順應國際會計準則發展趨勢，我國於2008年12月發布財務會計準則第40號公報「保險合約之會計處理準則」，並自2011年1月1日施行。面臨第40號公報與過去截然不同的會計處理程序與財報揭露要求，本國保險公司是否已有足夠的準備與專業足以應付這項保險會計作業轉換所帶來的衝擊？ 　　本研究透過問卷調查從業務執行者之角度分析第40號公報對本國外商保險業者之影響。研究發現本國外商保險公司雖然已具備依據IFRS 4或US GAAP編製財務報表之經驗，但受訪人員一致認為第40號公報的實施將導致整體作業成本增加，而相關法令及緩衝配套措施未及時修訂係導入作業面臨的最大障礙。此外，IFRS 4第二階段以公平價值衡量保險負債的要求影響重大，風險資本適足性及增資壓力成為適用該號公報首要挑戰，業者甚至考慮變更保險商品的設計以因應之。 　　據此，本研究建議保險業由董事會高層授權成立專案小組統籌導入計劃及委任外部專家協助，並且進行全面試算與分析供決策參考。主管機關將保險財務與監理會計分離並及時修訂相關法令及緩衝的配套措施，以減緩保險業者所受之衝擊；並及早評估第二階段的影響，以緩和漸進的方式達到IFRS 4第二階段之要求。 / Vow to adapt accounting standards with IFRS, Taiwan issued GAAP No.40, the Accounting Standards for Insurance Contracts in 2008, which will be effective starting from 2011. With different accounting and disclosure requirements GAAP No.40 requires, are Taiwan insurance companies capable and ready to implement the new standards without any impact? 　　This research tries to study and analyze survey from staffs of foreign insurers in Taiwan regarding impacts of adopting the new accounting standards, although almost foreign insurers in Taiwan are capable of compiling their financial reports in accordance with IFRS or US GAAP requirements to their parent company. The questionnaire results indicate that all respondents agree that overall costs will increase due to adopt the new standards and lacking of the related regulations and supporting measures to the new standards will be a major challenge in operating levels. Furthermore, using fair value to measure insurance liabilities in phase II of IFRS 4 will cause huge impact for all insurers. The critical challenges of the new standards are the adequacy of Risk-Based Capital and additional capital requirements, which might even force the insurers to resign the products in order not to fail to comform RBC ratio. 　　Therefore, this research has 3 suggestions for insurers and 3 suggestions for authorities, respectively: 1.to be fully authorized by Board of Directors to set up IFRS 4 project team to implement the stardard as soon as possible; 2.to look for outside experts supports; 3.to make pre-test of the impact of the new stardard as the reference for insurers’ business plans and strategies; 4.to separate insurance financial accountings with insurance regulatory requirements; 5.to provide supporting policies or amend regulations to mitigate negative impacts from the new standards; 6.to make an overall study and analysis on phase II of IFRS 4 to ensure insurance companies can implement phase II smoothly and successfully.

本研究之目的為透過中國大陸A股、B股公司財務報表之比較，探討相對於中國大陸會計準則（PRC GAAP），國際財務報導準則（IFRS）是否更具審慎性。研究方法採Khan and Watts在2009年發展之C_Score來衡量財務報表審慎性。研究期間為2001年初至2006年底，研究標的為在上海或深圳證券交易所同時掛牌上市A、B股之公司（意即同時按PRC GAAP及IFRS編製兩套財務報表之公司）。實證結果如下： 1.A股市場之C_Score小於B股市場之C_Score，顯示相對於依照PRC GAAP編製之財務報表，依照IFRS編製之財務報表其審慎性較高。 2.無論是針對個別產業進行A股、B股之比較，或是針對A股或B股市場進行跨產業比較，均證實產業因素會對財務報表之審慎性造成影響。 3.無論是針對A股或B股市場進行事務所規模之比較，均顯示在中國大陸，四大事務所查核之財務報表，其審慎性不但不如非四大事務所，而且在A股市場甚至不具審慎性。 / Using C_Score developed by Khan Watts(2009) to test the financial statements of Chinese companies which have both the A-Share and B-Share listed on the stock exchange marke of Shanghai and Shenzhen during 2001 to 2006, this study aims to examime whether International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS) are more conservative than People’s Republic of China’s generally accepted accounting principles(PRC GAAP). The empirical results are as follows: 1.The average C_Score of A-Share companies is smaller than B-Share Companies, which means that, as compared to PRC GAAP-based financial statements, IFRS-based financial statements are more conservative. 2.Regardless of whether the comparison is between A-Share and B-Share companies in a specific industry, or between industries in a specific stock market, the results show some industry effect on the conservatism of financial statements. 3.Regardless of whether the stock is traded on the A-Share or B-Share market, the results show that in China, financial statements audited by Big 4 are not more conservative than non Big 4. In fact, for stocks traded on the A-Share stock market, financial statements audited by Big 4 are not conservative at all.

