This Master’s thesis deals with performance and disassembly possibilities of financing of panel and flat building’s reconstruction. The thesis focuses mainly on the financing through grant from the PANEL. The specific example demonstrates the analysis and subsequent selection the most appropriate method of financing the general revitalization.

The introduction of the first democratic Constitution and the land reform programme in South ' Africa provided the impetus for the development of a new perception of property. In terms of the traditional private law perception property rights are reduced to abstract, scientific concepts which form part of a hierarchical system of rationally and logically related concepts and definitions, the relationships between which remain largely unaffected by social and political realities. In this view the constitutional property clause is interpreted as a guarantee of existing individual property rights against unwarranted state interference. Proponents of the traditional private law view argue that this perception of property need not be replaced by a new constitutional perception of property, because the traditional private law perception is legitimated by the fact that it developed in an uninterrupted, linear line from Roman law. It is regarded as flexible enough to adapt to new and different social and political circumstances. However, the truth is that the development of property rights was disrupted by a number of discontinuities or fundamental breaks in different periods of its development. It is argued in this thesis that the introduction of the new constitutional order in South Africa can be regarded as another of these discontinuities, and that the strict adherence to the private law perception of property may be abandoned in favour of a new debate on property where the social and political function of property is emphasised more strongly. Land reform promotes the public interest in that it ensures the equitable use, distribution and exploitation of property. In most cases the implementation of land reform necessitates the limitation of property rights. A conservative judiciary's adherence to the traditional private law perception of property may lead to a constitutional conflict between the judiciary (that aims to afford existing property rights strong constitutional protection) and the legislature (that aims to promote the public interest by implementing land reform). Such a constitutional conflict can be avoided if the South African courts adopt an approach in terms of which the social and political role and function of property in society is recognised. / Private Law / LL.D.

<p>Pension fund companies manage and invest large amounts of money on behalf of their members. In return for their contributions, members expect a benefit at termination of their contract. Due to the volatile nature of returns that pension funds attain, pension companies started attaching a minimum guaranteed amount to member&rsquo / s benefits. In this mini-thesis we look at the pioneering work of Brennan and Schwartz [10] for pricing these minimum guarantees. The model they developed prices these minimum guarantees using option pricing theory. We also look at the model proposed by Deelstra et al. which prices minimum guarantees in a stochastic financial setting. We conclude this mini-thesis with new contributions where we look at simple alternative ways of pricing minimum guarantees. We conclude this mini-thesis with an approach, related to the work of Brennan and Schwartz [10], whereby the member&rsquo / s benefit is maximised for a given minimum guaranteed amount, which comprises of multi-period guarantees. We formulate a method to find the optimal stream of these multi-period guarantees.</p>

Probabilistic model checking is a powerful formal verification method that can ensure the correctness of real-life systems that exhibit stochastic behaviour. The work presented in this thesis aims to solve the scalability challenge of probabilistic model checking, by developing, for the first time, fully-automated compositional verification techniques for probabilistic systems. The contributions are novel approaches for automatically learning probabilistic assumptions for three different compositional verification frameworks. The first framework considers systems that are modelled as Segala probabilistic automata, with assumptions captured by probabilistic safety properties. A fully-automated approach is developed to learn assumptions for various assume-guarantee rules, including an asymmetric rule Asym for two-component systems, an asymmetric rule Asym-N for n-component systems, and a circular rule Circ. This approach uses the L* and NL* algorithms for automata learning. The second framework considers systems where the components are modelled as probabilistic I/O systems (PIOSs), with assumptions represented by Rabin probabilistic automata (RPAs). A new (complete) assume-guarantee rule Asym-Pios is proposed for this framework. In order to develop a fully-automated approach for learning assumptions and performing compositional verification based on the rule Asym-Pios, a (semi-)algorithm to check language inclusion of RPAs and an L*-style learning method for RPAs are also proposed. The third framework considers the compositional verification of discrete-time Markov chains (DTMCs) encoded in Boolean formulae, with assumptions represented as Interval DTMCs (IDTMCs). A new parallel operator for composing an IDTMC and a DTMC is defined, and a new (complete) assume-guarantee rule Asym-Idtmc that uses this operator is proposed. A fully-automated approach is formulated to learn assumptions for rule Asym-Idtmc, using the CDNF learning algorithm and a new symbolic reachability analysis algorithm for IDTMCs. All approaches proposed in this thesis have been implemented as prototype tools and applied to a range of benchmark case studies. Experimental results show that these approaches are helpful for automating the compositional verification of probabilistic systems through learning small assumptions, but may suffer from high computational complexity or even undecidability. The techniques developed in this thesis can assist in developing scalable verification frameworks for probabilistic models.

