Moore's Law has helped Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) scale continuously in speed, capacity and energy efficiency, allowing the integration of ever-larger systems into a single FPGA chip. This brings challenges to the productivity of developers in leveraging the sea of FPGA resources. Higher level of design abstractions and programming models are needed to improve the design productivity, which in turn require memory architectural supports on FPGAs. While previous efforts focus on computation-centric applications, we take a bandwidth-centric approach in designing memory systems. In particular, we investigate the scheduling, buffered switching and searching problems, which are common to a wide range of FPGA applications. Despite that the bandwidth problem has been extensively studied for general-purpose computing and application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs, the proposed techniques are often not applicable to FPGAs. In order to achieve optimized design implementations, designers need to take into consideration both the underlying FPGA physical characteristics as well as the requirements from applications. We therefore extract design requirements from four driving applications for the selected problems, and address them by exploiting the physical architectures and available resources of FPGAs. Towards solving the selected problems, we manage to advance state-of-the-art with a scheduling algorithm, a switch organization and a cache analytical model. These lead to performance improvements, resource savings and feasibilities of new approaches for well-known problems.

Moore's Law has helped Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) scale continuously in speed, capacity and energy efficiency, allowing the integration of ever-larger systems into a single FPGA chip. This brings challenges to the productivity of developers in leveraging the sea of FPGA resources. Higher level of design abstractions and programming models are needed to improve the design productivity, which in turn require memory architectural supports on FPGAs. While previous efforts focus on computation-centric applications, we take a bandwidth-centric approach in designing memory systems. In particular, we investigate the scheduling, buffered switching and searching problems, which are common to a wide range of FPGA applications. Despite that the bandwidth problem has been extensively studied for general-purpose computing and application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs, the proposed techniques are often not applicable to FPGAs. In order to achieve optimized design implementations, designers need to take into consideration both the underlying FPGA physical characteristics as well as the requirements from applications. We therefore extract design requirements from four driving applications for the selected problems, and address them by exploiting the physical architectures and available resources of FPGAs. Towards solving the selected problems, we manage to advance state-of-the-art with a scheduling algorithm, a switch organization and a cache analytical model. These lead to performance improvements, resource savings and feasibilities of new approaches for well-known problems.

Valstybės skolos valdymas daro įtaką valstybės ekonomikai. Valstybės skolos valdymo santykiai yra plačiai reglamentuojami tiek Europos Sąjungos tiek ir Lietuvos valstybės institucijų priimtais teisės aktais. Juose nustatoma institucinė sistema, nurodomos subjektų teisės ir pareigos. Teisės aktuose taip pat formuojama skolos valdymo politika, detaliai išdėstomos skolinimosi procedūros. / State debt management has direct impact on state’s economical situation. State debt management is widely regulated by European Union’s and Lithuania’s laws. In that laws there are established institutional system, subject’s rights and duties, policy of state debt management and borrowing procedures.

Santrauka Bandant atsakyti į klausimą ar naujoji JT Žmogaus teisių taryba – veiksmingesnės žmogaus teisių apsaugos garantas ar viso labo iliuzija, šiame darbe yra aptariami Tarybos pirmtakės – Komisijos – istorija, raida, pasiekimai, trūkumai bei privalumai. Taip pat yra pateikiamas šios JT žmogaus teisių institucijos reformos įvertinimas. Darbe – aptariama pakitusi Tarybos vieta bei statusas JT sistemoje (nuo šiol Taryba yra pagalbinė Generalinės Asamblėjos institucija). Taip pat yra analizuojama Tarybos sudėtis, aptariant pakitusį narių skaičių bei geografinį jų pasiskirstimą. Detaliai analizuojama nauja rinkimų į Tarybą tvarka, kuri turėtų padidinti Tarybos atskaitingumą bei pakelti pasitikėjimą ja. Darbe taip pat nagrinėjami reikalavimai šalims, siekiančioms patekti į Tarybą, o taip pat papildomi bendradarbiavimo reikalavimai šalims, išrinktoms į Tarybą. Aptariamas padidintas Tarybos sesijų skaičius bei jų bendra trukmė, kas turėtų suteikti Tarybai galimybę greičiau, rimčiau bei nuosekliau reaguoti į žmogaus teisių problemas, staiga kylančias krizes, o taip pat užsiimti žmogaus teisių pažeidimų prevencija. Darbe – analizuojami Tarybos veiklos