This research is about six pedagogue´s and their reflections about the size of the children´s group in the preschools. Then I will discuss the pedagogue’s recommendation on the significance of the size of a children´s group learning and development and it´s practical significance for the preschool function. The pedagogue’s statements will be discussed in relation to The Swedish National Agency for Education (TSNAE) guidelines on group size. The theoretical framework of this essay will take an overview of the social cultural perspective, the group size and its significance for both the children´s learning and development, for interaction and communication and TSNAE advice and guidelines. A qualitative approach was used including six interviews in Stockholm. The result of this research shows that the six pedagogue´s concluded that the size of a children´s group can vary according to circumstances but 15 - 18 children are recommended and that is also supported by TSNAE. There is no exact recommendation for an ideal group size from TSNAE, but their guidelines for a group size is based on that children will development on an optimal way. For the pedagogue´s will be able to hear and listen to all children, the pedagogue´s think that it´s important that this can be done if the children group is divided in smaller groups during the day. This is also important for the interaction and to have discussions with the children. It is difficult to individualize the children if they are too many children in the group.    TSNAE general advice for quality says that the children´s group should be suitable size. The size will be according to the preschools prerequisites.

This study focuses on the identification of didactic guidelines for presenting values education in secondary schools. The studied literature sends a clear message that values education is of cardinal importance in education, teaching and training. In 2000 the National Department of Education of South Africa assembled a task team to identify a set of values in particular relevant to education and training. In the report Manifesto on Values Education and Democracy (DOE, 2001) six core values are singled out as of primary importance to the new dispensation in South Africa: equality, equal rights, tolerance, multilingualism, transparency, accountability, and social responsibility. The Report focuses only on national, political and social values, however. From research performed by Rens (2005), Hattingh (1999) en Bagarette (1995), it is clear that an individual needs to be educated as a holistic being and all life values thus need to be addressed integratively . A literature study was undertaken to clarify the concepts values, value orientation and values education, and also to determine how adolescents experience values education. Consequently, different values education programmes currently implemented in foreign countries were analysed . It was found that the 'Cornerstone-waardes" programme of John Heenan, applied in New Zealand, could reasonably easily be adapted for the South African context. From the discussion of the curriculating process as applicable to values education, didactic guidelines could be formulated for values education in South African schools. To identify the current orientation to values as manifested by learners, teachers and school principals in South Africa, the values questionnaire compiled by Vreken and Rens (2001) for research on the values orientation of university learners, was adapted and completed by the population involved in this study. Principals were subjected to partly-structured interviews to gain their opinions on values education in schools. Interviews on possible guidelines for values education in South Africa were also conducted by e-mail with international experts. Since the primary aim of the study was to determine the values orientation of secondary school learners and to recommend didactic guidelines for values education, the aim was mainly attained by means of the empirical study. Noteworthy is, however, that there is no symmetry between learners' views on important values and those that the Department of Education finds it necessary to be promoted. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in an emergency department setting is challenging due to the complexity of the disease and the multi-disciplinary care environment, leading to the need for standardized protocols to ensure patient safety and care quality. Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) for ACS are prevalent but they are not directly applicable in the ED setting due to their complex narrative nature. In this thesis we present a knowledge modeling solution, using semantic web technologies, to computerize the ACS CPG published by the American Heart Association. Our knowledge modeling approach provides a modular characterization of the CPG knowledge and offers unique mechanisms to (a) update the knowledge model in response to periodic CPG updates; and (b) streamline the ACS management clinical pathway in response to resource constraints at an institution. The computerized CPG will serve as an ACS management decision support system, targeting tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

No description available.

This is a qualitative study about child poverty within the school environment. The purpose is to examine how financial resources can affect the social standings of teenagers and how that affects them in school; how the school system view and work with child poverty as well as how they act within the legal framework that requires the school to be free of charge. This was done through analyzing earlier research and conducting five interviews with personnel at three schools for children ages 13-15. Our results show that social standing can be affected by a lack of financial resources, partially due to not having certain mobile phones or brand clothing, partially because they cannot afford to join in on social activities. Furthermore, teenagers view child poverty as shameful and a risk factor for social exclusion. The schools all saw child poverty as a problem that they work with through preemptive methods.