The topic of this thesis titled " Accounting and tax aspects of capital transactions with company in comparison with CZ GAAP and IFRS" was the definition of ownership transactions with the company and description of some differences between both legislation. The accounting and taxation aspects were first analyzed in terms of theory (regu-lations, definition, history of the business combination and their development from the past to the present, present situation of volume of M&A transactions and method of accounting solutions of these transaction) and subsequently in the form of practical application to particular accounting data of two companies named XYZ a KLM. The practical part mostly deals with merger of companies KLM and XYZ. Both of them were limited liability compa-nies with financial problems. The first part of practical part of this thesis was to analyse the transformation project and progress chart. Then the closing balance sheets and income statements (Czech legislations) of XYZ and KLM were compared with balance sheets and statements according to IFRS. The opening balance sheet of the successor of this transaction (XYZ) was compiled by the purchase method with quantifying valuation difference on acquired assets. Mergers and acquisitions are the most frequent business combinations. Sectors of the economy with the highest number of these transactions are the sectors of industrials & chemicals in the world and the sector of Real estate in Czech Republic. The last chapter is focused on the differences and form IFRS and Czech legislation.

The development of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) was based on the demand for a more simplified financial reporting standard, compared to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Despite simplifications, the requirements of the IFRS for SMEs are still regarded complex and costly to apply, especially for micro entities in developing countries such as Namibia. Consequently, there is a need to further simplify financial reporting requirements for micro entities in the form of a third-tier financial reporting standard. A third-tier standard can take the form of either a separately developed standard or a simplification of existing standard(s). There are more advantages to the development of a standard based on existing standard(s), taking into account the Namibian financial reporting environment. It is therefore recommended that Namibia develop a third-tier standard based on the IFRS for SMEs. / Financial Accounting / M. Phil. (Accounting Science)

