Orientador: Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:09:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braga_AndreaHelenaFerreira_D.pdf: 2190091 bytes, checksum: 46376779b7866dd62ac05c2a6abc7be6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A eficiente combinação entre proteínas e polissacarídeos produz filmes biodegradáveis com melhores propriedades funcionais, a interação associativa entre os grupamento presentes na cadeia polimérica dos biopolímeros gera uma rede polimérica mais coesa e resistente. Esta associação, em geral, ocorre através das interações eletrostáticas entre os biopolímeros que é controlada pelas condições de pH, força iônica e proporção estequiométrica dos polimeros, entre outros parâmetros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o método de coacervação na elaboração de filmes a base de gelatina-quitosana (GEL/QUI), gelatina-pectina (GEL/PEC) e de gelatina-goma arábica (GEL/GAR) com o intuito de promover maiores interações intermoleculares entre os biopolímeros, formando filmes mais resistentes mecanicamente e menos susceptíveis a ação da água. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho pode ser dividido em: 1-) Análise da solução filmogênica de GEL/QUI ou PEC ou GAR (em várias proporções estequiométricas): nesta etapa foi feito um estudo para definir o pH de coacervação para cada formulação utilizando o ?-potencial zeta. No pH de coacervação ocorre a máxima interação eletrostática entre os biopolímeros gerando carga elétrica neutra para a solução filmogênica (?-potencial zeta igual a zero), devido a neutralização da carga elétrica positiva (-NH4+) com a carga elétrica negativa (-COO-) dos biopolímeros. 2-) Elaboração dos filmes coacervados foi realizada em várias proporções estequiométricas no seu devido pH de coacervação. 3-) Caracterização dos filmes de acordo com o aspecto visual, propriedades mecânicas, permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), solubilidade em água (SOL), umidade (UMI) e opacidade (Op). Análises complementares de difração de raio-X (DRX), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) foram realizadas em alguns filmes. 4-) Seleção dos filmes: foi escolhida a proporção estequiométrica que produziu filmes com maior resistência mecânica, menor PVA e SOL. 5-) Concentração do material polimérico: na formulação selecionada foram testadas maiores concentrações de material polimérico (4, 6, 8 e 10%) com o intuito de reduzir o tempo de secagem dos filmes coacervados. Estes filmes foram novamente caracterizados (propriedades mecânicas, PVA, SOL e UMI). A concentração de material polimérica escolhida para prosseguir o estudo associou o menor tempo de secagem sem alterar a PVA e SOL dos filmes. 6-) Adição do plastificante: nesta etapa foi avaliado o tipo de plastificante (triacetina e glicerol) e a sua concentração (2,5, 5, 7,5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30g de plastificante/100g de material polimérico). Os filmes coacervados de GEL/QUI foram elaborados em pH alcalino (pH de coacervação entre 6,2-7,2) por combinar um polissacarídeo catiônico (QUI) com a GEL. Formulações com maior teor de GEL (10:1 e 20:1 de GEL/QUI) confere ao filme coacervado maior resistência à ruptura, flexibilidade e menor PVA. As análises de difração de raio-X e de FTIR evidenciam a presença de interações eletrostáticas atrativas entre as cadeias da gelatina e a quitosana. Ao comparar os filmes coacervados com os filmes compostos (sem ajuste de pH) verificou-se que o método de coacervação conferiu ao filme maior tensão na ruptura, menor PVA e menor SOL. Ao aumentar a concentração de material polimérico de 2% para 6% constatou-se redução pela metade do tempo de secagem, além de promover maior resistência a ruptura e menor PVA. Os filmes coacervados de GEL/PEC e GEL/GAR foram elaborados em pH ácido (pHcoacervação igual a 4,0 e 4,5-5,0, respectivamente), isto ocorre devido a interação do grupo carboxil (-COO-) dos polissacarídeos aniônicos com o grupo amina (-NH4+) da GEL, já que a proteína encontra-se carregada positivamente somente em pHs abaixo do seu ponto isoelétrico - pI (pI da GEL 4,8-5,2). Para filme coacervado de GEL/PEC, somente a solução filmogênica contendo 20:1 de GEL/PEC apresentou-se homogênea e com em condição de coacervação (pHcoacervação=4,0). O espectro de FTIR do filme coacervado de GEL/PEC (20:1) mostrou que o grupo carboxil da PEC pode estar interagido com o grupo amina da GEL gerando novos grupamentos amida (1630 e 1530 cm-1). A incorporação do glicerol foi mais eficiente na matriz polimérica da GEL/PEC do que a triacetina, isto foi comprovado pela análise visual e pela difração de raio-X. Filmes coacervados de GEL/GAR apresentaram-se coesos, uniformes e homogêneos. Filmes coacervados com alto teor de GEL mostraram-se mais resistentes e flexíveis e menos solúveis em água do que as formulações com menor teor de GEL (1:1 e 2:1 de GEL/GAR), resultados confirmados pelas análises de FTIR, DSC e DRX. O método de coacervação formou filmes mais resistentes mecanicamente e a ação da água do que nos filmes não coacervados (sem ajuste de pH). O aumento da concentração do material polimérico de 2 para 6% reduziu o tempo de secagem do filme de GEL/GAR (10:1) pela metade sem alterar suas propriedades funcionais. Todos os filmes coacervados de GEL/QUI, PEC ou GAR, de modo geral, apresentaram o mesmo comportamento frente a a adição do plastificante. A adição do glicerol foi mais eficiente devido sua melhor incorporação na matriz polimérica produzindo filmes coacervados mais flexíveis, mais resistentes, com menor PVA e mais transparentes do que os filmes coacervados contendo triacetina. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho confirmam a eficiencia do método de coacervação em melhorar a compatibilidade, e consequentemente, intensificando a interação eletrostáticas entre a proteína e o polissacarídeo. Isto reflete diretamente nas propriedades funcionais dos filmes coacervados, pois a maior interação entre os biopolímeros promove a formação de uma rede polimérica mais densa e coesa, gerando filmes com maior TR, menor PVA, menor ELO e em alguns formulações mais resistentes a ação da água (menor SOL) / Abstract: The efficient combination of proteins and polysaccharides produces biodegradable films with improved functional properties; the associative interaction between the groupings present in the polymer chain of biopolymers generates a more cohesive and resistant polymer network. This association generally occurs through electrostatic interactions between the biopolymers which is controlled by the conditions of pH, ionic strength and stoichiometric ratio of polymers, among other parameters. The aim of this study was to use the coacervation method in developing films based on gelatin-chitosan (GEL/QUI), on gelatin-pectin (GEL/PEC) and on gelatin-gum arabic (GEL/GAR), in order to promote greater intermolecular interactions between biopolymers, forming mechanically stronger films and less susceptible to the action of water. The development of this work can be divided into: 1-) Analysis of the film solution GEL/QUI or PEC or GAR (in various stoichiometric ratios): in this step a study was done to determine the pH of coacervation for each formulation using ?-zeta potential. At pH of coacervation occurs maximum electrostatic interaction between biopolymers generating a neutral electric charge for filmogenic solution (? - zeta potential of zero), due to neutralization of the positive charge (-NH4+) with negative charge (-COO-) of biopolymers. 2-) Development of coacervated films was held in various stoichiometric ratios in its proper pH of coacervation. 3-) Characterization of films according to the visual appearance, mechanical properties, permeability to water vapor (PVA) water solubility (SOL), humidity (UMI) and opacity (Op). Complementary analyzes of X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differencial scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed in some films. 4-) Selection of films: it was chosen a Stoichiometric ratio which produced films with higher mechanical strength and lower PVA SOL. 5-) Concentration of polymeric material: higher concentration of polymeric material (4, 6, 8, and 10% ) were tested in the selected formulation in order to reduce the drying time of the coacervated films. These films were further characterized (mechanical properties, PVA, SOL and UMI). The concentration of polymeric materials chosen for further study associated the lowest drying time without changing the SOL and PVA films. 6-) Addition of plasticizer: In this step the type of plasticizer (triacetin or glycerol) and its concentration was evaluated (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30g plasticizer/100g polymeric material). The coacervated films GEL/CHI were prepared at alkaline pH (pH of coacervation between 6.2-7.2) by combining a cationic polysaccharide (QUI) with GEL. Formulations with higher content of gel (10:1 and 20:1 GEL/QUI) gave the coacervated film higher tensile strength, flexibility and less PVA. The analysis of X- ray diffraction and FTIR showed the presence of attractive electrostatic interactions between the chains of gelatin and chitosan. Comparing coacervated films with composite films (without pH adjustment) it was found that the coacervation method gave the highest film tensile strength, lower PVA and lower SOL. By increasing the concentration of polymeric material from 2% to 6% a reduction by half of the drying time was found promoting a greater resistance to breakage and lower PVA. The coacervate films GEL/PEC and GEL/GAR were prepared in acidic pH (pH of coacervation equal to 4.0 and 4.5 to 5.0, respectively), this occurs due to interaction carboxyl group (-COO-) of anionic polysaccharides with amino group (-NH4+) of GEL, since the protein is positively charged at pHs only below its isoelectric point - pI (pI of 4.8 to 5.2 GEL). To coacervate film GEL/PEC, only film solution containing 20:1 GEL/PEC appeared homogeneous and in condition coacervation (pH of coacervation = 4.0). The FTIR spectrum of the coacervated film GEL/PEC (20:1) showed that the carboxyl group of the PEC may have been interacted with the amino group generating new clusters of GEL amide (1630 and 1530 cm-1). The incorporation of the glycerol was more efficient in the polymer matrix of GEL/PEC than triacetin. It was confirmed by visual analysis and by X -ray diffraction. Films coacervated GEL/GAR presented themselves cohesive, uniform and homogeneous. Coacervated films with high gel content were more resistant and flexible and less soluble in water than the formulations with lower content of gel (1:1 to 2:1 GEL/GAR), which was confirmed by analysis of FTIR, DSC and XRD. The coacervation method formed films more mechanical and water resistant than in the non coacervated films. (without pH adjustment). Increasing the concentration the polymeric material from 2 to 6 % reduced the drying time of the film GEL/GAR (10:1) by half without altering their functional properties. All coacervated films GEL/QUI, PEC or GAR, in general, showed the same behavior in addition of plasticizer. The addition of glycerol was more efficient because of its better incorporation into the polymer matrix coacervated producing more flexible films, tougher, with less PVA and more transparent than coacervated films containing triacetin. The results presented here confirm the efficiency of the coacervation method to improve the compatibility, thus intensifying the electrostatic interaction between protein and polysaccharide. This highly reflects in the functional property of coacervated films, since the bigger interaction among biopolymers promotes the formation of more dense and united polymeric net, generating films with higher TR, smaller PVA, less ELO in some formulations and more resistant to the action of water (less SOL) / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutora em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T18:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bertan_LarissaCanhadas_M.pdf: 1605796 bytes, checksum: b3d91d32b59ca56d206dbe3ad8734bd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Pesquisas sobre filmes comestíveis à base de polímeros surgiram nos últimos tempos devido ao impacto ambiental aliado a necessidade de reduzir os resíduos sólidos. Estudo com proteínas animais, como gelatina, demonstraram a capacidade de formar filmes, além de possuir grande produção e baixo custo no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar filmes simples e compostos feitos de gelatina, triacetina, ácidos graxos (esteárico, palmítico e láurico) e breu branco. Filmes de gelatina simples e compostos foram produzidos e caracterizados quanto às propriedades de barreira ao vapor de água, oxigênio, solubilidade, propriedades mecânicas (resistência à tração e elongação), opacidade e isotermas de sorção (25°C). Posteriormente foram realizadas análises microestruturais, através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia confocal a laser de varredura, temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) obtida por análise térmica mecânica dinâmica (DMTA) e temperatura de fusão por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC). A adição de substâncias hidrofóbicas (ácidos graxos e breu branco) produziu filmes menos permeáveis ao vapor de água e menor resistência a tração comparando ao filme simples Os filmes compostos causaram aumento da elongação, da opacidade, e da permeabilidade ao oxigênio. Os resultados da microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia confocal a laser, indicaram boa distribuição das substâncias hidrofóbicas e alterações na morfologia da matriz polimérica. O aparecimento de duas a três transições e temperaturas de fusão sugere heterogeneidade dos biofilmes compostos / Abstract: Recently, many researches have been developed on biodegrable and edible films based on biopolymers due to environmental considerations allied to the necessity of reduction residues. Studies involving animal proteins, such gelatin demonstrated the capacity to form films, besides large production with low cost in Brazil. So that, the objective of this work was the development and characterization of the sim pie and composite films produced from gelatin, triacetin, fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, blend of both and blend more lauric acid) and elemi resin. Simple and composite gelatin films were produced and characterized with respect to the water vapor (Wvp) and oxygen permeabilities, solubility, mechanical properties (tensile strenght and elongation), opacity and sorption isotherm determination (25°C). Morphological analysis were effected, by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and confocallaser scanning microscopy (CLSM), glass transition temperature (Tg) obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMT A), and temperature of melting by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) The addition of hidrofobic substances (fatty acid and elemi resin) decreased the WVP and mechanical resistance comparing to the simple film. The composite film increased on elongation, opacity and oxygen permeability. The results SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) indicated good distribution of hidrofobic substances and alterations in the morphology of the polimeric matrix. The appearance of two Tg's and temperature of melting suggests the heterogeneity of composites biofilms / Mestrado / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