<p>The generation of large volumes of solid and liquid wastes in urban and periurban areas of Ghana is a big problem for the people and government of Ghana. It contributes to the outbreak of many diseases in the country such as malaria, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. In managing the situation, a new concept called ecological sanitation (ecosan), which focuses on reuse of waste, has been introduced in the country. The objectives of the thesis were to criticise the environmental sanitation policy&nbsp / by analysing its content in relation to policy implementation arrangements, to discuss programmes and projects identified under the policy, to critically examine the implementation of an ecosan project as a way of achieving the goal and objectives by outlining its implementation processes, prospects and challenges, and to make appropriate recommendations. The analysis and discussion of the thesis were based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data, on one hand, were collected on the prospects and challenges that exist in the implementation of ecosan projects from Kumasi metropolis. The secondary data, on the other hand, were from&nbsp / books, journals and websites. From the research analysis, it emerged that the policy allows the implementation of many sanitation projects including ecosan. Secondly, stakeholders see ecosanto be a good approach to reduce waste generation in the country. However, the main challenges that exist in promoting the concept are inadequate financial support, unavailability of implementation guidelines and lack of knowledge about concept details. It is therefore argued that financial support, implementation guidelines and awareness-creation activities should be available in the implementation of ecosan in the metropolis. Government, private organisations, companies and individuals should each contribute their quota in the support and processes.</p>

<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2003</p> / digitalisering@umu

Under de senaste åren har belastningen på akutsjukvården ökat, akutmottagningarna har försökt genom organisatoriska förändringar förkorta väntetiderna för patienter som behöver akutsjukvård. Socialstyrelsen har krävt att landets sjukhus inför så kallade fast track eller snabbspår. Fast track innebär att patienterna passerar förbi akutmottagningar och får en mer påskyndad undersökning och behandling. Därför har man infört en systematisk prioritering av patientgrupper med avgränsade och relativt lättdiagnostiserade åkommor. Behovet av förändringar i vården är mer tydligt i dag än tidigare. Kravet berör SOS alarm, ambulanssjukvården, den primära och kommunala vården och kräver ett snabbt samt effektivt samarbete. Tiden för diagnos och behandling förväntas där igenom bli kortare. Syftet med studien är att beskriva ambulanssjuksköterskans upplevelse vid användandet av fastställda behandlingsriktlinjer för fast track patienter.  Studien baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer och efter genomförd innehållsanalys framkom fyra huvudkategorier. Resultatet visar att fastställda behandlingsriktlinjer skapar trygghet hos ambulanssjuksköterskan men vissa fast track kan skapa otrygghet på grund av otydlighet i behandlingsriktlinjerna, att logistiken mellan berörda enheter inte alltid fungerar vilket upplevs frustrerande och upplevelsen av utebliven utvärdering samt att inte kunna påverka behandlingsriktlinjerna. Diskussionen bygger på vinsterna både för patienten och organisationen med processbaserat arbetssätt men även på tillgången och efterfrågan på ambulanssjukvårdens resurser som kan ge effekter på ambulanssjuksköterskans arbetsmiljö.

