京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第24366号 / 法博第289号 / 新制||法||178(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 濵本 正太郎, 教授 酒井 啓亘, 教授 鈴木 基史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis will investigate The Norwegian state and state-owned businesses positive obligations to fulfill the protection of equality and non-discrimination under international and regional jurisdiction. Particularly, women rights in general and women of ethnic minority’s rights. A positive critical legal method, based on a feminist theory, will be used to analyze the United Nation, European and Norwegian regulations. To illustrate the laws in practice the thesis will look at court decisions from both European Court Justice (ECJ), Norwegian Gender Equality Tribunal and The Norwegian Supreme Court. Even though the regulations exist, there is still a problem with respecting women’s rights in Norwegian society in general and in labour market. What is interesting to investigate is therefore the reason behind the disrespect, and to look for sustainable opportunities to include women’s experiences in the traditional jurisdiction. The conclusion is that there is space for implementation of women’s rights in human rights, and a transformation of the existing traditional legal system to “engender” the “mainstream” legal system is in place.

This thesis aims to investigate the process of consulting businesses on human rights through the concept of rationalisation. Corporations have struggled to act in accordance with what is considered responsible business conduct and this has put their legitimacy at risk. To align with the international standards on human rights, corporations have increasingly sought consulting on the topic. Previous research has criticised to what degree human rights can be reconciled with the corporate format and interests. Carrying out a qualitative case study on Human Rights Consulting, this thesis unpacks the process of introducing human rights in the corporation. We find that human rights become rationalised in corporations through referring to the UNGP, concretisation of human rights training and; management tools. At the same time, mapping the corporations serves as a precondition for rationalising human rights in the corporation. This thesis contributes to the theory of rationalisation by displaying how the social actions of consulting on human rights can be understood as expressions of rationalisation.

Many studies on feature-based search have found that color is preferentially used as a guiding feature. Most of these studies have utilized simple stimuli and the several studies that utilized real-world objects have been limited by the subjective color classification of objects. The current set of studies examined how search was guided by color and color proportions in real-world objects using color histograms to objectively classify color. To bridge the gap between simple stimuli and real-world objects, the first experiment examined how different color compositions in color conjunctions affected search. In the second experiment, real-world objects were objectively classified according to their primary color as determined by a color histogram, which was used to predict behavior. Finally, in the third experiment, real-world objects were classified by both their primary and secondary colors, which again, was used to predict behavior. Across three experiments the results demonstrated that search was guided by both colors of the target and there was more guidance to objects that matched the target's primary color than the target's secondary color. The results showed that theories derived from studying simple stimuli can be applied to more complex stimuli and tools developed in computer vision research can be used as an objective measure.

Les modes de Laguerre-Gauss sont une des solutions de l’équation de propagation de la lumière dans l’approximation paraxiale en coordonnées cylindriques. Ces modes sont caractérisés par deux indices (azimutal et radial) et présentent des propriétés particulières : une structure en forme d’anneau et une phase en hélice. Ces propriétés ont été mises au profit pour plusieurs applications allant de la microscopie à l’astronomie. Cette thèse a été dédiée à l’étude de ces modes et à leur application dans le domaine des atomes froids. Dans un premier temps, la pureté des modes fabriqués par la méthode d’holographie numérique a été étudiée, ainsi que le rôle que la pureté joue dans leur propagation. Ces modes ont été ensuite utilisés pour l’obtention une source d’atomes froids brillante. Depuis plus de 20 ans, des efforts considérables ont été faits pour obtenir des sources d’atomes froids les plus brillantes et les plus compactes possibles. Un piège magnéto-optique à deux dimensions (2D-MOT) est couramment utilisé pour obtenir une source continue d’atomes froids avec un flux important de l’ordre de 1010 atomes/s. Toutefois, le jet atomique ainsi obtenu présente une divergence d’environ 40 mrad ce qui contraint l’utilisateur à travailler près de la sortie mais avec un accès optique limité ou bien loin où il a un bon accès optique mais au prix d’une densité atomique