La gélatine est un biopolymère naturel obtenu après dénaturation et hydrolyse partielle de fibres de collagène, une protéine fibrillaire présente dans les tissus conjonctifs de toutes les espèces du règne animal. Elle est utilisée dans différentes industries, parmi lesquelles l’industrie agroalimentaire, pharmaceutique, photographique et cosmétique. Ses propriétés fonctionnelles dépendent du procédé de fabrication, mais également de l’origine des matières collagéniques. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est la caractérisation de la matière première (couennes de porc), mais également de la gélatine obtenue lors du processus, par une méthode rapide et non destructive. L’utilisation de la spectroscopie proche infrarouge couplée à des méthodes chimiométriques, a permis de travailler à l’échelle du laboratoire, mais également sur la chaîne de production industrielle. Le premier chapitre porte sur l’étude de l’hétérogénéité des couennes de porc au laboratoire, en termes de teneur en protéines, matières grasses, matières sèches et collagène. Plusieurs modèles ont pu être développés pour prédire ces teneurs, à partir de spectres proche infrarouge collectés sur des couennes en mouvement. Les meilleurs modèles présentent des performances compatibles avec une utilisation dans l’usine. Le second chapitre adapte cette méthode à l’échelle industrielle, c’est-à-dire à partir du rendement en gélatine fabriquée pour un lot de 75t de couennes. L’approche prédictive ne s’est pas avérée concluante, cependant des approches de classification ont montré leur intérêt. Les deux essais suivants ont porté sur la gélatine. Le troisième chapitre porte sur le développement de modèles de prédiction des propriétés physico-chimiques d’échantillons de gélatine à partir de spectres proche infrarouge, mettant en évidence de hautes capacités de prédiction de ces paramètres (r²>0,9). Enfin, ce chapitre propose de relier les caractéristiques moléculaires de la gélatine à ses propriétés physico-chimiques, par la technique de Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation couplée à un détecteur de diffusion de la lumière Multiangulaire (MALS). Les paramètres de caractérisation de l’AFlFFF-MALS permettent de discriminer partiellement des échantillons de gélatine dont les paramètres de bloom et de viscosité sont différents. / Gelatin is a natural biopolymer obtained after denaturation and partial hydrolysis of collagen fibers, a fibrillar protein present in the connective tissues of all species of the animal kingdom. It is used in various industries, including the agri-food, pharmaceutical, photographic and cosmetic industries. Its functional properties depend on the manufacturing process, but also on the origin of the collagenous materials. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the raw material (pig rind), but also the gelatin obtained during the process, by a fast and non-destructive tool. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric methods allowed us to work on the scale of the laboratory but also on the industrial chain. The first study examines the heterogeneity of pig rinds, under laboratory conditions, in terms of protein, fat, moisture and collagen contents. Several models have been developed to predict these levels, from near infrared spectra collected on moving rinds. The best models have good performances. In the second industrial scale trial, an approach to gelatin yield from 75 tons batches was proposed. The predictive approach has not been conclusive; however, classification approaches have shown interesting results. The next two tests were on gelatin. The third test allowed the development of models for predicting the physicochemical properties of gelatin samples from near-infrared spectra, demonstrating very good predictive capabilities of these parameters (r²> 0.9). Finally, a final test allowed to link the molecular characteristics of the gelatin to its physicochemical properties, by the technique of Asymmetrical Field-Flow Fractionation coupled with a Multiangular Light Scattering Detector (MALS). The characterization parameters of AFlFFF-MALS make it possible to partially discriminate gelatin samples with different bloom and viscosity parameters.

