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Showing 161 to 169 of 169 (0.011 seconds)| 161 |
非營利組織一般公認會計原則探討與我國私立大專院校會計制度現況分析張瑜, Chang, Yu Unknown Date (has links)
有鑑於國內非營利組織財務報表未公開，資源提供者、主管機關無法透過財務報表監督管理當局是否將資源作有效的運用，亦無法判斷非營利組織營運成果良窳及持續營運的能力。因此國內亟需制訂財務會計準則以公開財務報表，遂引發本研究參考美國非營利組織一般公認會計原則之第一項動機，國內非營利組織目前無一般公認會計原則，而由各主管機關制訂會計制度，或組織自訂會計制度，甚至無任何制度，國內私立大專院校由教育部定有會計制度規範，但其實施至今尚有多項疑義，究竟與美國之規範有何不同，遂成為本研究第二項研究動機。
本研究分成兩部分，第一部份整理美國非營利組織一般公認會計原則，並介紹美國財務會計準則委員會針對非營利組織訂定四號公報—第93號、第116號、第117號及第124號。第二部份為將國內私立大專院校會計制度與美國私立大專院校會計制度所遵守之一般公認會計原則作一整理、分析與比較，以了解國內私立大專院校會計處理的現況與可能存在的問題，並透過問卷來彙整私立大專院校可能存在的問題。
由整理非營利組織一般公認會計原則可得到三項啟示：（1）非營利組織財務會計理論為制訂財務會計準則的基礎，（2）非營利組織會計原則有三項來源，第一個來源為一般會計處理，大部分與營利組織適用相同的會計處理準則，第二個來源為財務會計準則委員會針對特定會計處理制訂之會計準則，第三個來源為資產負債表、損益表與作業活動表應適用的會計原則，（3）為增進財務報表作為績效評估工具的用途，而引進服務努力成就指標的觀念。
本研究問卷對象為會計主任、會計師與教育部官員，其中會計主任發出85份，問卷回收率為37.64％，會計師發出67份，問卷回收率為34.32％，而教育部官員發出59份，問卷回收率為33.9％，因此整體回收率為35.55％。
實證結果彙總如下：（1）受試者皆贊成固定資產應平時提列折舊，（2）目前受限於學校施行細則第43條之規定，投資之會計處理無法採行成本與市價孰低法或市價法，（3）財務報表表達資訊品質三者看法不一致，（4）非營利組織亟需制定一般公認會計原則，（5）教育部應建立成本會計制度以計算學生單位成本。
根據實證結果與美國非營利組織一般公認會計原則之整理，本研究建議（1）參考美國制訂一般公認會計準則的模式訂定國內非營利組織一般公認會計原則，（2）改進財務報表表達方式，（3）私立大專院校會計相關法令合理性探討，（4）國內會計人員與資訊使用者重視非營利組織財務資訊。
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員工分紅入股費用化對上市櫃公司員工獎酬制度之影響---以台灣太陽能產業為例 / Impolication on distribution of employee bonus are considered as expenses for listing companies in Solar industry陳玫燕, Chen, Mei Yen Unknown Date (has links)
2008年1月1日起員工分紅之會計處理，將與IFRS國際財務報告準則接軌，即員工分紅不再是盈餘分配，而是作為當期的費用；此外，公司以股票作為員工獎酬，原則上亦須以公平價值衡量，並以費用認列入帳。預計此一會計處理之變革，將對公司、股東及員工均產生重大衝擊。而公司為減緩這些衝擊，會產生何種因應措施，即為本研究探討之對象。
由於太陽能產業在近兩三年之EPS及股價高漲。因股價為影響股票獎酬的重要因素之一，因此受員工分紅費用化之衝擊較大，故選擇兩家太陽能電池之上櫃公司為分析及訪談研究之對象，係因獎酬制度的變革對其影響較可明顯觀察。
獎酬員工之態樣甚多，經訪談兩家樣本公司後，兩家公司之管理當局均不希望政策的改變對公司的EPS造成太大的影響，然以2006年度為例，在維持員工原獲配股數不變的假設下，設算修法後對兩家公司在獲利方面分別下降了32%及15%，股東所得亦呈等額下降，員工個人綜合所得稅總稅負有可能最高分別增加161,893千元及29,383千元；而在公司分配之帳列盈餘不變的假設下，兩家公司之EPS分別減少1.5元及0.5元，股東所得降幅分別為9％及3％，員工總所得減少輻度分別為97.2%及97.4%。綜上可見在不做任何因應的情形下，其對樣本公司的EPS影響甚鉅，故兩家樣本公司勢必在此間尋求一個均衡點，修正其目前的獎酬措施，即可能會降低股票的分配比例，相對增加現金分紅的比例。
又以2005年度兩家公司員工紅利實際分配之情形分析，兩家公司員工紅利配股中分別有27％及44％，分配給公司重要管理當局，所以在此波獎酬制度的變格中，公司的管理當局也是重要的受衝擊者。另董事會及高階經理人通常是公司擬訂員工獎酬計畫的重要決策者，如公司利益與其個人利益相衝突時，是否會影響其決定員工獎酬制度的獨立性，是值得深入探討的問題。
在考量各獎酬制度之特性後，及分析整理員工分紅費用化及適用39號公報對個案公司之影響，本研究彙總結論如下:
一、公司應設算決定固定的員工分紅比例，以免超過公司章程所訂定的配比，同時可控制此對公司EPS的衝擊。
二、降低分紅配股之比重，增加現金股利之比重。
三、透過發放現金及發行員工認股權憑證或限制性股票方式，取代部分員工分紅配股。
四、在公司股價較低的時候買回庫藏股再轉讓給員工，以減少對原股東權益的稀釋程度。
本研究對實務提出下列建議：
一、法令規定員工分紅費用化後，應依費用性質列於營業成本或營業費用項下，惟該費用之估列時點與實際員工分紅分配時點可能差距一年半載，其費用性質分類如涉及有資本化之問題時，是否有操弄損益的空間？建議法令規定有更明確之規範。
二、公司的管理當局，尤其是董事會及高階經理人，為擬訂公司員工獎酬制度重要的決策者。在多數董事又身兼公司重要職務的情形下，為避免董事個人與公司、員工或股東的利益相衝突，建議應制訂法令，規範兼任員工之董事於擬訂公司員工獎酬制度時，應予利益迴避，或委由獨立董事來代表研討及擬訂新的員工獎酬制度。
三、39號公報的適用屬估計變動或會計原則變動，依目前對外公告的39號公報版本看，以估計變動的方式來處理，即不追溯調整以前年度的財務報表，此規範適切與否值得探討。 / In order to converge with International Financial Reporting Standard, the accounting treatment for distribution of employee bonus should be considered as current expense and not be deemed as part of earnings distribution starting from January 1, 2008. Besides, share compensation also has to be recognized as current expense using it’s fair value to measurement. This accounting process changed will result in significant impact on the enterprise, shareholders and employee. This study will discuss what kind of approach might be adopted by those enterprises to mitigate this huge challenge.