La question des fondements de la responsabilité a été l’une de celles qui a le plus intéressé la doctrine depuis l’abandon du principe de l’irresponsabilité des personnes publiques. Tantôt compris comme un principe général d’explication, tantôt comme une véritable règle juridique, le fondement de la responsabilité est un élément de justification. Afin de clarifier le discours visant à expliquer le mécanisme de responsabilité, le fondement juridique de la responsabilité doit être distingué des principes qui justifient l’existence de cette règle et des conditions parfois mises à l’application de celle-ci. Jurisprudence et doctrine ont fait du risque et du principe d’égalité devant les charges publiques les deux fondements de la responsabilité sans faute en droit administratif. Cette présentation classique est aujourd’hui dépassée du fait de la création par le Conseil d’Etat de régimes de responsabilité dans lesquels la faute n’est pas exigée et qui ne sont pas pour autant rattachables à ces fondements classiques. Il apparaît donc que la présentation classique de la responsabilité sans faute doit être abandonnée au bénéfice d’une présentation centrée sur la notion d’obligation. Les hypothèses de responsabilité dans lesquelles la condition de faute n’est pas exigée peuvent alors être classées en deux catégories. Celles dans lesquelles le fait générateur méconnaît une obligation préexistante sont constitutives de véritables régimes de responsabilité, et celles dans lesquelles le fait générateur ne méconnaît aucune obligation préexistante et qui ne sont alors qu’abusivement rattachées à la responsabilité. La responsabilité sans faute, qui n’est qu’une catégorie négative n’ayant aucune unité, n’a pas de fondements propres ce qui la distinguerait par nature d’autres hypothèses de responsabilité. / Cause of liability has been one of the most discussed questions since the principle of administrative irresponsibility was given up. Sometimes seen as a general principle of explanation, sometimes as a legal rule, cause of liability is an element of justification. In order to clarify the discourse on liability, cause of liability has to be distinguished from principles which justify the legal rule of liability. For doctrine and jurisprudence, the risk theory and the principle of public expenses equality are the two causes of liability. This presentation has to be renewed because of the creation by the Conseil d’Etat of cases of liability in which the proof of a fault is not compulsory but which do not relate to classical cases. A new presentation with two categories based on the notion of obligation should be preferred. When the event giving rise to the damage ignores a pre-existing obligation it is a true system of responsibility but when the event giving rise to the damage doesn’t ignores such an obligation it is a mechanism of guarantee and not a system of responsibility. “Liability without fault” is a negative category with no unity and no specific causes. Fault is only a condition of liability: liability with fault and liability without fault are not different in nature.

The thesis presents several so far unnoticed functions of (not only) Latin vocative. It argues against previous believes that vocative is used either for addresses, calls and summons, evaluation of addressee and emphasis, or is otherwise only conventional, polite, and thus lacking any real function. Firstly, the author describes vocative from the Speech Act Theory view-point and offers definitions of speech acts call and address. In chapters 3 and 4, he pays attention to vocatives so far considered as lacking function. Relying on the analysis mostly of Cicero's speeches and old Roman comedies, he presents two crucial functions of vocative in non-initial position in a text: 1) vocative as a mean of cohesion which helps to make the organization of the text more transparent and which emphasizes the structure of the text; 2) vocative of assurance/guarantee. In chapter 5, several minor functions of vocative are mentioned (mostly of pragmatic character): triumphal vocative, vocative as a disgrace and vocative as a parody. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

75 Abstract: The investor compensation scheme is one of the indispensable elements contributing to the stability of capital markets. Protection of retail investors by providing the minimal guarantee in case of investment firm's inability to return securities or money to investors became an essencial instrument in order to restart the economy, particularly in times of economic recession. Given the transboundary nature of investments a single European legislation is not only appropriate, but also practically necessary measure to restore investors' confidence in investment firms and to increase the competitiveness of markets in financial services within the European continent. The investor compensation scheme is still not receiving full attention of Czech legal theory, therefore it is one of the ambitions of this thesis to provide its comprehensive analysis. The aim of my thesis is also to compare whether the Czech legislation of Securities Brokers Guarantee Fund complies with the requirements of European legislation and to analyse proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 97/9/ES on investor-compensation schemes and its effect on Securities Brokers Guarantee Fund. This thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter One deals with the genesis of the investor...