Abstract Collagen molecules consist of three polypeptide chains that are coiled around each other to form a triple-helical structure. The formation of stable collagen triple helices requires the hydroxylation of proline residues catalyzed by collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases (C-P4H). Vertebrate C-P4H is an ER-resident enzyme that consists of two catalytically active α subunits and two β subunits. Production of recombinant human collagen and gelatin could have numerous medical and industrial applications, but most recombinant systems lack the C-P4H activity. The yeast Pichia pastoris has been successfully engineered to produce stable human collagens and gelatins by co-expression of the collagen polypeptide chains with the two C-P4H subunits. This study examined the effect of deletion of the C-propeptide, or its replacement by a trimerizing foldon domain, on the assembly of type I and III collagen triple helices in P. pastoris. It was observed that the absence of the C-propeptide leads to inefficient collagen chain assembly whereas the replacement of C-propeptide with a foldon domain increased the assembly up to 3-fold. Moreover, the co-expression of α1(I) and α2(I) chains fused with foldon yielded heterotrimeric type I collagen molecules with a typical chain ratio of 2:1. As the foldon domain contains no information for collagen chain recognition, the present data indicate that the chain assembly is defined not only by the C-propeptides but also by other determinants present in the α chains. Another aspect studied here was the expression and secretion of gelatin fragments of varying size and conformation in P. pastoris. It was discovered that gelatin fragment size affects its secretion as the 90 kDa fragment was less efficiently secreted than the 45 kDa fragment. Secretion was also dependent on the fragment conformation as induction of the triple helix formation by either C-propeptide or foldon led to the accumulation of the fragments inside the yeast cells despite the presence of an efficient secretory signal. C-P4H was long assumed to exist as one type only but the cloning of several C-P4H α subunits raised questions concerning the specific roles of the C-P4H isoenzymes. The generation of mice lacking the type I C-P4H, which is regarded as the major C-P4H isoenzyme, indicated that this isoenzyme is essential for the embryonic development of the mouse. The embryos lacking type I C-P4H died at an early stage of their development due to the disruption of basement membranes. It was found that the basement membranes of the homozygous null embryos lacked type IV collagen whereas the fibrillar collagens were synthesized, although with altered morphology. The data reported here also demonstrate that the other C-P4H isoenzymes cannot compensate for the lack of type I isoenzyme.

L’objectif de cette thèse a consisté à étudier in vitro des phénomènes d’auto-assemblage de molécules de collagène de type I natif, dénaturé ou modifié. Dans une première partie, nous avons analysé des solutions denses en milieu acide de collagène I et de gélatine A par microscopie à lumière polarisée et microscopie SHG résolue en polarisation (P-SHG). Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence la première mésophase obtenue à partir de gélatine. Nous avons ensuite étudié l’impact de la gélatine sur des mésophases en contre-plaqué de collagène I et montré que le collagène pouvait être subtilisé par la gélatine à hauteur de 20% sans en affecter la formation des phases en contre-plaqué. Les matrices collagène/gélatine obtenues après fibrillogenèse ont été caractérisées à différentes échelles en ayant recours à la calorimétrie différentielle (DSC), à la microscopie électronique à transmission (MET), au P-SHG et l’imagerie par résonnance magnétique (IRM). Nous avons montré que ces matrices présentent une structuration hiérarchique de type fractal et que la gélatine stabilise le collagène.Dans la seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés aux propriétés d’auto-assemblage de molécules de collagène I modifié avec de la rifamycine SV pour la synthèse de gels à délivrance contrôlée. Nous avons utilisé différents modes d’assemblage afin d’arriver à notre but et avons caractériser les propriétés chimiques, rhéologiques et antibiotiques des gels obtenues. Pour mieux comprendre le système, nous avons étudié la structure des assemblages de collagène modifié au sein d’un système dilué à l’aide du cryo-MET et de la microscopie à force atomique couplé à la spectroscopie infrarouge (AFMIR). / The object of this thesis was to study the in vitro self-assembly phenomena of native, denatured or modified collagen type I.In the first part, we analysed dense solutions of collagen I and gelatin A (in acidic medium) by polarized light microscopy and polarization resolved SHG microscopy (P-SHG). We have thus observed the first mesophase obtained from gelatin. We then studied the impact of gelatin on collagen I plywood mesophases and showed that collagen could be replaced by gelatin up to 20% without affecting the formation of the plywood phases.Collagen/gelatin matrices obtained after fibrillogenesis were characterized at different scales by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), P-SHG and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We showed that these matrices have a hierarchical structure of fractal type and that gelatin stabilizes collagen.In the second part, we studied the self-assembly of collagen I modified with rifamycin SV for the synthesis of controlled delivery gels.We used different methods of assembly in order to reach our goal and we characterized the chemical, rheological and antibiotic properties of the obtained gels. To better understand the system, we studied the structure of modified collagen assemblies in a diluted systems with cryo-TEM and atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared spectroscopy (AFMIR).