Submitted by Filipe Reis Araújo (filipereisaraujo@gmail.com) on 2018-06-15T18:22:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1286138 bytes, checksum: 8fd983e27af965ee2f725640cf10b1f6 (MD5) / Rejected by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Felipe, Recebemos a postagem do seu trabalho na biblioteca digital e para ser aprovado serão necessários alguns ajustes: 1º CAPA: 1.1 FUNDAÇÃO GETULIO VARGAS, não tem acento no “U” 1.2 Nome vem acima do título 1.3 O Título é em letra MAIÚSCULA e subtítulo em minúsculo 2º FOLHA DE ROSTO: Correto é Linha de pesquisa: Finanças e Controladoria 3º Folha de aprovação: falta colocar a Instituição de cada professor. Ex: EAESP 4º AGRADECIMENTOS: a palavra de AGRADECIMENTOS deve ser “MAIUSCULA” e centralizado. 4.1 AGRADECIMENTO, vem antes do RESUMO 5º RESUMO: a palavra RESUMO deve ser “MAIUSCULA” e centralizado. E se possível aplicar o espaçamento de 1,5. Lembrando que o resumo vem antes do ABSTRACT. Obs. como você fez o trabalho em inglês, é necessário fazer o resumo em português. 6º ABSTRACT: palavra ABSTRACT deve ser “MAIUSCULA” e centralizado. E se possível aplicar o espaçamento de 1,5. Lembrando que o ABSTRACT vem após ao RESUMO. 7º Lista de ilustrações, tabelas, listra de abreviaturas e siglas e símbolos 8º SUMARIO: a palavra SUMÁRIO deve ser “MAIUSCULA” e centralizado e deve constar na página. Por favor, faça as alterações necessárias e post o trabalho na biblioteca. Atenciosamente Simone de A L. Pires SRA on 2018-06-16T00:44:11Z (GMT) / Submitted by Filipe Reis Araújo (filipereisaraujo@gmail.com) on 2018-06-16T16:16:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291126 bytes, checksum: 9dff01d1443fa68f33d1d48ca1f3ffbd (MD5) / Rejected by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Filipe, Recebemos a postagem do seu trabalho na biblioteca digital e para ser aprovado serão necessários alguns ajustes: 1º numeração das paginas deve aparecer somente a partir da introdução. Atenciosamente, Simone de A Lopes Pires SRA on 2018-06-18T17:17:24Z (GMT) / Submitted by Filipe Reis Araújo (filipereisaraujo@gmail.com) on 2018-06-18T17:53:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291052 bytes, checksum: f459124c8e8cbf2cfbae882315ddc204 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-06-19T00:25:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291052 bytes, checksum: f459124c8e8cbf2cfbae882315ddc204 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-06-19T15:31:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291052 bytes, checksum: f459124c8e8cbf2cfbae882315ddc204 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T15:31:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FGV TCC FILIPE ARAUJO MPGC 2018 FINAL.pdf: 1291052 bytes, checksum: f459124c8e8cbf2cfbae882315ddc204 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-15 / The inconsistencies commonly found in the design of the Brazilian tax legislation and framework, allied to the specificities of the financial services industry, has led to very different approaches to the accounting treatment of PIS / COFINS. For instance, whilst some multinational banks and insurance companies with operations in Brazil have categorised and reported PIS / COFINS as income tax for IFRS purposes, Brazilian private insurance regulatory rules require PIS / COFINS to be accounted for as administrative expenses. An investigation of the nature of taxes on consumption and value-added taxes (VAT) has shown that PIS / COFINS are essentially taxes on consumption, which share the same economic base as IPI, ICMS and ISS. By comparing the Brazilian PIS / COFINS model with the Australian Goods and Services Tax (GST) model for general insurance (GI) companies, it becomes more evident that there are similarities in both approaches for estimating the value added in this financial services segment. Therefore, it becomes necessary to recognize in the Brazilian tax legislation the consumption nature of PIS /COFINS and this would not necessarily require very significant alterations to the way the current PIS / COFINS methodology operates for general insurers in Brazil. Nonetheless, accounting standards and practices as well as the regulatory framework should be adjusted to ensure that general insurance revenues would be recognised net of PIS / COFINS, resulting in a more consistent approach to the accounting treatment of PIS / COFINS by general insurance organizations in both Brazilian GAAP and IFRS. Treating the company's revenue without considering taxes and other values that will simply be passed on to the government increases the quality of the accounting information. A tax reform in Brazil is required to simplify not only the tax system but also to address some inadequate Brazilian accounting practices such as the consideration of some consumption taxes as part of the accounting revenue. / As inconsistências encontradas entre o desenho da legislação fiscal e estrutura tributária brasileira, aliadas às especificidades da indústria de serviços financeiros, levaram a abordagens muito diferentes no tratamento contábil do PIS / COFINS. Por exemplo, enquanto alguns bancos e seguradoras multinacionais com operações no Brasil categorizaram e reportaram o PIS / COFINS como imposto de renda para fins de IFRS, as normas regulatórias de seguros privados brasileiras exigem que o PIS / COFINS sejam contabilizados como despesas administrativas. Uma análise da natureza dos impostos sobre o consumo e sobre os impostos sobre valor agregado (IVA) mostrou que o PIS / COFINS são essencialmente impostos sobre o consumo, que compartilham a mesma base econômica do IPI, ICMS e ISS. Ao comparar o modelo brasileiro de PIS / COFINS com o modelo do Imposto sobre Mercadorias e Serviços (GST) australiano para empresas de seguros gerais (GI), fica mais evidente que há similaridades em ambas as abordagens para estimar o valor agregado nesse segmento de serviços financeiros. Portanto, torna-se necessário reconhecer na legislação tributária brasileira a natureza de consumo do PIS / COFINS e isso não necessariamente exigiria alterações muito significativas na forma como a atual metodologia de PIS / COFINS opera para seguradoras gerais no Brasil. No entanto, as normas e práticas contábeis, bem como o os requereimentos regulatórios, deveriam ser ajustados para garantir que as receitas provindas das atividades do setor de seguros gerais sejam reconhecidas líquidas de PIS / COFINS, resultando em uma abordagem mais consistente do tratamento contábil de PIS / COFINS em ambos BR GAAP e IFRS. Tratar a receita da empresa sem considerar impostos e outros valores que serão simplesmente repassados ao governo aumenta a qualidade das demonstrações financeiras das empresas. Dessa forma, uma reforma tributária no Brasil se torna necessária nao somente para simplificar o sistema tributário, mas também para permitir tratamentos e práticas contábeis mais coerentes e alinhadas ao IFRS, como a exclusão de impostos sobre o consumo como parte da receita contábil das empresas.