Introdução: Indicadores são instrumentos relevantes na sinalização de problemas reais ou potenciais que auxiliam no diagnóstico situacional e possibilitam que intervenções sejam implementadas para a melhoria do resultado da assistência prestada ao paciente. Objetivos: Avaliar a série histórica dos indicadores assistenciais empregados em hospitais após a acreditação pela Organização Nacional de Acreditação ONA; delinear as intervenções propostas frente às não conformidades, oriundas da métrica dos indicadores; comparar as séries históricas dos hospitais com diferentes níveis de acreditação e projetar as séries históricas dos indicadores nos hospitais nos próximos cinco anos. Método: Estudo quantitativo, documental e retrospectivo, desenvolvido em cinco hospitais acreditados pelo Programa Brasileiro de Acreditação ONA nível 1,2 e 3, localizados no interior do Estado de São Paulo e integrantes do Departamento Regional de Saúde DRS VII. A análise dos dados ocorreu pela estatística descritiva e para a projeção dos dados foi utilizado o Modelo Auto-Regressivo Integrado de Média Móvel (ARIMA). Resultados: Os eventos foram distribuídos em: 13,9% erros de medicação, 8,7 quedas de paciente, 7,1% de úlceras por pressão (UP), 4,4% de saídas não planejada de sondas oro/nasogastroenteral, 4,3% de extubações não planejada e 2,9% de flebites. Com relação a caracterização dos hospitais, a maioria era filantrópico (80,0%), nível de atenção terciário (80,0%), com nível de acreditação 1 (40,0%), 2 (40,0%) e 3 (20,0%). Na análise comparativa entre o desempenho das instituições frente aos indicadores podemos notar que as instituições com maior tempo e maior nível de acreditação demonstraram valores bastante significativos no que tange ao quantitativo nas notificações de seus eventos. Na análise das principais intervenções adotadas para melhoria do indicador destacam as capacitações (100,0%) no indicador de erro de medicação e flebite; na UP (100,0%) e na extubação não planejada (80,0%) foi a alteração ou implantação de protocolos de prevenção; no evento saída não planejada de sonda oro/nasogastroenteral, 80,0% das instituições adotaram a participação de outros profissionais na melhoria do resultado do indicador. Considerações finais: Os achados desta pesquisa contribuíram para outras organizações, sobretudo ao utilizar-se das intervenções aplicadas pelas instituições pesquisadas, outra contribuição é que as instituições participantes poderão utilizar-se dos dados projetados para intervenções necessárias no desempenho do indicador. / Introduction: Indicators are relevant instruments in signaling actual or potential problems that assist in situational diagnosis and enable interventions to be implemented to improve the outcome of patient care. Objectives: Evaluate the historical series of welfare indicators used in hospitals after the accreditation by the National Accreditation Organization NAO; outline the proposed interventions in the face of non-compliance arising from the metric indicators; compare the historical series of hospitals with different levels of accreditation and project the historical series of indicators in hospitals over the next five years. Methodology: Quantitative, documentary and retrospective study, conducted in five hospitals accredited by the Brazilian Program Accreditation NAO level 1, 2 and 3, located within the state of São Paulo and members of the Regional Department of Health - DRS VII. Data analysis was by descriptive statistics and for the projection of the data we used the Model Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (MARIMA). Results: The events were distributed as follows: 13.9% of medication errors, patient falls 8.7, 7.1% of pressure ulcers (PU), 4.4% of output unplanned probes oro/nasogastroenteral, 4.3 % of unplanned extubation and 2.9% of phlebitis. Regarding the characterization of hospitals, most were philanthropic (80.0%), tertiary care (80.0%), with accreditation of Level 1 (40.0%), 2 (40.0%) and 3 (20.0%). In the comparative analysis between the performance of institutions across the indicators we can see that institutions with longer and higher level of accreditation have demonstrated quite significant values with respect to the quantitative in the notifications of their events. In the analysis of the main interventions taken to improve the indicator highlight the capabilities (100.0%) in the medication error indicator and phlebitis; in PU (100.0%) and unplanned extubation (80.0%) was the change or implement prevention protocols; in unplanned event output oro/nasogastroenteral probe, 80.0% of institutions have adopted the participation of other professionals in improved outcome indicator. Final Considerations: The findings of this research contributed to other organizations, especially when used of the interventions implemented by the institutions surveyed, another contribution is that the participating institutions may use up the data necessary interventions designed to gauge performance.