A película de amendoim é um resíduo da indústria de alimentos. Esse resíduo é rico em compostos fenólicos como resveratrol e procianidinas e apresenta elevada atividade antioxidante e atividade farmacológica. Apesar de suas atividades farmacológicas, compostos fenólicos apresentam baixa biodisponibilidade devido à glucuronidação catalisada pelas enzimas UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), que acontece na primeira passagem no intestino e/ou fígado, dificultando a utilização dos compostos fenólicos como agentes terapêuticos. Filmes de desintegração oral permitem que o princípio ativo seja absorvido no epitélio bucal diretamente pela circulação sistêmica podendo melhorar a biodisponibilidade desses compostos naturais. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um filme de desintegração oral à base de gelatina e hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (GEL:HPMC) incorporado com extrato de película de amendoim como um carreador de compostos bioativos. O extrato de película de amendoim foi produzido utilizando-se etanol (70%) como solvente (razão sólidos/solvente de 1:20) à temperatura ambiente sob agitação mecânica (10 minutos), sendo realizada três extrações consecutivas. O extrato foi liofilizado para ser caracterizado em relação à atividade antioxidante, fenólicos totais e aflatoxinas. Os filmes de desintegração oral com diferentes concentrações de gelatina e hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (GEL:HPMC) foram produzidos por casting (2g de macromoléculas/100 g de solução filmogênica e 0,4g de sorbitol/100g de solução filmogênica). O extrato de película de amendoim foi incorporado líquido e concentrado nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30g/100g de solução filmogênica. Os filmes foram caracterizados em relação à propriedades mecânicas, ângulo de contato, tempo de desintegração, mucoadesividade, pH de superfície, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de infravermelho. O extrato (liofilizado) apresentou concentração fenólica igual a 718,57 mg de equivalente em ácido gálico/g e EC50 igual a 146,07 ± 8.37 µg/mL e 0,37 ng B₁/g. Os filmes sem adição de extrato, independente da formulação, apresentaram homogeneidade e, de um modo geral, os filmes à base de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose apresentaram melhores propriedades mecânicas, hidrofilicidade superior, tempo de desintegração reduzido e mucoadesividade superior em relação aos filmes com gelatina em sua composição. Comportamento similar foi observado para os filmes de desintegração oral com adição de extrato. Entretanto, filmes com adição de extrato e altas concentrações de gelatina (100:0, 75:25) apresentaram formação de complexos insolúveis entre taninos e proteínas, aparentes visualmente. Em função dos resultados obtidos, os filmes à base de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (0:100) e com 20% de extrato de película de amendoim apresentaram propriedades mecânicas superiores (tensão na ruptura = 26,63 MPa, elongação = 4,97% e módulo elástico = 1284,82 MPa) e menor tempo de desintegração (17,87 segundos) em relação as demais formulações, sendo esta considerada a formulação otimizada como potencial aplicação para filmes de desintegração oral. / Peanut skin is a food industry byproduct which is rich in phenolic compounds, such as resveratrol and procyanidins. Moreover, it has high antioxidant and pharmacological properties. Despite these activities, phenolic compounds have low oral bioavailability due to glucuronidation catalyzed by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). This catalyze occurs in the first-pass metabolism (gut and/or liver) difficulting the use of phenolic compounds as therapeutic agents. For oral disintegrating films the active ingredient is directly absorbed into systemic circulation by oral epithelium improving the bioavailability of these natural compounds. The aim of this study was to develop oral disintegrating film composed of gelatin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (GEL: HPMC) added of peanut skin extract as a vehicle for bioactive compounds. The peanut skin extract was produced using ethanol (70%) as solvent (solid/solvent ratio 1:20) at room temperature under mechanical stirring (10 minutes) with three consecutive extractions. The extract was lyophilized to be characterized by antioxidant activity, total phenolic and aflatoxins. The oral disintegrating films were produced by casting (2g macromolecules/100 g filmogenic solution and 0.4g of sorbitol/100g of filmogenic solution) with different concentrations of gelatin and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (GEL: HPMC). The peanut skin extract was added to films liquid and concentrated at