plus faible. Une alternative est présentée, dans laquelle un mode de Laguerre-Gauss est utilisé pour canaliser les atomes à la sortie d’un 2D-MOT. Le mode de Laguerre-Gauss réalise un piégeage dipolaire qui confine les atomes sont le centre noir du mode, ce qui présente l’intérêt de limiter le chauffage dû à l’absorption/émission de la lumière. Ainsi, puisque les modes de Laguerre-Gauss gardent leur forme au cours de leur propagation, les atomes sont canalisés sur une distance de plusieurs décimètres. Nous avons étudié le fonctionnement de ce système pour différents ordres du mode de Laguerre-Gauss et différentes fréquences, et nous avons montré que ce système est efficace et permet d’atteindre un gain en densité d’un facteur 200 par rapport au cas d’un 2D-MOT conventionnel. Un cas particulier est aussi présenté, dans lequel la fréquence du mode de Laguerre-Gauss est choisie pour effectuer non seulement la canalisation des atomes mais aussi leur repompage, ce qui conduit à une simplification importante du système. D’un autre côté, les modes de Laguerre-Gauss sont d’un grand intérêt dans le domaine de l’information et la cryptographie quantique car ils peuvent être utilisés pour encoder et enregistrer l’information. Pour cela, il est indispensable de pouvoir les détecter de façon non-équivoque. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés à la détermination de ces modes. Jusqu’à maintenant, les techniques de détection ont permis de mesurer l’indice azimutal mais peu d’entre elles mesurent l’indice radial. Si on est capable de mesurer aussi l’indice radial, il peut être utilisé comme une nouvelle variable pour le codage et l’enregistrement de l’information. Sous cette motivation, une technique basée sur la transformation du mode de Laguerre-Gauss par un système astigmatique a été mise au point pour déterminer les deux indices qui le caractérisent. Nous avons montré que cette technique peut aussi être utilisée pour optimiser expérimentalement la fabrication des modes de Laguerre-Gauss d’ordre élevé les plus purs possibles. / Laguerre-Gaussian modes of light are one of the solutions to the propagation equation of light in the paraxial approximation in cylindrical coordinates. These modes are characterized by two indices (azimuthal and radial) and present particular properties: ring-shaped structure and a helical phase. These properties have been put to use in several applications going from microscopy to astronomy. This work has been devoted to the study of these modes and their application in the cold atom domain. Initially, the purity of such modes generated by numerical holography was studied, as well as the role played by the purity in their propagation. These modes were then used to obtain a bright source of cold atoms. For more than 20 years, considerable efforts have been made to create sources of cold atoms as bright and compact as possible. A two dimensional magneto-optical trap (2D-MOT) is currently used to obtain a continuous source of cold atoms with high flux of the order of 1010 atomes/s. Nevertheless, the source of cold atoms thereby achieved show a divergence of about 40 mrad which constrains the user to work by output but with a limited optical access or far from the output but at the cost of lower density. An alternative is presented, in which a Laguerre-Gaussian mode of light is used to channel the atoms at the output of a 2D-MOT. The Laguerre-Gaussian mode of light carries out a dipole trapping that confines the atoms in the black center of the mode, which has the advantage of limiting the heating due to absorption/emission of light. Thus, since the Laguerre-Gaussian modes of light keep their ring-shape along their propagation, the atoms are channeled over a distance of several decimeters. We studied the functioning of this system for different orders of the Laguerre-Gaussian mode and at different frequencies, and we showed that this system is efficient and allows to achieve a density gain of a factor 200 compared to a conventional 2D-MOT. A particular case is also presented, in which the frequency of the Laguerre-Gaussian mode of light is chosen to carry out not only the channeling of the atoms, but also their repumping, which leads to an important simplification of the system. Laguerre-Gaussian modes of light are also of great interest in the domain of quantum information and quantum cryptography because they can be used to encode and store information. In order to do that, it is crucial to be able to detect them in an unequivocal way. In this context, we are interested in the determination of these modes. Until now, different detection techniques have measured the azimuthal index, but few of them have been able to measure the radial index. If we are able to measure the radial index, it can be used as a new variable to encode and store information. Under this motivation, a technique based on the transformation of a Laguerre-Gaussian mode of light by an astigmatic system has been extended to determine the two indices characterizing them. We showed that this technique can also be used to experimentally optimize the generation of the purest possible Laguerre-Gaussian modes of high order.