The objective of my thesis is to outline the evolution of accounting regulation. The thesis describes development of accounting, first regulation forms, emergence of double entry and present globally accepted accounting standards. In my work I enlarge the development of two well known accounting standards GAAP and IAS and their regulation. The convergence project between standard setters' bodies is elaborated as part of present development of accounting regulation. One of next titles in my thesis is the accounting harmonization process in EU as part of accounting regulation and the adoption of IAS standards by EU Commission

The work aims to analyze the new leasing standard which is supposed to be adopted by IFRS as well as US GAAP. The new standard represents one of the steps in the process of harmonization and convergence between two predominant world accounting standards, which has been in progress since the year 2002. The work provides readers with the comparison of these two leasing standards, resulted from which the need of common lease standard arose. This led to the first exposure draft of convergence standard issue, and finally the re-exposure draft issue. Because the new accounting standard is still in progress, I provide the analysis of the process as at the end of August.

The diploma thesis deals with the definition, measurement and disclosure requirements for products arising from operating activities of companies. Such requirements are con-sidered from the view of external and internal users of accounting, thus how they are reg-ulated in a system of financial, tax and management accounting. The thesis includes de-scription of the defined issue and a comparative analysis of financial accounting which is supplemented by tax implications in the Czech Republic and management account-ing. Besides it compares the legislative requirements of internationally respected ac-counting standards IAS/IFRS and US GAAP with the requirements of the Czech account-ing legislation and hence with the legislative requirements of the European Union. Based on comparative analysis carried out, this work suggests eventual future adjustments of the Czech accounting legislation.

The diploma thesis focuses on comparison of selected economic phenomenon in various accounting systems. Examined systems are IFRS, US GAAP and Czech accounting legislation. Thesis examines long-lived assets (Property, Plant and Equipment), leasing and accruals. It contains a comparison of reporting rules of these accounting areas and the assessment of impacts caused by the different approaches of the examined systems.

The aim of this thesis is to create a comprehensive view of financial reporting of lease contracts from lessee's and lessor's point of view in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). The thesis is divided into four parts. The first part is devoted to basic characteristics of the lease and its reporting according to the currently applicable standards - IAS 17 and ASC 840. Content of the next part is Convergence of Accounting Standards. Second half of the thesis focuses on the Exposure Draft and Comment Letters.