concentrations of 10, 20 and 30g / 100g of filmogenic solution. The films were characterized by mechanical properties, contact angle, disintegrating time, mucoadesivity, surface pH, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The extract (lyophilized) showed phenolic concentration of 718.57 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g, EC50 of 146.07 ± 8.37 µg/mL and 0.37 ng B₁/g. Films without extract, regardless of formulation were homogeneous. In general, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films exhibited better mechanical properties, higher hydrophilicity and mucoadesivity and reduced disintegration time compared to films with gelatin in its composition. Similar behavior was observed for oral disintegrating films with addition of extract. Films formulation with high gelatin content (100: 0, 75:25) added of extract showed insoluble complexes formed between proteins and tannins. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films (0: 100) added of peanut skin extract (20%) showed superior mechanical properties (tensile strength = 26.63 MPa, elongation = 4.97% and elastic modulus = 1284.82 MPa) and lower disintegration time (17.87 seconds) compared with other formulations, which is considered the optimized formulation as a potential application for oral disintegrating films.

Os problemas ambientais provocados pelas embalagens à base de materiais sintéticos não biodegradáveis têm provocado um importante aumento nos estudos sobre filmes à base de biopolímeros. Entretanto, esses filmes têm limitações em suas propriedades, devido, sobretudo à sensibilidade a umidade relativa ambiente. Dentre as alternativas estudadas para melhorar as características desses materiais está o uso de nanopartículas, com destaque para a montmorilonita, que tem problemas de dispersão em água. Outra nanopartícula pouco usada em estudos à base de biopolímeros é a laponita, que é uma nanoargila sintética. Assim, o objetivo geral desta tese foi o desenvolvimento de filmes à base de biopolímeros (colágeno, gelatina e fécula de mandioca), reforçados com uma nanoargila (laponita). Foi estudado o efeito da concentração do biopolímero e da laponita, assim como o método de produção dos filmes (casting e espalhamento mecânico), além da qualidade da dispersão da nanopartícula, sobre as principais propriedades físicas dos filmes nanocompósitos, com especial interesse nas propriedades de superfície. Os filmes foram preparados pela desidratação de soluções formadoras de filmes (SFF), com 2, 4 ou 8 g de biopolímero/100 g SFF; 25 ou 30 g glicerol/100 g de biopolímero; e 0, 1,5; 3; 4,5 e 6 g laponita/100 g de biopolímero. A laponita foi dispersa em água destilada, utilizando-se ultraturrax com velocidade de agitação de 20.000 rpm, por 30 minutos. As partículas de laponita em água tiveram tamanhos menores que 50 nm. Não houve efeito da concentração do biopolímero, nem do método de produção (casting ou espalhamento mecânico) sob as propriedades de topografia superficial e físico-químicas estudadas nos filmes nanocompósitos. As análises de raios X e espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier revelaram que as plaquetas de laponita estiveram esfoliadas e/ou intercaladas nos filmes, e que não houve nenhuma formação de ligação química entre as plaquetas de laponita e os biopolímeros em estudo. A presença de laponita incrementou a irregularidade superficial dos filmes, especialmente naqueles produzidos com colágeno e fécula de mandioca. Outras propriedades dos filmes nanocompósitos, tais como densidade, umidade, cor, opacidade, propriedades térmicas, propriedades mecânicas, solubilidade em água, ângulo de contato à água, isotermas de sorção e permeabilidade ao vapor de água não sofreram alterações com a presença de laponita. / The environmental problems caused by packaging based on non-biodegradable synthetic materials have lead to a significant increase in studies about biopolymer films. However, these films have limited physicochemical properties due mainly to its sensitivity to ambient relative humidity. Among the alternatives studied to improve the physicochemical properties of these materials is the use of nanoparticles, especially the montmorillonite, which has problems of dispersion in water. Another nanoparticle no so much studied in films based on biopolymers is laponite, which is a synthetic nanoparticle. Thus, this these aims to development and characterize films based on biopolymers (collagen, gelatin and cassava starch), with a nanoparticle (laponite). The effects of biopolymer and laponite concentrations were studied, as well as, the film production method (casting and spreading), besides the quality of laponite dispersion and its relationship with the physicochemical properties