Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-28T17:35:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Yusim? P?rez Lop?z.pdf: 5822047 bytes, checksum: 793648c4521da174315eeed1e9bc79dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T17:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Yusim? P?rez Lop?z.pdf: 5822047 bytes, checksum: 793648c4521da174315eeed1e9bc79dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / CAPES / Monitoring of potentially contaminated areas, it is necessary the knowledge of the natural levels of heavy metals and variability factors in soils. The proposition reference value for heavy metals is essential to establish criteria for sustainable use and management, preventing risks to the environment and human health. In this context, the objectives of this research were to determine the quality reference values of heavy metals to soils representative of Artemisa and Mayabeque provinces; evaluating, by sequential extraction, the potential under natural conditions, bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Ni, Fe and Mn), and study the variability factors of these elements in the grazing areas in Alturas Nazareno-Mayabeque region. For the establishment of reference values, we selected 11 soil types, with minimal human disturbance, and collected soil samples from depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm. In Alturas de Nazareno area soil samples were collected and representative plant in 45 points of grazing areas. To determine the contents pseudototais was used extraction with aqua regia according to ISO 11466 and ISO / DIS 12914 (2012). The geochemical fractionation was carried out by BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) evaluating the distribution of metals in four chemical fractions. Plants in metal contents were obtained by digestion seconds EPA 3052. Later, the data were analyzed by multivariate procedures: principal component analysis (PCA); cluster analysis and discriminant. For the representative soils of the provinces of Mayabeque and Artemisa the results indicated elevated associations between the levels of pseudototais metals (Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu and Zn) and bioavailable with Fe, H+Al, clay and pH. The samples were separated in four groups to better express the variability. Group 1 was characterized by lower concentrations of Ni and Cr and intermediate Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd. The group 2 showed intermediate values of Ni, Cr, Cu and Zn and lower Pb and Cd. Group 3 showed the highest levels of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd and intermediate Ni and Cr and the group 4 showed very high contents of Ni and Cr and minor Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd. The heavy metals Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Ni, Fe and Mn in 11 soil types, had a strong association with the residual fraction (F4), mainly in soils with high levels of Fe. There was a low association with the fractions more labile F1 and F2 demonstrating lithogenic origin of these. Chemical attributes that most influence the speciation of metals in representative soils were: pH, Ca, Fe, Mn, H + Al and Mg. To study the variability factors in Nazareth height region, high correlations were observed between metals and especially with Fe and clay. The separation into two groups allowed for distribution within the most homogeneous groups, with Group 2 the highest risk. The Sporobollus indicus species (L) was a good indicator to study the transfer of heavy metals in plants. / No monitoramento de ?reas potencialmente contaminadas, faz-se necess?rio o conhecimento dos teores naturais de metais pesados e dos fatores de variabilidade em solos. A proposi??o de valores de refer?ncia para metais pesados ? fundamental para estabelecer crit?rios de uso e manejo sustent?vel, prevenindo riscos ao meio ambiente e ? sa?de humana. Neste contexto, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: determinaros valores de refer?ncia de qualidade de metais pesados para solos representativos das prov?ncias Mayabeque e Artemisa; avaliar, mediante extra??o sequencial, o potencial, em condi??es naturais, de biodisponibilidade e mobilidade de metais pesados (Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Ni, Fe e Mn), e estudar os fatores de variabilidade desses elementos nas ?reas de pastagem na regi?o de Alturas de Nazareno-Mayabeque. Para o estabelecimento dos valores de refer?ncia, foram selecionados 11 tipos de solos, com m?nima perturba??o antr?pica, e coletadas amostras de terra nas profundidades 0-20 e 20-40 cm. Na regi?o de Alturas de Nazareno foram coletadas amostras de solo e planta representativas em 45 pontos de ?reas de pastagem. Para a determina??o dos teores pseudototaisfoi utilizada a extra??o com ?gua r?gia, conforme a ISO 11466 e a Norma ISO/DIS 12914, (2012). Ofracionamento geoqu?mico foi realizado pelo m?todo BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) avaliando-se