mechanizmo elementai – specialiosios procedūros, skundų procedūra, Patariamasis komitetas, bei naujoji Visuotinės periodinės peržiūros procedūra. Taip pat yra aptariamas kitas aspektas, nuo kurio didele dalimi priklauso Tarybos veiksmingumas – NVO vaidmuo Tarybos veikloje, kuris išliko beveik toks pats koks jis buvo Komisijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Summary In an attempt to answer the question whether the new UN Human Rights Council is a guarantee of a more effective protection of human rights or merely an illusion, the paper discusses history, development, achievements, shortcomings and merits of the Council's predecessor -- the Commission. The paper also presents an assessment of this UN human rights institution's reform. The paper discusses the altered place and status of the Council within the UN system (from now on the Council is a subsidiary institution of the General Assembly). The paper also analyzes the Council's composition, discussing the changed number of members and their geographical distribution. The paper also provides detailed analysis of the new rules for electing Council members, which should make the Council more representative and should increase trust in the Council. The paper also examines requirements set for the countries vying for a seat on the Council as well as additional requirements for the countries elected to the Council. The paper discusses the increased number of sessions and their overall duration, something that should help the Council to react to sudden human rights crises and to deal with human rights problems in a faster, more serious and more consistent manner as well as help the Council to be proactive when it comes to human rights violations. The paper analyzes the elements of the Council's work mechanism -- special procedures, complaint procedure, the Advisory Committee and the... [to full text]

近年隨著國內外經濟發展、企業營運規模擴大下，在企業發展過程中，資金充足係其發展成敗之重要關鍵。一般而言，企業資金來源可區分為內部資金與外部資金。就外部資金部分，雖目前企業以直接金融透過發行有價證劵之方式，向一般社會大眾募集資金之風氣日增，但透過間接金融向銀行融資借貸，因較具彈性，可針對個案之不同調整融資契約之內容，仍為企業獲取外部資金之重要管道。 因科技日益創新下，許多投資案的規模及複雜性亦日漸擴大，現行傳統融資方式逐漸無法滿足企業之需求，專案融資(Project Finance)之模式逐漸受到重視。但因過去研究中多以政府BOT專案融資案件作研究，鮮少有企業個案提供參考，故本次研究目的為提供較不易得取資訊之企業專案融資個案作參照。 本次研究個案之專案融資係以客製化方式，針對個案之特殊需求(非一般營運週轉金用途)，在個案進行輔導公開發行 (Initial Public Offerings，IPO)階段中提供融資進行財務結構調整之協助。並建置監控資金用途之控管機制(Milestone)，搭配完善的還款機制以保障債權。個案藉由本專案融資之進行，財務結構調整沖銷內部股東往來、與提高流速動比及負債比，目的為讓個案財務結構更加透明，以利後續IPO階段進行。 故不論在私人企業之投資計畫或於公私部門合作(BOT)之計畫案中，專案融資皆扮演相當重要之角色。然在我國法制上，就融資案中居於關鍵地位之擔保機制，並未為特殊之規範，而僅以銀行法之擔保授信作為規範依據。然細究該規定，其僅將民法或動產擔保交易法中早已明文規範用於一般交易行為之擔保機制羅列於條文中，無法完全滿足銀行於專案融資中對擔保機制之需求。本個案企業之融資需求與金額在一般銀行往來融資條件下，並不容易成就。故本專案融資中的研究主要係在說明如何加強擔保機制並作相關之防範功能，使在債務人違約時能有效保障銀行債權。 / The scale of operations continuously extend with the development of the domestic and international economic situation in recent years, capital adequacy is no doubt a key point in the process of enterprise development . In general, the corporate-owned fund of the source can be divided into internal capital and external capital fund. The current corporation use common way raising capital fund through the issuance of Market Securities to the general public. Though indirect financial way to the bank financing is more flexible and still an important channel for gaining access to external funds, bank can customize the conditions of the financing contract case by case. The traditional financing can’t meet the needs of corporation. Project finance model has to be taken seriously during innovation in technology, scale and complexity of the many investment cases. But most researches focus on BOT project finance of government in the past years, there are few references about single company. Our research provides single company project finance that is uneasy to get to be referred. This case study of project finance based on the way of customization for the special needs of the case (a non-operating revolving function) , and bank provides financial restructuring during IPO consulting stage. The Bank structures the Milestone mechanism to monitor the use of funds, with carefully repayment mechanisms to guarantee the debt. This case can use project finance to write off the account receivable of shareholders, and to improve the financial ratio such as flow rate ratio and liabilities. It can help financial statement more clear to follow-up IPO stage. Project finance plays a very important role in any investment case whether the Public sector or private corporation. Guarantee mechanism which is key position of financing case doesn’t be special limited in our legal raw. The technical regulation just bases on the security guarantee of credit in The Banking Act of The Republic of China. The rules of Banking Act of The Republic of China record security guarantee of general trading from Civil law and Personal Property Secured Transactions Act, but it can’t meet the project financial demand. It’s not easy to meet with success under the scale of this project finance and the limitation of general finance. The most important purposes of project finance strengthen guarantee mechanism and control credit risk when debtor defaults.