The EPS and share price for those solar energy related industry are increasing dramatically recently. This study decided to select two solar cell IPO companies as sample to interview and analysis the impact on employee compensation scheme changed, due to the impact will be more observable compare with other industries.
There are variety types of employee compensation programs. After interviewed, the management of these two sample companies stated that they are not expecting to impact the company’s EPS significantly. By using these two sample companies’ 2006 financial figures as a base, to understand the effect after amendment of the regulation. Under the assumption of non-amended employees’ distributed shares recalculating
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Technical uncertainties in and practical implications of the capitalisation of borrowing costs in South Africa / Leani van StadenVan Staden, Leani January 2011 (has links)
The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have reaffirmed their commitment to accomplishing the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and US Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (US GAAP), following their March 2010 progress report. Among the standards subject to this convergence project, is IAS 23 - Borrowing Costs. Taken at face value, the convergence of IAS 23 (IFRS) and SFAS 34 (US GAAP), and looking at convergence in general, the idea is productive and beneficial. It will lead to more comparative information as it eliminates the differences. The downside, however, could very easily be that convergence might just be taking place for the sake of convergence, and that the end result might not necessarily lead to more comparative and cost effective information. When specifically considering the convergence of the two borrowing costs standards (SFAS 34 and IAS 23), it is clear that differences remain even after their convergence, and therefore it does not promote comparability. The revision of IAS 23 might actually have been more costly and less beneficial, rather than the other way around. The first article in this dissertation claims that the mandatory capitalisation of borrowing costs is more costly than not, and that the IASB did not adequately consider the cost implications in their decision to change IAS 23, as well as that the benefits obtained from the capitalisation of borrowing costs are not that noticeable in practice. Participants in this study also seemed to agree that the application of IAS 23 is fairly difficult. Delving deeper into the technical aspects of IAS 23, a number of questions also arise relating to its application. This appears to be substantiated by the findings in the second article where instances were identified where the opinions of the participants relating to, for instance, what would be regarded as a 'substantial period of time', were divided. Differences relating to the above above
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may lead to one person capitalising borrowing costs, while another in the same situation would not. On the upside, a few instances were identified where participants were not as divided in their views. Therefore, although there appear to be some uncertainties within IAS 23, there are fewer than one would have expected.