a distribui??o de metais em quatro fra??es qu?micas. Os teores de metais em plantas foram obtidos atrav?s de digest?o segundo EPA 3052. Posteriormente, os dados foram tratados por procedimentos multivariados: an?lises de componentes principais (ACP); an?lise de agrupamento, e discriminante. Para os solos representativos das prov?ncias de Mayabeque e Artemisa os resultados indicaram associa??es elevadas entre os teores de metais pseudototais (Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu e Zn) e biodispon?veis com os teores de Fe, H+Al, argila e pH. As amostras foram separadas em quatro grupos para expressar melhor a variabilidade. O grupo 1, foi caracterizado pelas menores concentra??es de Ni e Cr e intermedi?rias de Cu, Zn, Pb e Cd. O grupo 2, apresentava valores intermedi?rios de Ni, Cr, Cu e Zn e menores de Pb e Cd. O grupo 3 mostrou os teores mais elevados de Cu, Zn, Pb e Cd e intermedi?rios de Ni e Cr e o grupo 4 apresentouconte?dos muito elevados de Ni e Cr e os menores teores de Cu, Zn, Pb e Cd. Os metais pesados Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Ni, Fe e Mn, nos 11 tipos de solos, tiveram uma elevada associa??o com a fra??o residual (F4), principalmente, nos solos com teores mais elevados de Fe. Verificou-se uma baixa associa??o com as fra??es mais l?beis F1 e F2 demonstrando a origem litog?nica dos mesmos. Os atributos qu?micos que mais influenciaram na especia??o dos metais nos solos representativos foram: pH, Ca, Fe, Mn, H+Al e Mg.Para o estudo dos fatores de variabilidade, na regi?o de Altura de Nazareno,foram verificadas correla??es elevadas entre os metais e, principalmente, com o Fe e argila. A separa??o em dois grupos permitiu uma distribui??o dentro dos grupos mais homog?nea, sendo o grupo 2 o de maior risco.A esp?cie Sporobollus indicus (L) foi um bom indicador para estudar a transfer?ncia de metais pesados nas plantas.

Diploma thesis deals with an application of Force-Torque control in connection with industrial robot for direct guiding in space. It contains a summary of different kinds of FT control and various conceptions of robot-sensor connection and a description of Schunk FTC-50. The practical part is focused on the problem of setting-up the communication and setting-up of all devices used in this work, robot movement control to a desired position and compensation of forces and torques in relation to direct guiding in space.

Bakgrund: Operationssjuksköterskor har ett ansvar för säker vård och patientsäkerheten inne på operationssalen. Deras yrke innebär också att vara handledare för blivande operationssjuksköterskor. Handledarrollen kräver kompetens och erfarenhet för att ge studenten god handledning. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka operationssjuksköterskans upplevelse av att handleda studenter. Metod: Studien är gjord utifrån en kvalitativ metod. Datainsamlingen genomfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta operationssjuksköterskor som har erfarenhet av att handleda studenter. Datamaterialet analyserades med hjälp av latent innehållsanalys. Resultat: Handledarna belyste tre centrala områden som resultatets kategorier byggdes på. Det första området var tid där tidsbristen sågs minska förutsättningarna att bli den bästa versionen av handledare enligt dem själva. Andra området var vägleda och hur de uppfattade vägledning av studenter till deras blivande yrke. Tredje området handlar om vilket stöd de fick och vilket stöd de önskade skulle finnas under handledarperioden. Slutsats: Genom ökad förståelse för hur operationssjuksköterskan upplever handledarrollen kan stöd ges för bättre kvalité på handledningen av studenter och detta kan i sin tur bidra till patientsäkerheten. / Background: Operating nurses have great responsibility for safe care and play a significant role in the operating room to maintain patient safety. Their profession also includes supervising prospective operating nurses. The role as a supervisor requires competence and experience. Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate operating nurses´ experience of supervising students. Method: The study has a qualitative method. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews with eight operating nurses who have experience of mentoring students. The data material was analyzed using qualitative latent content analysis. Result: The participants highlighted three key areas on which the result was built. The first area was where a lack of time was seen to reduce their chances of being the best kind of supervisor in their own opinion. The second area was the supervisor role itself and how they perceived it. The third area concerned guiding and how they received and what support they wanted while mentoring/supervising students. Conclusion: Through increased understanding of how the operating nurses perceive the mentor role, support can be provided for better quality supervision for students and this can in turn contribute to patient safety.