La notion de principe directeur est apparue en procédure civile il y a une quarantaine d’années et sert depuis de guide établissant les garanties fondamentales de bonne justice dans le procès civil. Elle s’est, ensuite, implantée en matière administrative et pénale. Un engouement pour cette notion l'a fait apparaître récemment en droit des contrats à un double niveau : au plan interne tout d'abord, depuis 2008, les différents projets de réforme du droit des contrats innovent par la création d’une nouvelle catégorie juridique, les principes directeurs. En fonction des projets, il est proposé d’intégrer dans cette catégorie la liberté contractuelle, la force obligatoire, la bonne foi, la cohérence. Au plan européen ensuite, les autorités bruxelloises s'interrogent, depuis un certain temps, sur l'opportunité de l'élaboration d'un droit européen des contrats commun à tous les États Membres. À cet effet, on retrouve des principes directeurs dans divers textes, codifications savantes et propositions à venir. Dès lors, ce concept a suscité un grand intérêt et les commentateurs ont majoritairement porté un regard très critique sur cette éventuelle introduction. Plus rarement, cette dernière a provoqué une certaine approbation. L’objet de la recherche consiste donc à approfondir le concept de principes directeurs du droit des contrats car après les premières questions liées à la curiosité scientifique doivent venir les recherches portant sur la science des principes directeurs du droit des contrats. Et si la notion est aujourd’hui fréquemment utilisée, son concept demeure énigmatique, aucun consensus ne s’étant opéré sur le sens même à lui donner et sur ses effets. La notion présente donc de nombreuses zones d’ombres qu’il faudra révéler, d’autant plus, qu’après de multiples résistances du Sénat, la loi du 16 février 2015 a habilité le gouvernement à réformer le droit des contrats par la voie de l’ordonnance. Or, les derniers projets reconnaissent des principes directeurs, il est donc temps d'apprécier la notion et ses effets potentiels. / The notion of guiding principle appeared in the field of civil procedure forty years ago and has been since then used as a guide establishing fundamental guarantees for fair justice in the civil trial. Later on, it was implemented in the criminal and administrative matters. Enthusiasm for this notion made it emerge recently in the field of contract law at a double layer: firstly in the domestic legal order, the different reform projects for contract law have been innovating since 2008 because guiding principles have been determined as a new legal category in this matter. According to the project, including in this category contractual freedom, binding force, good faith and coherence has been proposed. Secondly, from a European perspective, Brussels authorities have been questioning for quite a long time the opportunity to elaborate a European contract law common to all member States. As a consequence, some guiding principles can be identified in several sources, scientific codifications and proposals to come. Since then, this concept has generated a great interest and commentators have mainly severely criticised a hypothetic introduction. More rarely, it has been significantly supported. Therefore the purpose of the research is to study in depth the concept of guiding principles in contract law since after the first questions relying on scientific curiosity, researches related to the science of guiding principles in contract law must come. Even though the notion is today often used, its concept remains an enigma, no consensus has been found on its sense or effects. The notion carries many shadowy aspects that will have to be enlightened, especially as after several oppositions from the Senate, the Act adopted on the 16th of February in 2015 authorised the Government to reform contract law by executive orders. Nonetheless, the latest projects recognise some guiding principles so it is time to evaluate the relevance of the notion and determine its potential effects.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada a partir de uma parceria entre a universidade e a escola, organizada por meio de um curso de atualização, cujo tema era a matemática na infância, promovido pela Faculdade de Educação da USP para educadores da rede pública do município de São Paulo. Como um dos coordenadores deste curso e como pesquisador, procuro investigar os indicadores e determinantes do processo de aprendizagem do educador, tendo como mote o ensino da matemática na educação infantil e séries iniciais do primeiro ciclo do Ensino Fundamental. Ao mesmo tempo, busco desvelar de que forma o processo de formação dos educadores, articulado ao cotidiano escolar, pode transformar as concepções, práticas e