of the films were investigated, with special interest on the surface properties. The films were produced by the dehydration of filmogenic-forming solutions (FFS), with 2, 4 or 8 g of biopolymer/100 g FFS; 25 or 30 g glycerol/100g of biopolymer; and 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 g of laponite/100g of biopolymer. The laponite was dispersed in water using ultraturrax, at 20,000 rpm, for 30 minutes. The laponite particles in water had sizes smaller than 50 nm. There was not effect of biopolymer concentration and film production method (casting or spreading) on the surface and physicochemical properties studied in the nanocomposite films. X-ray analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that laponite platelets were exfoliated and/or intercalated in the films, and that there were no formed chemical bonds between laponite platelets and the biopolymers studied. The presence of laponite increased the surface irregularity of the films, especially in those produced with collagen and cassava starch. Other properties in the nanocomposite films, such density, moisture content, color, opacity, thermal properties, mechanical properties, water solubility, water contact angle, sorption isotherms and water vapor permeability were not altered by the presence of laponite.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22037号 / 医博第4522号 / 新制||医||1038(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 湊谷 謙司, 教授 井上 治久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Content: A microfibrillated chitin/gelatin composite film was prepared by solvent casting method, and the nanosized microfibrillated chitin as a reinforce phase to improve oxygen resistance, water-resistant and mechanical performance in this system.The morphologies were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the mechanical properties were investigated by texture analyzer. Oxygen permeability property, optical property and swelling property were investigated. The results indicated thatthe elastic modulus and tensile strength of microfibrillated chitin/gelatincomposite reached to 2.2GPa and 74.5MPa respectively when the content of microfibrillated chitinis 8wt%. The swelling ratio decreased to 11.63 with the 6wt% content of microfibrillated chitin.In addition, chitin microfibrils effectively enhanced the oxygen resistance of composite film without obvious loss of transmittance.

This thesis focuses on electron irradiated gelatin hydrogel composites for the development of a magnetically-controllable material. Smart materials comprised of magnetic nanoparticles embedded in hydrogels are known as ferrogels. Deformation, swelling and viscoelasticity of ferrogels can be controlled by external magnetic fields, with potential applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, actuation and sensing. High energy electron irradiation was used to create stable gelatin hydrogels. Geometry, swelling, solubility and viscoelasticity were experimentally quantified for the irradiated gelatin. The degree of crosslinking and mesh size were calculated by theories of rubber elasticity and Flory-Rehner. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm minimal chemical changes occurred as a result of crosslinking. The micro- and nanostructure of the hydrogels were investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering to supplement macroscopic investigations, allowing for comparison of experimental data with additional semiflexible polymer models. The cytotoxicity of the irradiated hydrogels and liquid byproduct were analyzed using NIH 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The influence of the degree of crosslinking on cellular morphologies was also explored. Additionally, surface wettability and hydrogel degradation times were quantified with respect to the irradiation dose. Preliminary experiments examined the potential of irradiated gelatin hydrogels as components of vascular scaffolds. Potential surface modification strategies to enhance and direct cellular interactions were briefly explored, such as surface coating and patterning. After integration of magnetic nanoparticles into the gelatin, the magnetic response of the ferrogels was investigated using magnetic particle spectroscopy and magnetorelaxometry. These techniques were highly sensitive to the changing matrix viscoelasticity around the sol-gel transition. Irradiated ferrogels exhibited thermal stability across the sol-gel transition, although some local softening was observed. This research highlights the potential of electron irradiated gelatin hydrogels and ferrogels, while providing fundamental insights into the physical processes influencing the network structure, mechanics and resulting cellular interactions.