The aim of my thesis is to acquaint the reader with the problematic of free movement of workers, both from the theoretical point of view and from practical point of view based on the European Court of Justice cases. In the theoretical part of the thesis, I focus on the characteristics of internal market and definition of free movement of persons and workers. I mention individual law regulations that significantly influence the problematic of free movement of persons. Further, I describe different exceptions from free movement of workers, mutual recognition of academic qualifications and social security regarding the movement of workers. And at last in my practical part, I analyze individual cases of ECJ which have had the most significant impact on the development of free movement of workers.

No description available.

The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the 'selling arrangement' that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.

The thesis explores the interface between competition law and market integration, in the application of Article 102TFEU. It focuses on ‘market separation’ and addresses conduct that has the intent, or effect, of hindering cross-border trade, either in the form of geographic price discrimination or in the form of exclusionary abuses, in which out-of-State competitors are affected. In doing so, the thesis delves into a comparative analysis of the Treaty requirements under Article 102TFEU when applied in market separation cases and the Treaty requirements under the free movement provisions. It begins with a comparison of the objectives of the two sets of provisions and assesses how their historical link is echoed, presently, in the requirement of ‘effect on trade’ under Article 102TFEU (Chapter I). Following this, the thesis explores the asymmetry as between the addressees of the two sets of provisions (Chapter II). It is argued that ‘undertaking with a dominant position’, as a distinct condition of the application of Article 102TFEU, is the outer limit to any expansive view of direct horizontal applicability of the freedoms. Therefore, alleged market separation by dominant undertakings should be subject to Article 102TFEU alone. Subsequently, the material scope of the prohibitions contained in the two sets of provisions is addressed. Here, it is argued that, in the vast majority of market separation cases, there is nothing special about the interface between competition law and the Internal Market. Rather, the inherent limits of economic integration, as reflected in the notion of trade barriers, should also be taken into account under the enforcement of Article 102TFEU against dominant undertakings (Chapter III). Tensions between competition law and the Internal Market may, nevertheless, arise when non-economic values, as reflected in the notion of justified trade barriers, come into play. In these cases, the interface between competition law and the Internal Market is better conceptualised as a question of unclear attribution of the market distorting effect to the undertaking and/or the State (Chapter IV). A revised defence of shared responsibility for the market separation is proposed, which would render the legality of State intervention under the free movement provisions a necessary condition for the application of Article 102TFEU against the dominant undertaking (Chapters V and VI).

La citoyenneté européenne structure un nouveau type de communauté politique, plurielle, composée de nations organisées en États. D’essence fédérale, elle reflète le fédéralisme spécifique de l’Union européenne, dissocié d’un projet de construction nationale. Son édification repose sur la reconnaissance d’une valeur autonome aux deux citoyennetés dans l’Union, nationale et européenne, tant au niveau de sa définition comme source de droits individuels, que de son organisation comme principe de légitimité démocratique. Cette approche se vérifie dans la définition de la citoyenneté européenne comme statut qui admet un degré de différenciation entre les citoyens européens, fondé sur le respect de l’existence et de l’identité politique des peuples européens.Statut fondamental, source de droits individuels, la citoyenneté européenne l’est essentiellement sur un plan transnational. Sa fonction intégrative réside essentiellement dans l’effacement partiel des frontières physiques et symboliques des communautés nationales, par le renforcement de la résidence européenne et de l’égalité de traitement. Mais elle admet une différenciation au niveau du statut politique et social des citoyens européens sur un plan transnational, fondée sur le degré d’appartenance à la communauté nationale.Principe de légitimité de l’Union, la citoyenneté européenne l’est sans désigner l’appartenance à un demos européen souverain, dont l’unité résiderait dans un projet de construction nationale. Fondée à la fois sur l’individu-citoyen et sur les peuples des Etats membres, la démocratie européenne repose sur la définition de la citoyenneté européenne comme statut politique différencié, reflétant l’appartenance politique double des citoyens, à leurs Etats respectifs et à l’Union européenne. / EU Citizenship structures a new kind of political community, which is plural, composed of nation-states. Of federal essence, it reflects the particular federalism of the EU, which is independent from a nation-building project. Its construction is based on the recognition of an autonomous value of the two levels of citizenship in the EU, national and European, both in terms of its definition as a source of individual rights, and of its construction as a principle of democratic legitimacy. This approach is reflected in the definition of EU Citizenship as a status which allows a degree of differentiation between European citizens, based on the respect for the political existence and identity of European peoples.EU Citizenship is a fundamental status, source of individual rights, on a transnational level mainly. Its integrative function consists in the partial blurring of the physical and symbolic boundaries of the national communities, through the consolidation of residence and equal treatment rights. It admits however a differentiation in terms of political and social status of EU citizens on a transnational level, based on the degree of belonging to the national community.EU Citizenship is defined as a source of democratic legitimacy, without it designating membership in a European sovereign demos. European democracy is based on both the individual citizen and the European peoples, through the definition of EU Citizenship as a differentiated political status, reflecting the dual political affiliation of citizens, to their respective States and the European Union.

