines et qu’il n’est pas temps de conclure mais au contraire d’avancer vers l’accomplissement d’un monde plus humain, plus juste et plus convivial.<p><p> / Doctorat en Philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This study has collected and analysed a database of place-names containing potential ethnonymic elements. Competing models of ethnicity are investigated and applied to names about which there is reasonable confidence. A number of motivations for employment of ethnonyms in place-names emerge. Ongoing interaction between ethnicities is marked by reference to domain or borderland, and occasional interaction by reference to resource or transit. More superficial interaction is expressed in names of commemorative, antiquarian or figurative motivation. The implications of the names for our understanding of the history of individual ethnicities are considered. Distribution of Walh-names has been extended north into Scotland; but reference may be to Romance-speaking feudal incomers, not the British. Briton-names are confirmed in Cumberland and are found on and beyond the fringes of the polity of Strathclyde. Dumbarton, however, is an antiquarian coining. Distribution of Cumbrian-names suggests that the south side of the Solway Firth was not securely under Cumbrian influence; but also that the ethnicity, expanding in the tenth century, was found from the Ayrshire coast to East Lothian, with the Saxon culture under pressure in the Southern Uplands. An ethnonym borrowed from British in the name Cumberland and the Lothian outlier of Cummercolstoun had either entered northern English dialect or was being employed by the Cumbrians themselves to coin these names in Old English. If the latter, such self-referential pronouncement in a language contact situation was from a position of status, in contrast to the ethnicism of the Gaels. Growing Gaelic self-awareness is manifested in early-modern domain demarcation and self-referential naming of routes across the cultural boundary. But by the nineteenth century cultural change came from within, with the impact felt most acutely in west-mainland and Hebridean Argyll, according to the toponymic evidence. Earlier interfaces between Gaelic and Scots are indicated on the east of the Firth of Clyde by the early fourteenth century, under the Sidlaws and in Buchan by the fifteenth, in Caithness and in Perthshire by the sixteenth. Earlier, Norse-speakers may have referred to Gaels in the hills of Kintyre. The border between Scotland and England was toponymically marked, but not until the modern era. In Carrick, Argyll and north and west of the Great Glen, Albanians were to be contrasted, not necessarily linguistically, from neighbouring Gaelic-speakers; Alba is probably to be equated with the ancient territory of Scotia. Early Scot-names, recorded from the twelfth century, similarly reflect expanding Scotian influence in Cumberland and Lothian. However, late instances refer to Gaelic-speakers. Most Eireannach-names refer to wedder goats rather than the ethnonym, but residual Gaelic-speakers in east Dumfriesshire are indicated by Erisch­-names at the end of the fifteenth century or later. Others west into Galloway suggest an earlier Irish immigration, probably as a consequence of normanisation and of engagement in Irish Sea politics. Other immigrants include French estate administrators, Flemish wool producers and English feudal subjects. The latter have long been discussed, but the relationship of the north-eastern Ingliston-names to mottes is rejected, and that of the south-western Ingleston-names is rather to former motte-hills with degraded fortifications. Most Dane-names are also antiquarian, attracted less by folk memory than by modern folklore. The Goill could also be summoned out of the past to explain defensive remains in particular. Antiquarianism in the eighteenth century onwards similarly ascribed many remains to the Picts and the Cruithnians, though in Shetland a long-standing supernatural association with the Picts may have been maintained. Ethnicities were invoked to personify past cultures, but ethnonyms also commemorate actual events, typified by Sasannach-names. These tend to recall dramatic, generally fatal, incidents, usually involving soldiers or sailors. Any figures of secular authority or hostile activity from outwith the community came to be considered Goill, but also agents of ecclesiastical authority or economic activity and passing travellers by land or sea. The label Goill, ostensibly providing 178 of the 652 probable ethnonymic database entries, is in most names no indication of ethnicity, culture or language. It had a medieval geographical reference, however, to Hebrideans, and did develop renewed, early-modern specificity in response to a vague concept of Scottish society outwith the Gaelic cultural domain. The study concludes by considering the forms of interaction between ethnicities and looking at the names as a set. It proposes classification of those recalled in the names as overlord, interloper or native.