teóricas dos sujeitos. Os principais referenciais teóricos usados foram a psicologia histórico-cultural desenvolvida por Vygotsky, Teoria da Atividade de Alexis Leontiev(2004) , Psicologia do Jogo a partir dos escritos de Daniil B. Elkonim(1998) , o conceito de Atividade Orientadora de Ensino e episódios, de Manoel Oriosvaldo de Moura e o conceito de Isolado de Bento de Jesus Caraça. Estes referenciais teóricos dialogaram com os temas educação, infância, currículo e matemática dando a orientação e sustentação para o corpo do trabalho e as análises e observações feitas. A pesquisa mostra como os educadores participantes vão se apropriando de conhecimentos e práticas educativas de organização do ensino. Ao focar este modo de apropriação, extraímos os indicadores do processo de formação, que foram analisados buscando compreendê-los na sua gênese e desenvolvimento. Chega-se a conclusão que propostas pedagógicas consubstanciadas em currículo requer a apropriação do modo de criação de significados do trabalho pedagógico em coletivos de formação. / This research is the result of a partnership between university and school, organized through an update course for the city of São Paulo public school educators, which theme was mathematics in childhood, promoted by the Education College (Faculdade de Educação) of São Paulo University (USP). As one of the coordinators of this course and as a researcher , I try to investigate the indicators and determinants of the educators learning process, focusing on the math teaching from Pre School through the first years of Elementary School. At the same time, I look for to unveil how the educators training process, articulated in a day to day basis, can change the subjects practical and theoretical concepts. For this work, the main theoretical references used were Vygotsky´s historic-cultural psychology, Activity Theory by Alexis Leontiev (2004), Game Psychology based on the work of Daniil B. Elkonim(1998), the Teaching Guiding Activities concept and episodes by Manoel Oriosvaldo de Moura, and Bento de Jesus Caraça´s Isolated Concept . These theoretical references interacted with education, childhood, curriculum and math themes, guiding and supporting the work body as well as the analyses and observations. The research shows how the participant educators along the way appropriate the teaching organization educational knowledge and practices. While focusing this way of appropriation, we extract the training process indicators, which were analyzed searching the understanding of their genesis and development. So, the conclusion reached is that pedagogical proposals embodied in curriculum require the appropriation of the meanings creation way of the pedagogical work in training collective groups.

The thesis explores the nature of transnational legalisation by identifying one emerging norm - corporate accountability for human rights violations - and tracing its promotion through three separate pathways of legalisation. At the domestic level, the thesis discusses the jurisprudence of domestic courts that have contemplated assuming extraterritorial jurisdiction over alleged human rights violations of transnational corporations (TNCs) in other states. At the international level, the thesis considers developments in the United Nations (UN), which in 2011 launched a new normative framework to bolster the accountability of TNCs in respect of human rights. At the transnational level, the thesis discusses the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), and the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights (VPs), which have been selected as representative of the range of hybrid schemes increasingly developed by government and industry representatives to ameliorate the impact of TNCs on human rights. The thesis also develops a framework with which to analyse these trends by adopting (and further developing) the liberal institutionalist tool of legalisation, which is described in Kenneth Abbott et al's 'The Concept of Legalisation'. This thesis argues that this classic framework can be adapted and reimagined in the context of the transnational legal system, which is characterised by thick configurations of agents working across a multiplicity of issue areas. I suggest that in applying the classic framework in the transnational context, there appears to be an omitted variable - that of implementation, which exists alongside obligation, precision, and delegation. Implementation refers to the specific actions taken by agents to translate legal or law-like principles into practical, workable instructions for courts, governments, companies and other non-state actors to follow. The thesis argues that an increased focus on implementation generally leads to more effective or greater legalisation. The empirical chapters demonstrate that efforts in implementation are often undertaken for the purpose of strengthening one or more other legalisation characteristics in the long run. This suggests that agents will be willing to accept lower levels of obligation, precision and/or delegation if they believe a focus on implementation will help strengthen these characteristics over time.