The graduation thesis Labour Market and Free Movement of Labour (European Union and Great Britain case study) describes the recent situation in the European and British labour markets. It concentrates on impact of financial crisis on labour markets. Then, it monitors the trends of free movement of labour in the European Union and assesses the impact of opening of labour markets on individual economies. Finally, the British migration system is analysed. The changes in migration to Great Britain after 2004 are outlined and new points based system is introduced. The impact of migrant workers on british economy is evaluated.

Esta dissertação trata da internacionalização e necessidade de adequação dos sistemas de Seguridade Social ao atual cenário de circulação de mão-de-obra decorrente, principalmente, da globalização econômica e da formação dos blocos regionais. O primeiro capítulo é dedicado ao surgimento e evolução dos sistemas de Seguridade Social de acordo com o desenvolvimento dos Estados e aparecimento dos riscos sociais. A segunda parte dedica-se à análise de alsguns aspectos da globalização, bem como a relação estabelecida com a manutenção da soberania dos Estados, as perspectivas a partir da União Europeia e do Mercosul e, bem assim, os reflexos na Seguridade Social e os instrumentos utilizados para adequação dos sistemas, em busca da manutenção dos direitos sociais. Em seguida, são analisadas as diretrizes internacionais das Convenções nºs 102 e 118 da OIT sobre Seguridade Social, bem como os sistemas internacionais atualmente vigentes nos principais blocos regionais, quais sejam, a União Europeia e o Mercosul. Finalmente, será estudado cada um dos acordos internacionais dos quais o Brasil é parte, com o objetivo de demonstrar a cobertura de proteção que um cidadão brasileiro ou natural de algum dos países envolvidos poderá usufruir. Em caráter complementar, será analisada a Convenção Ibero-americana de Seguridade Social que, apesar de já ratificada pelo Brasil, ainda não entrou em vigor, vez que não atingido o número mínimo de ratificações. / The present dissertation addresses the internationalization and the need to adequate Social Security systems to the current scenario of movement of labor, mainly due to the economic globalization and the formation of regional trade blocs. The first chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the emergence and evolution of Social Security systems according to the development of the National States and the emergence of social risks. The second part of the paper analyzes issues related to the globalization, the relationship established with the maintenance of sovereignty of the States, the perspectives from the European Union and from the Mercosur, as well as its reflections in the Social Security and the instruments used to adequate the systems, in pursue to maintaining social rights. Subsequently, the international guidelines of ILO Conventions No 102 and 118 about Social Security, as well as the international systems currently in force in the main regional blocs, namely European Union and Mercosur, will be assessed. Finally, each of the agreements signed by Brazil will be studied, aiming to demonstrate the protection coverage, of which a Brazilian citizen or a citizen of one of the countries in plot can make use. Additionally, we will analyze the Iberoamerican Convention of Social Security that, despite already ratified by Brazil, is still not in force as the minimum number of ratifications has not been achieved yet.