This review concentrates on findings described in the recent literature on the response of cells and tissues to electromagnetic fields (EMF). Models of the causal interaction between different forms of EMF and ions or biomolecules of the cell will be presented together with our own results in cell surface recognition. Naturally occurring electric fields are not only important for cell-surface interactions but are also pivotal for the normal development of the organism and its physiological functions. A further goal of this review is to bridge the gap between recent cell biological studies (which, indeed, show new data of EMF actions) and aspects of EMF-based therapy, e.g., in wounds and bone fractures. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

(English) The aim of this diploma thesis is to introduce possibilities of oral history, specifically its elements and principles, into services included in tourism. The theoretical part states the essential terms and definitions used in this thesis concerning oral history and tourism. This part also includes a vision of using oral history and its elements within the field of tourism. The empiric part shows the current use of oral history in tourism giving specific examples and supports them by interviews with narrators who work in Open-Air Museum of Mining and a travel agency and their interpretation. A few pages of the empiric part are dedicated for a research of tourist's demand for services in tourism that include oral history elements and a SWOT analysis of integrating oral history into tourism services including tourist guiding and other supplementary services in tourism. The aim is to introduce the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this integration. The diploma thesis also notices the understudying of both tourism and oral history in connection with each other and shows the potential of such connection with the benefits for both subjects, travel agencies' clients and visitors to sights such as museums or open-air museums. Keywords: Oral history, tourism, narrator in tourism,...

A major challenge in nanotechnology is the spatially controlled transport of cargo on the nanometer scale. The use of a nanoscale transport system based on molecular motors and filaments of the cytoskeleton proved as a promising approach to this problem. Therefore, the objective of this work was to pattern planar surfaces with motor proteins in a way that allows controlled and guided movement of microtubule-shuttles. The first part of the work was in particular focused on generating nanometer–sized tracks of motor proteins on unstructured surfaces. Specifically, microtubules themselves were used as biological templates for the stamping and alignment of motor proteins. Compared to other soft lithography techniques like microcontact printing this approach circumvented protein denaturation due to drying and conformational changes caused by mechanical stress. Given the large persistence length of microtubules their encounters with the boundaries of the nanotracks are limited to shallow approach angles. This way, the generated structures proved very efficient for the guiding of microtubules without topographical barriers. Topography-free guiding, as demonstrated in this work, is expected to significantly ease the design and fabrication of microtubule-transport systems and opens up the possibility to transport cargo of unlimited size, i.e. without any constraints by the dimensions of topographic guiding channels. Moreover, the biotemplated patterning is a promising tool for in vitro studies on the individual and cooperative action of motor proteins. In particular it might be helpful for the reconstitution of complex subcellular machineries in synthetic environments. As an example, microtubule-microtubule sliding by the biomolecular motor ncd has been shown to induce directional