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada a partir de uma parceria entre a universidade e a escola, organizada por meio de um curso de atualização, cujo tema era a matemática na infância, promovido pela Faculdade de Educação da USP para educadores da rede pública do município de São Paulo. Como um dos coordenadores deste curso e como pesquisador, procuro investigar os indicadores e determinantes do processo de aprendizagem do educador, tendo como mote o ensino da matemática na educação infantil e séries iniciais do primeiro ciclo do Ensino Fundamental. Ao mesmo tempo, busco desvelar de que forma o processo de formação dos educadores, articulado ao cotidiano escolar, pode transformar as concepções, práticas e teóricas dos sujeitos. Os principais referenciais teóricos usados foram a psicologia histórico-cultural desenvolvida por Vygotsky, Teoria da Atividade de Alexis Leontiev(2004) , Psicologia do Jogo a partir dos escritos de Daniil B. Elkonim(1998) , o conceito de Atividade Orientadora de Ensino e episódios, de Manoel Oriosvaldo de Moura e o conceito de Isolado de Bento de Jesus Caraça. Estes referenciais teóricos dialogaram com os temas educação, infância, currículo e matemática dando a orientação e sustentação para o corpo do trabalho e as análises e observações feitas. A pesquisa mostra como os educadores participantes vão se apropriando de conhecimentos e práticas educativas de organização do ensino. Ao focar este modo de apropriação, extraímos os indicadores do processo de formação, que foram analisados buscando compreendê-los na sua gênese e desenvolvimento. Chega-se a conclusão que propostas pedagógicas consubstanciadas em currículo requer a apropriação do modo de criação de significados do trabalho pedagógico em coletivos de formação. / This research is the result of a partnership between university and school, organized through an update course for the city of São Paulo public school educators, which theme was mathematics in childhood, promoted by the Education College (Faculdade de Educação) of São Paulo University (USP). As one of the coordinators of this course and as a researcher , I try to investigate the indicators and determinants of the educators learning process, focusing on the math teaching from Pre School through the first years of Elementary School. At the same time, I look for to unveil how the educators training process, articulated in a day to day basis, can change the subjects practical and theoretical concepts. For this work, the main theoretical references used were Vygotsky´s historic-cultural psychology, Activity Theory by Alexis Leontiev (2004), Game Psychology based on the work of Daniil B. Elkonim(1998), the Teaching Guiding Activities concept and episodes by Manoel Oriosvaldo de Moura, and Bento de Jesus Caraça´s Isolated Concept . These theoretical references interacted with education, childhood, curriculum and math themes, guiding and supporting the work body as well as the analyses and observations. The research shows how the participant educators along the way appropriate the teaching organization educational knowledge and practices. While focusing this way of appropriation, we extract the training process indicators, which were analyzed searching the understanding of their genesis and development. So, the conclusion reached is that pedagogical proposals embodied in curriculum require the appropriation of the meanings creation way of the pedagogical work in training collective groups.

In this paper I examine the possibilities for researchers in the field of climate change in the arctic ecosystems to collaborate with people of the common public for monitoring or to answer scientific questions, sometimes called Citizen Science. I have done this by focusing on the research community of Abisko, northern Sweden. I present a number of examples of possible projects that I have collected through literature, interviews and field work with researchers. Furthermore, I argue that Citizen Science projects might be a tool for nature guides in reaching adventurous visitors searching for more understanding of climate change, ecosystems, and who also want to contribute to real science. However, Citizen Science can also be a part of the democratization of a community when local people get engaged. Thus different aspects of Citizen Science are suitable for different target groups.