<p>Pension fund companies manage and invest large amounts of money on behalf of their members. In return for their contributions, members expect a benefit at termination of their contract. Due to the volatile nature of returns that pension funds attain, pension companies started attaching a minimum guaranteed amount to member&rsquo / s benefits. In this mini-thesis we look at the pioneering work of Brennan and Schwartz [10] for pricing these minimum guarantees. The model they developed prices these minimum guarantees using option pricing theory. We also look at the model proposed by Deelstra et al. which prices minimum guarantees in a stochastic financial setting. We conclude this mini-thesis with new contributions where we look at simple alternative ways of pricing minimum guarantees. We conclude this mini-thesis with an approach, related to the work of Brennan and Schwartz [10], whereby the member&rsquo / s benefit is maximised for a given minimum guaranteed amount, which comprises of multi-period guarantees. We formulate a method to find the optimal stream of these multi-period guarantees.</p>

In Australia, the combination of a changing workforce profile, the changing nature of work and industrial agreements and the changing role of education and training gave rise to the National Training Reform Agenda (NTRA). The main aim of the NTRA is to increase the competitiveness and productivity of Australian industry through industry responsive reform of the vocational education and training system. The development of a National Framework for the Recognition of Training (NFROT) and nationally endorsed industry competency standards, along with The Training Guarantee Act (1990), were intended to ensure that the Government’s major reform program for education and training for Australian industry took effect.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaquelMAM_DISSERT.pdf: 1264229 bytes, checksum: b23914164b89ecbf42b12f53a3910c1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work discourses about the child and adolescent s Guaranty System of Rights (GSR), on the intervention in cases of juvenile domestic sexual violence, in Recife. The course (trajectory) is analyzed, where circulate cases of sexual violence, until its resolution, in (GSR). Actually, the violence represents a serious problem of public health. Was thought about the difficulties and the limits that make GSR become a full field of contradictions and challenges for the effectiveness of the children and adolescents rights. Therefore, it was verified the treatments that are developed by GSR, how this system is structured and articulated and how occurs the resolution of the sexual violence cases against children and adolescents. Proceedings of the quantitative and qualitative research were used, was done observation, directed interview and analysis of documents. Thus, the field research was the visits in these institutions: Restaura??o Hospital, Police Management of the Child and Adolescent (PMCA) three Guardianship Councils, Dom Helder Camara Center of Studies and Social Action (CENDHEC) and the Tribunal of Childhood and Adolescence. The research subjects were seven professionals of GSR. The theoretical discussion is guided in reflections about the children and youth rights, in the violence theme and in the construction and institutionalization process of GSR. In this experiment, was noticed there are many difficulties for working together the GSR, because many obstacles are found when we call the responsible institutions, besides some violence cases happen again. This system is not totally institutionalized and articulated, faces structural problems, material, poorly qualified professionals, underinvestment, low transfer of public resources, among other difficulties, causing many losses in the implementation of public policies that enforce secured rights by legislation / Este trabalho discorre acerca do Sistema de Garantia de Direitos da crian?a e do adolescente (SGD), na interven??o nos casos de viol?ncia dom?stica sexual infanto-juvenil, na cidade do Recife. ? realizada uma an?lise do percurso (da trajet?ria) pelo qual circulam os casos de viol?ncia sexual, at? a sua resolubilidade, no SGD. Atualmente, a viol?ncia representa um grave problema de sa?de p?blica. Refletiu-se sobre as dificuldades e os limites que tornam o SGD um campo cheio de contradi??es e desafios para efetiva??o dos direitos das crian?as e dos adolescentes. Para tanto, verificou-se os atendimentos que s?o desenvolvidos pelo SGD, como est? estruturado e articulado este sistema e como ocorre a resolu??o dos casos de viol?ncia sexual contra crian?as e adolescentes. Foram utilizados procedimentos da pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, recorreu-se a observa??o, entrevista dirigida e an?lise de documentos. Desta forma, a pesquisa de campo se constituiu em visitas ?s seguintes institui??es: Hospital da Restaura??o, Ger?ncia de Pol?cia da Crian?a e do Adolescente (GPCA), tr?s Conselhos Tutelares, Centro Dom Helder C?mara de Estudos e A??o Social (Cendhec) e o Juizado da Inf?ncia e Adolesc?ncia. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram sete profissionais do SGD. A discuss?o te?rica est? pautada nas reflex?es acerca dos direitos infanto-juvenis, na tem?tica da viol?ncia e no processo de constru??o e institucionaliza??o do SGD. Nesta experi?ncia, constatou-se que muitas s?o as dificuldades em atuar junto ao SGD, pois muitos s?o os entraves encontrados ao acionar os ?rg?os competentes, al?m da ocorr?ncia da reincid?ncia de alguns casos de viol?ncia. Este sistema n?o est? totalmente institucionalizado e articulado, enfrenta problemas de cunho estrutural, material, pouca qualifica??o dos seus profissionais, poucos investimentos, baixo repasse de recursos p?blicos, dentre outras dificuldades, causando preju?zos diversos na implementa??o de pol?ticas p?blicas que efetivem os direitos assegurados pela legisla??o em vigor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:46:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LilianeSRC.pdf: 783402 bytes, checksum: 9f0b3a7cf749d9f524d749e628874ec2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study presents the issue of sexual violence against children and adolescents in the city of Natal RN from a critical approach over the work carried out at the Delegacia Especializada em Defesa da Crian?a e Adolescente DCA, with the perspective towards guaranteeing their rights. It is constituted of an analysis under a theoretical-methodological focus, both quantitative and qualitative, taking as a premise the sexual violence against children and adolescents in its social, legal, historical, cultural and economical dimensions that are behind this issue. The established course between knowledge and methodology involved: a conceptual analysis of the sexual violence, a research in the official records of the Public Power, the application of questionnaires with the coordinators of social projects and programmes, the accomplishment of interviews with key institutional actors and mothers of victimized children and adolescents, besides the analysis of quantitative indicators from the data made available by the DCA. The research took place within the Delegacia Especializada em Defesa da Crian?a e Adolescente, and also took for reference the information from institutions that develop actions directed towards children and adolescents victims of sexual abuse. Through this study, the strategies and the contradictions existing in the struggle against sexual violence towards children and adolescents implemented by the Public Power were learnt, the need for a greater articulation was identified to guarantee their rights and it also allowed for the tracing of a panorama of the sexual violence against children and adolescents in the period from 2001 to 2004 in the city of Natal-RN / O estudo apresenta a problem?tica da viol?ncia sexual contra crian?as e adolescentes na cidade do Natal-RN, a partir de um olhar cr?tico sob o atendimento na Delegacia Especializada em Defesa da Crian?a e Adolescente DCA, numa perspectiva de garantia de direitos. Constituiu-se em uma an?lise sob um enfoque te?rico-metodol?gico, quantitativo e qualitativo tendo como pressuposto a viol?ncia sexual contra crian?as e adolescentes nas suas dimens?es sociais, legais, hist?rico-culturais, econ?micas, que norteiam o tema. O percurso estabelecido entre conhecimento e m?todo envolveu: an?lise conceitual sobre a viol?ncia sexual, pesquisa em documentos oficiais do Poder P?blico, aplica??o de question?rios com coordenadores de programas e projetos sociais, realiza??o de entrevistas com atores institucionais e m?es de crian?as e adolescentes vitimizadas, al?m da an?lise de indicadores quantitativos a partir dos dados disponibilizados pela DCA. A pesquisa realizou-se junto ? Delegacia Especializada em Defesa da Crian?a e do Adolescente, tomou tamb?m como refer?ncia informa??o em Institui??es que desenvolvem a??es direcionadas ?s crian?as e aos adolescentes v?timas de viol?ncia sexual. Apreendeu-se neste estudo as estrat?gias e as contradi??es existentes no enfrentamento ? viol?ncia sexual contra crian?as e adolescentes implementadas pelo Poder P?blico, identificou-se a necessidade de maior articula??o na perspectiva de garantia de direitos e permitiu-se ainda delinear um panorama da viol?ncia sexual infanto-juvenil no per?odo de 2001 a 2004 na cidade do Natal-RN

Este trabalho visa identificar os determinantes da ampliação de demandas judiciais contra os gestores do SUS. Em sua maioria (85%) relacionam-se ao fornecimento de medicamentos e são geradas, no âmbito do Judiciário, pelo entendimento daquele órgão que o Poder Público está descumprindo o direito à saúde constitucionalmente adquirido. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica acerca de sistemas nacionais de saúde com princípios constitutivos básicos semelhantes aos do SUS, tendo sido selecionados o Canadá, Colômbia e Espanha. O objetivo foi observar se àqueles sistemas apresentam as dificuldades experimentadas pelo SUS, ou se existe, no sistema nacional, alguma peculiaridade. Foram analisados os artigos da Constituição de 1988 relativos à saúde, observando-se em vários deles pouca clareza na descrição de conceitos que parecem dar margem a múltiplos entendimentos dos atores envolvidos com a implementação do SUS. Desenvolveuse uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa: o 1 componente foi realizado por meio de entrevistas com atores chave, representantes do Executivo, Legislativo, Judiciário, Órgãos de Classe, Conselhos de Saúde e Gestores. A etapa quantitativa foi realizada a partir da coleta, sistematização e análise de dados acerca das demandas judiciais chegadas aos gestores do SUS localizados no Rio de Janeiro (SMS, SESDEC e NERJ). Os entendimentos dos entrevistados mostraram-se muito distintos e bastante relacionados com seus locais de atuação. Foi observado que o Judiciário, grosso modo, ratifica as prescrições médicas, determinando aos gestores, tornados réus, o fornecimento de produtos de saúde que vão desde os medicamentos essenciais até os de dispensação excepcional e mesmo, algumas substâncias importadas. As liminares não atendem as padronizações definidas pelas Políticas Nacionais de Assistência Farmacêutica, nem as que dizem respeito às relações pactuadas entre os gestores nem a responsabilização existente por nível de gestão. Tais questões têm gerado um tensionamento permanente entre o Executivo da saúde, Judiciário e população, uma vez que o cumprimento das determinações judiciais representa, para o gestor, uma necessidade de realocação orçamentária para a aquisição de medicamentos não planejados, que pode determinar a não realização de ações programáticas prioritárias. Parece que estas ações do Judiciário, ainda que legítimas, não necessariamente favorecem a equidade de acesso ao SUS. Por último, foram definidos 3 núcleos causais para a ampliação das demandas judiciais de saúde: o 1, derivado da pouca clareza de alguns conceitos constitucionais determinada pela falta de consenso político quando dos trabalhos da ANC, que deixaram estas definições para regulamentações posteriores, que não ocorreram; o 2, representado pela não contestação da maior parcela das prescrições médicas, pelo Judiciário, o que parece demonstrar o poder das profissões, medicina e direito, e, a inexistência de regulação do exercício profissional pelo Estado e o 3, determinado pela pouca articulação no SUS entre a gestão financeira e da atenção à saúde, o que parece impedir que os gestores atuem como protagonistas destas situações, deixando de promover articulações entre os Poderes do Estado, Instituições, Órgãos de Classe e a sociedade para definição de estratégias comuns voltadas à resolução dos problemas apontados neste estudo. / The objective of this study is to identify the increase of the judicial demands against the managers of SUS (Unified Health System). Most of them (85%) are related with medicines supply and generated by Judiciary beliefs that the Government is not serving the right to health constitutionally acquired. A bibliographical revision concerning national systems of health with basic principles similar to SUS was made. The countries selected were Canada, Colombia and Spain. The objective was to observe if the difficulties experienced by SUS exists in those systems or if it is a brazilian peculiarity. The articles of 1988 Brazilian Magna Law related to Health were analyzed and it was possible to observe that, in many of them, there is not a clear definition of concepts, allowing multiple interpretations from the party involved in SUS implementation. A qualitative and quantitative research was developed: the first component was carried through by interviews with key representants from the Executive, Legislative, Judiciary, Professional Classes, Health Consil and Managers. The quantitative stage was carried through collection, systematization and analysis of data concerning the judicial processes against the managers of SUS located in Rio de Janeiro (SMS, SESDEC and NERJ). The understandings of interviewed people are very diverse and related to their working area. It was observed that the Judiciary ratifies the medical prescriptions, determining managers to supply health products, essential medicines or the ones of exceptionally use, even imported substances. The judicial decisions do not attend the standard of Pharmaceutical Assistance Politics definitions, nor the ones about the relations agreed between the managers, nor the management level responsibility. Such problems are causing a permanent tension between Health Executive, Judiciary and population, once the compliance of judicial decisions represents the budget replacement to purchase a not planned medicine, which can represent not accomplishing priority actions. It seems that these judicial decisions, despite its legitimate, do not help the equal access to SUS. Finally, it was defined 3 causes to the increase of the judicial health demands: 1st is born from the poor clarity of some constitutional concepts, determinated by the lack of political agreements among parliament members at the ANC, living for posterior definition, never achieved; 2nd not represented by the plea of the biggest medical lapsing but by the Judiciary, seemingly to demonstrate the power of every profession (medical and judiciary) and inexistence of regulations as, for instance, happens in the Canadian system; 3rd the lack of links in the SUS between the financial management and care for health itself. It seems to hind the managers actions as protagonists of such situations.