sliding between antiparallel microtubules and static cross-linking between parallel ones. The second part of the work explored an in-situ patterning technique for motor proteins to enable user-defined pattern designs, and investigated the achievable resolution. Photothermal patterning, based on localized light-to-heat conversion combined with a thermoresponsive polymer layer, was presented as a novel method. Specifically, the conformation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) molecules in aqueous solution was switched between the swollen state at T < 30°C (protein-repelling conformation) to the collapsed state at T > 33°C (protein-binding conformation) by optical signals of visible light to generate heat in a highly-localized manner. Upon heating of a light-absorbing layer on the substrate, the surface-grafted PNIPAM molecules collapsed locally and allowed motor proteins in solution to bind in the illuminated areas. To confirm the successful patterning of kinesin-1 molecules and their functionality microtubule-based gliding motility assays were performed. It was shown that the microtubules bind to the patterned kinesin-1 molecules and are transported exclusively in the patterned areas. While the achieved pattern sizes were currently in the range of ten micrometers, finite element modeling (implemented in COMSOL) showed that increased optical intensities possibly combined with cooling of the sample allow to significantly scale down the pattern dimensions. The produced patterns can be reversibly activated and deactivated at high and low temperature, respectively. Moreover, sequential patterning of multiple kinds of proteins on the same surface will be possible in a similar way without the need for specific linker molecules or elaborate surface preparation. Another advantage of the method is the use of visible light, which is versatile as any wavelength can be applied. In addition visible light is in comparison to other UV-based photopatterning techniques non-damaging to proteins. / Der räumlich kontrollierte Transport von nanoskaligen Objekten ist eine große Herausforderung auf dem Gebiet der Nanotechnologie. Ein auf molekularen Motoren und Filamenten des Zellskeletts basierendes Nanotransportsystem hat sich dabei als ein viel versprechender Ansatz erwiesen. Das Ziel der vorgelegten Arbeit war es daher, ebene Oberflächen so mit Motorproteinen zu strukturieren, dass eine kontrollierte und geführte Bewegung von Mikrotubuli-Transportern ermöglicht wird. Der erste Teil der Arbeit war insbesondere darauf fokussiert, Motorprotein-Spuren im Nanometerbereich zu erzeugen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine Strukturierungsmethode zur Realisierung von benutzerdefinierten Musterdesigns untersucht und die erreichbare Auflösung bestimmt. Für die Nanometerstrukturierung von Oberflächen mit funktionalen Motorproteinen wurde ein neuer Ansatz demonstriert. Mit der Anwendung von Biotemplaten, wie hier der Mikrotubuli, konnte ein hoch-lokalisiertes und orientiertes Anbinden von Proteinen an Oberflächen sowie gleichzeitig geringer Proteindenaturierung erreicht werden. Durch spezifisches Stempeln beziehungsweise Binden von Motoren wurden Muster aus funktionellen Proteinen mit hoher Oberflächendichte hergestellt. Die erzeugten Motor-Spuren haben gezeigt, dass Nanometerstrukturierungen möglich sind und ohne topographische Barrieren zu zuverlässiger Führung von Mikrotubuli führen können. Bisher konnte die nicht-topographische Strukturierung von Oberflächen mit Kinesin-1-Motoren nur im Mikrometerbereich demonstriert werden. Wegen der hohen Steifigkeit der Mikrotubuli war die thermische Energie des Systems in diesen Fällen nicht ausreichend, um die führende Spitze der Mikrotubuli zurück auf das Gebiet mit den strukturierten Motoren zu biegen. Dieses Problem wird durch die kleine Breite der hier demonstrierten Motor-Nanospuren