In summary, the revised IAS 23, in other words, the mandatory capitalisation of borrowing costs on qualifying assets, was viewed by participants as being more costly and difficult to apply than not and they felt that some technical uncertainties do exist within IAS 23. Recommendations have been made in this dissertation based on the useful information obtained. / Thesis (M.Com. (Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Technical uncertainties in and practical implications of the capitalisation of borrowing costs in South Africa / Leani van StadenVan Staden, Leani January 2011 (has links)
The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the United States Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have reaffirmed their commitment to accomplishing the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and US Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (US GAAP), following their March 2010 progress report. Among the standards subject to this convergence project, is IAS 23 - Borrowing Costs. Taken at face value, the convergence of IAS 23 (IFRS) and SFAS 34 (US GAAP), and looking at convergence in general, the idea is productive and beneficial. It will lead to more comparative information as it eliminates the differences. The downside, however, could very easily be that convergence might just be taking place for the sake of convergence, and that the end result might not necessarily lead to more comparative and cost effective information. When specifically considering the convergence of the two borrowing costs standards (SFAS 34 and IAS 23), it is clear that differences remain even after their convergence, and therefore it does not promote comparability. The revision of IAS 23 might actually have been more costly and less beneficial, rather than the other way around. The first article in this dissertation claims that the mandatory capitalisation of borrowing costs is more costly than not, and that the IASB did not adequately consider the cost implications in their decision to change IAS 23, as well as that the benefits obtained from the capitalisation of borrowing costs are not that noticeable in practice. Participants in this study also seemed to agree that the application of IAS 23 is fairly difficult. Delving deeper into the technical aspects of IAS 23, a number of questions also arise relating to its application. This appears to be substantiated by the findings in the second article where instances were identified where the opinions of the participants relating to, for instance, what would be regarded as a 'substantial period of time', were divided. Differences relating to the above above
viii
may lead to one person capitalising borrowing costs, while another in the same situation would not. On the upside, a few instances were identified where participants were not as divided in their views. Therefore, although there appear to be some uncertainties within IAS 23, there are fewer than one would have expected.
In summary, the revised IAS 23, in other words, the mandatory capitalisation of borrowing costs on qualifying assets, was viewed by participants as being more costly and difficult to apply than not and they felt that some technical uncertainties do exist within IAS 23. Recommendations have been made in this dissertation based on the useful information obtained. / Thesis (M.Com. (Accountancy))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Srovnání metodiky při sestavování výkazu cash flow podle české legislativy, IFRS a US GAAP / Methodology Comparison of the Statement of Cash Flows as Regulated by Czech Accounting Legislation, IFRS and US GAAPPřibáňová, Aneta January 2015 (has links)
This masters thesis main focus is a statement of cash flows as regulated by czech accounting legislation, International Financial Reporting Standards and US GAAP. First chapter describes the importance of Statement of cash flows and his value added for users of financial statements. The historical context of the statement is shown, it is stated which entities are obligated to report statement of cash flows and lastly the internal structure of the statement is discussed. The second chapter begins by general methods of preparing the statement, then so called specific items are dealt with. The solution of some advanced accounting transactions (government grants, leases, loans, deferred payments etc.) is described. In the end the presentation and dislocure requirements are discussed. Last chapter contains research, where 99 companies are researched, answers are made concerning stated research questions and research hypothesis are concluded.
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Dlouhodobá hmotná aktiva podle IFRS a českých účetních předpisů / Long-term tangible assets in IFRS and Czech accounting legislationPolanská, Lucie January 2009 (has links)
This diploma thesis focuses on long-term tangible assets in International Financial Reporting Standards and Czech accounting legislation. My thesis deals with regulation and harmonization of accounting information, describes recognition, valuation and presentation of long-term tangible assets in IFRS and Czech legislation; US GAAP regulation is mentioned if significant. An important contribution of the thesis is a practical application concentrated on accounting policy used in practice and compliance with requirements on disclosures. Another outcome of the thesis is a comparison between IFRS and Czech legislation and summarizing the difference.