A presente tese aborda o tema da livre circulação de capitais e da coordenação de políticas econômicas na União Européia e no Mercosul. Objetiva-se demonstrar em que consiste essa liberdade de fluxo de capitais e expor a maneira pela qual ela se desenvolveu nos processos de integração europeu e sulino, trazendo-se em seguida as medidas de coordenação econômica adotadas por cada um desses blocos, como demonstração de que tal coordenação é fundamental para a criação de um ambiente propício à circulação segura do capital. Numa parte introdutória, expõe-se a teoria da formação dos blocos de integração, bem como apresentam-se os contextos históricos em que cada um dos blocos objeto deste estudo foi criado. Após, na Parte I, desenvolve-se uma análise detalhada a respeito da circulação de capitais na União Européia, desde as primeiras previsões do Tratado e as medidas de implementação, até a mais recente reforma de Lisboa. E, em seguida, ainda na mesma Parte, faz-se a pesquisa de tal liberdade no âmbito do Mercosul, mas esta numa sistemática setorial diferenciada. Já na Parte II, o foco é dado ao regime de coordenação e unificação das políticas econômicas européias voltadas à estabilidade monetária e cambial, as quais são responsáveis por criar um cenário efetivo de livre circulação de capital. E, na mesma linha, analisam-se os intentos mercosulinos de coordenar no seio do bloco a condução de tais políticas adstritas ao capital. Por fim, finaliza-se a pesquisa com a aferição da liberdade de capitais de cada bloco frente às estruturas de coordenação econômica por cada qual desenvolvidas. / This monographic work concerns the free movement of capital and the coordination of economic policies within the European Union and Mercosul. It seeks to present an approach of the freedom of capital and its development throughout the European and Southern American integration processes, as well as of the system of economic coordination, so that to demonstrate the need of a coordinated scenario for a safe free movement of capital. To introduce the subject matter, it presents the theory of economic integration process and the historical basis for the establishment of each union. Then, in Part I, it comes a deep analysis about the monetary movement within the European Union, embracing the first provisions set forth in the Treaty and the implementation measures, as well as the most recent Lisbon reform. In addition, still in Part I, such an analysis is made within Mercosul, through a different sector method for explaining the measures to establish the free movement of capital. Achieving Part II, it focuses on the coordination and unification of European economic policies concerning the monetary and exchange stability, which are the ones responsible for a real free movement of capital scenario. Then, by the same token, it analyses the Mercosul attempts to coordinate its capital related policies. At the end, this paper evaluates the freedom of capital movement of each union before the framework of economic coordination developed by each one.

The paper aims to embrace the establishment, development of rules and functioning of the freedom of movement of goods on the internal market of the EU and the impact which the European Court of Justice (ECJ) case law had in this domain and still has today. It opens with the description of the internal market and the freedom of movement of goods, the role of the internal market for the European integration, the development of this freedom in the context of the internal market development and basic characteristics of the freedom of movement of goods. Thereafter, the focus shifts to the legal rules of the internal market and freedom of movement of goods, to the CJEU as one of the main European institutions, its role, competences, composition and the different types of proceedings in front of this Court as well as the changes brought by the Lisbon Treaty. The final part is devoted to the analysis of the chosen ECJ decisions that are considered to be the most significant for the free movement of goods. The paper provides comprehensive overview of the topic implying that the ECJ case law played an important role in the domain of free movement of goods and significantly influenced its functioning.

Bendroji prekybos politika yra viena iš geriausiai integruotų ES šalių narių bendradarbiavimo sričių ir yra vienas iš svarbiausių ekonominio augimo veiksnių. Prekybos santykių liberalizavimas sąlygojo konkurencingumo augimą, įgalino imtis tokių projektų, kurių pavienės valstybės savarankiškai įvykdyti būtų nepajėgios. ES teisyne numatytomis priemonėmis tarp valstybių narių buvo panaikinti tarifiniai ir netarifiniai barjerai, fizinės laisvo prekių kliūtys, įteisintas abipusio pripažinimo principas davė naują postūmį vidaus rinkos liberalizavimui. Šalių narių patirtis bei statistiniai duomenys rodo, kad prisijungimas prie ES prekybinio regioninio darinio duoda dideles naudos. Tai iliustruoja ir Lietuvos ekonominio augimo rodikliai. Prekybos politikos negalima atskirti nuo kitų ES šalių narių gyvenimo sričių integracijos. Prekybos veikėjai dinamiškoje rinkoje susiduria su naujais iššūkiais (naftos kainų augimu, demografiniais pokyčiais, konkurencijos augimu ir t.t.), kurie veikia prekybos politiką, daromus sprendimus. Prekybos politika apima platų spektrą problemų, kurios turi būti sprendžiamos drauge su kitų vykdomų politikų problemomis. / Common trade policy is one of the best integrated spheres of cooperation between EU member states. It is one of the most important factors of economic growth. Liberalization of trade relations predetermined the development of competitiveness, enable to undertake projects which would be too complex to implement by one individual state. EU acquis establishes measures for the elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers, physical barriers to trade between the member states, mutual recognition gave a fresh power for further liberalization of the single internal market.