verhindert, da das Auftreffen der Mikrotubuli mit den Grenzlinien auf extrem flache Winkel begrenzt ist. Interessanterweise haben sich Spuren des nicht-prozessiven Motors Kinesin-14 für das Führen und den Transport im Nanometerbereich als noch zuverlässiger herausgestellt als Kinesin-1-Spuren. Es ist zu erwarten, dass nicht-topographisches Führen, wie es in dieser Arbeit gezeigt wurde, das Design und die Herstellung von Mikrotubuli-Transportsystemen deutlich vereinfacht und die Möglichkeit eröffnet, Cargo mit unlimitierter Größe, d.h. ohne Einschränkungen durch die Abmessungen der topographischen Führungskanäle, zu transportieren. Zusätzlich ist die biotemplierte Strukturierung ein viel versprechendes Werkzeug um das individuelle und das kooperative Arbeiten von Motorproteinen in vitro untersuchen und komplexe subzelluläre Maschinerien in synthetischer Umgebung rekonstituieren zu können. Dies wurde am Beispiel des gerichteten Gleitens des biomolekularen Motors Kinesin-14 gezeigt, der ein gerichtetes Gleiten zwischen antiparallelen Mikrotubuli und statisches Vernetzen zwischen parallelen Mikrotubuli hervorruft. Mit dem Ansatz des biotemplierten Strukturierens ist es jedoch nicht einfach möglich, benutzerdefinierte Spuren zu erzeugen. Daher wurde die photothermische Proteinstrukturierung als eine neue Methode für die frei programmierbare, hochauflösende und schnelle Herstellung von strukturierten Proteinoberflächen eingeführt. Auf diese Weise wurden Kinesin-1-Muster durch licht-induziertes Heizen einer licht-absorbierenden Substratschicht erzeugt. Die thermisch schaltbaren poly(N-isopropylacrylamid) (PNIPAM) Moleküle auf der Oberfläche kollabierten lokal und erlaubten es den Motorproteinen, in den beleuchteten Gebieten aus der Lösung an die Oberfläche zu binden. Die Bewegung gleitender Mikrotubuli bestätigte anschließend die erfolgreiche Strukturierung der Kinesin-1-Motoren und deren Funktionalität, da die Mikrotubuli an die strukturierten Motoren banden und ausschließlich in den strukturierten Gebieten transportiert wurden. Neben der Proteinstrukturierung wurde die lokalisierte Licht-zu-Wärme-Umwandlung kombiniert mit einer thermisch schaltbaren Polymerschicht auch für die lokale Aktivierung von Kinesin-1-Motoren auf der Oberfläche genutzt. Ein Vorteil der photothermischen Proteinstrukturierung ist die Möglichkeit, sichtbares Licht zu verwenden, da jede beliebige Wellenlänge angewendet werden kann und sichtbares Licht, im Vergleich zu anderen UV-basierten Photostrukturierungsmethoden, Proteine nicht schädigt. Modellierungen mit Hilfe der Finite-Elemente-Methode (implementiert in der Software COMSOL) haben gezeigt, dass die Lichtintensität und die Oberflächentemperatur speziell eingestellt werden müssen, um definierte Strukturgrößen zu erzielen. Während die derzeitig erzeugten Muster Größen im Bereich von zehn Mikrometern hatten, könnten durch höhere optische Intensitäten kombiniert mit Kühlung der Probe die Größenordnungen signifikant reduziert werden. Die reale experimentelle Auflösung wird jedoch auch von der Schaltcharakteristik des Polymers und der Proteinbindungsdynamik abhängen. Die hergestellten Muster können reversibel bei hohen beziehungsweise niedrigen Temperaturen aktiviert und deaktiviert werden. Zusätzlich können auf die gleiche Weise verschiedene Proteinsorten sequentiell auf einer Oberfläche strukturiert werden, ohne dass spezifische Bindungsmoleküle oder aufwändige Oberflächenpräparationen notwendig wären. Die Möglichkeit, Proteine reversibel an die Oberfläche zu binden, um geschriebene Muster wieder löschen zu können, wäre eine Weiterentwicklung und würde die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der photothermischen Strukturierungsmethode erweitern. Außerdem würden optisch schaltbare Polymere das direkte Strukturieren von Motoren mit Licht ermöglichen und daher die Methode vereinfachen.