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Loan Loss Provisions and Lending Activity in Banks : A quantitative study comparing the effects of loan loss provisions on lending activity in banks applying IFRS 9 and ASC 326Fredmer, Rikard, Zanic, Alicia Julienne January 2023 (has links)
As a response to the financial crisis of 2008 the IASB and the FASB developed IFRS 9 and ASC 326, respectively. These accounting regulations are supposed to increase reporting transparency and promote financial stability by determining the calculation and recognition of loan loss provisions. However, previous literature has brought up concerns that loan loss provisions can negatively impact the lending activity in banks. If that was the case, they would negatively affect the amount of capital available in an economy and thereby threaten financial stability and economic growth especially during times of economic downturns. To shed light on this topic, this thesis investigates the relationship between loan loss provisions and lending activity in banks applying IFRS and US GAAP. The thesis provides practical as well as theoretical implications as it discusses the findings in a practical context and relates it to relevant theories. The dataset utilized includes empirical data from Q1 2020 until Q4 2022 and covers 330 banks from 38 countries. The data was gathered from Refinitiv´s Eikon database as well as from the International Monetary Fund. It was then statistically analyzed by conducting different kinds of statistical inference. All methods applied are of a quantitative nature and the underlying methodology is positivist. The results of this thesis suggest that loan loss provisions under IFRS 9 are on average higher than under ASC 326. Further, it was found that loan loss provisions under IFRS 9 exhibit a statistically significant negative relationship with lending activity. In contrast, this relationship was found to be insignificant under ASC 326. Together, these findings suggest that higher loan loss provisions have a negative effect on lending activity. It is concluded that the impairment model of IFRS 9 might compromise financial stability by limiting lending activities during times of economic turmoil. Additionally, due to the increased room for managerial judgment under IFRS 9 it is theorized that the higher loan loss provisions can be the result of earnings management. Loan loss provisions under IFRS 9 could thus be more supported by Agency theory. On the other hand, ASC 326 offers less room for managerial discretion and could be more supported by Stewardship theory. This thesis also suggests topics for potential future research. The knowledge about loan loss provisions and their effects on lending activity could be extended by using different variables in the regression model. Additionally, a longer timeframe as well as other accounting standards could be investigated. Furthermore, the effects of loan loss provisions on loan quality and risk management in banks are in need of further examination. Lastly, the capital requirements of Basel III and their impact on procyclicality should be researched.
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沙賓法案第404條對金融機構財務報表內部控制之影響黃玥琳, Huang,Yueh-Lin Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要針對因安隆公司所造成的會計醜聞事件對美國資本市場及投資大眾之影響，因此為解決公司治理及重建投資人之信心，美國國會迅速通過「沙賓法案」。由於沙賓法案對在美國的公開發行公司有重大的影響，尤其是第404條管理階層對內部控制之評估影響最大，故以沙賓法案第404條來探討其對金融業的影響及執行細節。
本論文分為五個章節
第一章，緒論為研究動機、研究目的、研究架構、研究方法
第二章，沙賓法案之產生背景、目的、內容及美國會計監督委員會之成立。
第三章，主要說明沙賓法案第404條相關內部控制之要求，及金融業如何藉由COSO的內部控制架構來證明其財務報表內部控制制度(ICOFR)之有效性及自我評估之要求。
第四章，沙賓法案對金融業所造成之影響及應採取之步驟。
第五章，結論與建議
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Är god redovisningssed fortfarande god sed?Niklasson, Viktor, Olofsson, Carl-Oscar January 2013 (has links)
Sammanfattning Bokföringsnämnden (BFN) är en statlig myndighet under regeringen som är statens expertorgan på redovisningsområdet. De ansvarar för att främja utvecklingen av den goda redovisningsseden som enligt definitionen skall grundas utifrån praxis. Redovisningen har dock gått från att ha styrts utifrån principer och sed till att bli allt mer styrt av regler. På senare tid har nämligen BFN antagit en ny strategi genom att utfärda regelverk vilket de aldrig tidigare har gjort. De nya regelverken vid namn K-regelverken grundar sig i internationella redovisningsnormer och blir aktuella att tillämpa från 2014. Problematiken är att BFN inte har någon föreskriftsmakt utan endast får ge ut allmänna råd. Dessa uppfattas dock ofta som obligatoriska i praktiken vilket leder till att det uppstår en konflikt både gällande hur reglerna skall tolkas samt vad som gäller juridiskt. Vårt syfte är att förstå hur de kommande regelverken från bokföringsnämnden uppfattas samt hur de kommer att påverka företagen och den goda redovisningsseden. I uppsatsen använder vi oss av en kvalitativ studie med induktiv ansats. För att erhålla data på området har vi både samlat in primär och säkundärdata för att förstå och tolka helheten. I slutsatsen kommer vi fram till att den goda redovisningsseden har förändrats så pass mycket att den inte längre kan anses vara god sed. Finns det överhuvudtaget fortfarande ett behov av god redovisningssed då skrivna regler har tagit över det tomrum som den goda seden tidigare försökte fylla? Vi har även kommit fram till att K-regelverken inte kommer att resultera i en förenkling jämfört med dagens normgivning, inte heller kommer de administrativa kostnaderna att minska.
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