O presente trabalho analisa o contrato de fiança no Código Civil brasileiro, bem como a sua utilização na locação de imóveis urbanos. No campo das garantias contratuais a fiança representa a modalidade mais utilizada no Brasil, notadamente pelas facilidades práticas em sua constituição, bem como pelo caráter gratuito da sua prestação. No entanto, ao longo dos anos o contrato de fiança, tal como fora moldado pelo legislador, vem sendo desafiado pelos tribunais que ora suavizam as suas regras em benefício do fiador ora fortalecem a posição do credor, gerando profunda insegurança social e instabilidade jurídica. Por esta razão, neste trabalho procuramos discutir se as regras atuais relativas à fiança são adequadas à sociedade brasileira ou se estão a merecer uma profunda reforma para torná-las efetivas, funcionalizando-as de acordo com a finalidade a que se destinam: um reforço ao adimplemento em favor do credor; assim, defendemos que a confiança gerada pela promessa manifestada pelo fiador de que irá efetivamente garantir o adimplemento de um contrato deverá ser efetiva, por ser um instrumento a serviço do credor, visando pô-lo a salvo de riscos. Neste trabalho foram comparados os momentos históricos em que surgiram o Código Civil de 1916 e o de 2002, e apresentadas as origens históricas da fiança. Posteriormente, a dogmática do instituto foi apresentada com a sua análise nos planos da existência, validade e eficácia, bem como foram apresentadas as questões controvertidas envolvendo o contrato, com a apresentação de soluções que foram refletidas e julgadas adequadas, inclusive no campo da fiança à locação, posto que o instituto é de larga utilização no mercado imobiliário, tendo ainda sido analisada a Lei n.° 12.112/09 que reformou a Lei do Inquilinato. Por fim, foram apresentadas propostas de alteração do perfil dogmático do contrato de fiança, na esperança de torná-lo uma segura garantia contratual da qual poderá o credor se valer como um adequado reforço ao efetivo adimplemento aguardado e que seja dotado de efetiva força vinculante. / This paper analyzes the contract of suretyship in the Brazilian Civil Code, and its use in the leasing of urban property. In the field of contractual guarantees suretyship is the most widely used in Brazil, especially because of the practical facilities in its constitution and by its characteristics of gratuitous guarantee of ones performance. However, over the years suretyship as it had been molded by the legislator is being challenged by the courts that sometimes soften its rules in favor of the guarantor and sometimes strengthen the position of the creditor, creating deep legal insecurity and social instability. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss whether the current rules relating to the suretyship are adequate for the Brazilian society or if they need a radical reformation to make them effective, functionalizing them according to the purpose for which they are intended: a reinforcement to the performance in favor of the creditor, so we sustain that the confidence engendered by the promise shown by the guarantor that will effectively ensure the fulfillment of a contract shall be effective as an instrument in the service of the creditor in order to keep him safe from risks. In this study we compared the historical moments that emerged in the Civil Code of 1916 and 2002, and presented the historical origins of suretyship. Subsequently, the dogmatic of the institute was presented with its analysis in the field of existence, validity and effectiveness, and controversial issues involving the contract were presented with solutions that have been thought and deemed appropriate, including in the field of suretyship of a lease, once the institute is widely used in the real estate market. We have also analyzed the Law n. 12.112/09 that reformed the Landlord and Tenant Act. Finally, proposals were made to change the dogmatic profile of suretyship, hoping to make it a secure guarantee of the contracts which the creditor may avail as a suitable reinforcement of the expected performance and to be endowed with effective binding force.

Os institutos jurídicos têm estreita relação com sua base econômica. Nos contratos de seguro essa afirmação é de fundamental importância, sendo o contrato a face jurídica de uma complexa operação econômica. O desenvolvimento do instituto levou ao reconhecimento da essencialidade da empresarialidade do seguro. Há acentuada controvérsia na doutrina acerca da natureza comutativa ou aleatória do contrato de seguro. O ponto central desta dissertação é no sentido de que o Código Civil de 2002 adotou a garantia como a prestação principal do segurador, o que importa no reconhecimento de sua natureza comutativa. O mesmo Código reconheceu a empresarialidade como elemento essencial do contrato. A comutatividade permite o exame das obrigações e deveres a cargo das partes num contexto de equilíbrio. O trabalho finalmente propõe que a interpretação e aplicação do contrato de seguro observem o caráter comutativo e a base técnica do negócio. / Legal institutions have a close relationship with their economic fundaments. In the insurance contract, this statement is of great importance as it is the legal face of a complex economic operation. The development of the institution has led to the acknowledgment of the entrepreneurial side of the insurance as an essential attribute of the contract. There is a strong dispute on the nature of the contract, if it is an aleatory contract or a certain contract. The main point of this essay is in the sense that the Civil Code of 2002 has adopted the guarantee as the main obligation of the insurer, which represents the acknowledgement of its nature of a certain contract. This nature of the contract permits the examination of the obligations and duties of the parties in a context of equilibrium. The essay finally proposes that the interpretation and construction of the insurance contract observe both the character of a certain contract and its technical fundaments.