Globalization and increased growth in international value chains has brought great benefits to developing countries but have at the same time contributed to negative consequences related to human rights violations. Against this background and as a result of increased awareness, companies have been encouraged to take responsibility for their value chain and a framework for due diligence was adopted in 2011 with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. The UNGP introduced the first global standard of due diligence and created a non-binding framework for companies to take responsibility and to respect human rights. However, the voluntary aspect of the due diligence process has not had the desired effect as the voluntary approach has had a limited impact on preventing business-related human rights violations. This has been a factor in increasing legislative initiatives around the world, with the aim of establishing clear and binding rules to ensure responsible and sustainable business conduct. The purpose of the study is to examine the EU's legislative initiative on mandatory human rights due diligence through an ideational analysis. The further purpose is to investigate how and what the introduction of a new legislation can imply for the prevention of human rights violations in the value chain and how the accountability can be expressed. The thesis finds that the legislative initiative can be considered to have an overall positive impact to prevent and demand accountability for human rights violations in global value chains.

Business and human rights is a recurrent discussion and the literature shows that it is a common research topic. However, when it comes to Banking and human rights the academic works drop considerably. The purpose of this paper is first, measure the degree of detail and depth of the analyzed annual reports regarding the information relevant to human rights and second, check if the non-financial information or sustainability reporting of the selected banks have changed overtime. To try to answer those questions the paper makes use of a qualitative and quantitative content analysis that are based on a relevant theoretical framework for each of the questions. An extensive background on sustainability reporting is provided in order to have a linear narrative.

The visualization strategy of small multiples (Tufte, 1983, 1990, 1997) is not merely the clever or ordered arrangement of similar and personable images; small multiples—purposeful compositions of similarly sized, repeated illustrations—contain a great deal more than the sum of their respective parts. The purpose of this study is to define a set of objectives and guiding tactics for using small multiples in the visual language of instructional designs. This study aims to (1) compile a targeted literature review cataloging the historical treatment of small multiples and their pedagogical and cognitive virtues and (2) analyze examples of small multiples usage in visual design artifacts to determine efficacious and expansive applications of this technique.

Although Enterprise 2.0 collaboration technology toolsets present enterprises with a significant amount of business benefits, such as improved enterprise communication, collaboration, creativity and innovation; nevertheless, enterprises are still facing tremendous challenges in promoting and sustaining end-user adoption. The challenges associated with the adoption and promotion of Enterprise 2.0 collaboration technologies can often be linked to a resistance to change, a closed culture environment, and concerns pertaining to information security, technology complexity, as well as an unclear enterprise collaboration technology strategic roadmap. The primary objective of this study was to determine how generic guiding principles could facilitate the adoption and promotion of Enterprise 2.0 collaboration technologies within an enterprise environment. In support of the primary objective, our sub-objectives were to identify the challenges that enterprises, as well as enterprise end-users experience when adopting and promoting Enterprise 2.0 collaboration technologies, as well as to explore and describe the critical success factors for adopting and promoting Enterprise 2.0 collaboration technologies. A case study technique was used to gather the data from a large South African information and communications technology (ICT) enterprise operating within the retail sector based in Johannesburg. Enterprise end-users that formed part of the case study were selected by using purposive sampling. The end-users were selected, based on their experience, project sponsorship, as well as the project-participation roles performed in the adoption of their Enterprise 2.0 collaboration technology toolset. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on three (3) end-users, comprising a business analyst, a technology specialists and a senior executive. Furthermore, administered questionnaires were completed by five (5) end-users, who actively use their Enterprise 2.0 collaboration technology toolset on a daily basis, performing operational, as well as business administrative tasks. This study used a qualitative research approach. Since validity forms a vital role in any qualitative study, this research study incorporated three validity approaches, including: the theoretical, internal and external approaches. The theoretical and external validity approaches were used to validate the identified guiding principles through a systematic review of the existing literature, as well as reviews and comments obtained from two subject-matter experts representing independent enterprises. Furthermore, internal validity was employed to complement and substantiate the research findings, consisting of project documents and reports made available by the enterprise. The main contribution in this research study is a set of ten (10) guiding principles that could be applied by enterprises either planning to, or in the process of adopting an Enterprise 2.0 collaboration technology toolset. Furthermore, the guiding principles could assist enterprises in formulating a Enterprise 2.0 collaboration technology adoption strategy, incorporating key adoption elements, including commitment, promotion and sustainability. / Computing