Bakgrund: Vid operativa ingrepp finns en risk för överföring av smitta mellan personal och patienter. Lokala riktlinjer ska reglera användningen av personlig skyddsutrustning. Huvudskydd används för att hindra hår och partiklar att falla ner på sterilt område. Ögonskydd skyddar personalens ögonslemhinna mot stänk av kroppsvätskor och användandet av dubbla handskar minskar risk för blodsmitta vid stick- och skärskador. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka preoperativa val av och motivering till val av huvudskydd, ögonskydd och handskar hos operatörer och operationssjuksköterskor.  Metod: I en empirisk, deskriptiv studie med tvärsnittsdesign undersöktes val av och motivering till val av huvudskydd, ögonskydd och handskar. Operationssjuksköterskor och operatörer observerades och tillfrågades med stöd av ett strukturerat frågeformulär. Resultat: På två operationsavdelningar i Stockholms län utfördes 240 observationer. Hjälmmössa valdes vid samtliga observationer inom ortopedi och vid mindre än hälften av övriga tillfällen. Ögonskydd valdes i mycket liten utsträckning av operatörer med motiveringen att de var obekväma. Operationssjuksköterskor valde att använda ögonskydd vid mer än hälften av observationerna med säkerhet som motivering. Dubbla handskar valdes vid 232 av 240 tillfällen. Slutsats: Mössa valdes för att den var bekväm och hjälm för att den rekommenderades. Ögonskydd valdes sällan. Förekomsten av att välja att använda dubbla handskar var god. Klinisk betydelse: Denna studie visar behov av information och utbildning om risken för smittoöverföring under operation. Fler och mer utförliga lokala riktlinjer för personlig skyddsutrustning skulle kunna öka användningen av hjälm och ögonskydd. / Background: Local guidelines are supposed to regulate the use of personal protective equipment to reduce the risk of transmission of infection between patients and staff during surgery. Headwear prevents hair and debris from falling down on the sterile field. Eyewear protects the eye mucosa from splashes of body fluids and the use of double gloving reduces the risk of blood contamination from sharps injuries. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the preoperative choices and motives of headwear, protective eyewear and gloves for surgeons and surgical nurses. Method: This is an empirical, descriptive study with cross-sectional design, examining the choices and motives of headwear, protective eyewear and gloves. Surgical nurses and surgeons were observed and questioned using structured questionnaires’. Results: A total of 240 observations were conducted in two surgical wards in the province of Stockholm. The staff chose to wear surgical helmets in all orthopedic surgeries and in less than half of the other surgical procedures. Surgeons did not choose to were protective eyewear, claiming they were uncomfortable. In more than half of the observations surgical nurses wore protective eyewear motivated by security reasons. Double gloving occurred in 232 occasions out of 240. Conclusion: Surgical helmets were chosen due to recommendations. Other types of headwear were chosen because they were comfortable. Eye protection was rarely chosen. The occurrence of double gloving was good. Clinical significance: This study demonstrates the need for information and education regarding the risk of transmission of infection during surgery. More and detailed local guidelines for personal protective equipment could increase the use of helmets and eye protection.

Bakgrund: Flera studier beskriver vikten av att minimera dörröppningsfrekvensen på operationssalarna. Högre frekvens av dörröppningar leder till försämrad ventilation på operationssalen, vilket i sin tur kan leda till vårdrelaterade infektioner. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att på en operationsavdelning observera frekvensen av dörröppningar under pågående operation, varför och av vem de öppnades. Metod: Metoden var en kvantitativ deskriptiv observationsstudie med tvärsnittsdesign. Personalen på en operationsavdelning i Mellansverige observerades under pågående operationer. Observationerna utfördes sex vardagar i januari 2013 och valdes från operationsprogrammet. Resultat och slutsats: 22 observationstillfällen observerades, 11 från vardera konventionell respektive infektionskänslig kirurgi. Studien visade att dörröppningsfrekvensen var högre vid konventionell kirurgi jämfört med infektionskänslig. Dörröppningsfrekvensen varierade från en gång per minut till var 10:e minut vid konventionell kirurgi. Vid infektionskänslig kirurgi varierade dörröppningsfrekvensen från var 3:e minut till var 19:e minut. Den yrkesgrupp som utförde de flesta dörröppningarna var den cirkulerande personalen. Den största anledningen till dörröppningarna var hämtning av utrustning/material/instrument. Klinisk betydelse: Studien visar att dörröppningsfrekvensen vid konventionell kirurgi är högre än vid infektionskänslig kirurgi. För infektionskänslig kirurgi finns lokala riktlinjer. Däremot finns det inte vid konventionell kirurgi, där de kunde ha betydelse för att sänka dörröppningsfrekvensen. / Background: Several studies describe the importance of minimizing the frequency of door openings to the operating room. Higher frequency of door openings leads to impaired ventilation in the operating room, which in turn can lead to surgical site infections. Aim: The aim of this study was that in a surgical department observing the frequency of door openings during surgery, why and by whom they were opened. Method: The method was a quantitative descriptive observational study with cross-sectional design. The personnel in a surgical department in central Sweden were observed during operations. The observations were performed six weekdays in January 2013 and were selected from the surgical program. Results and conclusion: 22 observations were observed, 11 each from conventional and implant surgery. The study indicated that door openings were more frequent when comparing conventional surgery with implant surgery. The frequency of door openings varied from once per minute to every 10 minutes for conventional surgery. In implant surgery the frequency of door openings varied from every 3 minutes to every 19 minutes. The profession who carried out most door openings was the circulating staff. The main reason for the door openings was retrieval of equipment / materials / instruments. Clinical relevance: This study shows that the frequency of door openings was higher at conventional surgery than at implant surgery. For implant surgery there are local guidelines. However, there are none for conventional surgery, where they could play a role in lowering the frequencies of door openings.