Gender-based violence has been widely used by various actors against the most vulnerable individuals in conflict-affected settings. Internally displaced girls and women are especially susceptible to suffer from this type of violence; nevertheless, they frequently choose not to report it. The present research identifies and analyses the reasons for the under-reporting of gender-based violence occurrences against the above-mentioned individuals in northern Mozambique, namely, the province of Cabo Delgado. In the first phase of primary data collection, the researcher conducted two focus group discussions to obtain a transparent understanding of the community members’ interpretations, including internally displaced people. In a second phase, seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted with community agents, activists, service providers, international and non-governmental organizations representatives, and political and religious figures. Subsequently, the findings were evaluated through an altered version of the ecological model (What Works to Prevent Violence, 2018). The results revealed that under-reporting of gender-based violence cases is caused by the following reasons: victim’s fear; social stigma; fear of retaliation; lack of information about gender-based violence and respective materialization; culture-blaming; distorted interpretations of female and male identities; the perpetrators’ influence within the community; lack of preparedness of officials working formal institutions, including hospitals, to refer victims to judicial bodies; women empowerment as a secondary subject within decision-making bodies; prevalence and importance of informal institutions and respective decisions; lack of official supervision on informal institutions; grassroots’ lack of knowledge on the creation or amendment of laws; male majority in security forces, including police stations and military; abuse of authority; lack of training of security forces concerning gender-based violence and respective long-term implications; absence of a standardized reporting process; and morosity of the trial. Therefore, this research points out that under-reporting of gender-based violence must be evaluated from a variety of cultural, social, and political perspectives.

The current study examines the gender based violence policies and programs of large, public universities in Florida. Current literature argues that preventing and responding to gender based violence in institutions of higher education requires comprehensive and ecological techniques at the individual, interpersonal, community, and societal level. In recent years, various institutions and agencies have showed increasing administrative commitment to addressing these issues. Futures Without Violence, formerly named Family Violence Prevention Fund, is a private organization that has established a set of guidelines and recommendations to aid IHEs in their response and prevention of gender based violence, intended to exceed federal regulations, such as Title IX and the Jeanne Clery Act. The current study used the guidelines and recommendations established by Futures Without Violence to perform a content analysis of ten large Florida universities' websites to determine the comprehensiveness and accessibility of each university's gender based violence policies and procedures. Findings indicate various levels of compliance within and among the universities. Thus, the current study outlines the generalized findings among all universities, describes the strengths and weaknesses of each university's policies, and provides recommendations for these institutions as well as future exploration of the feasibility of these guidelines and recommendations in practice.

The Swedish social services have an extensive responsibility for supporting victims andperpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) as well as their children. Social serviceworkers therefore need knowledge about IPV. However, previous research has shown that theself perceived competence of such knowledge is lacking among social workers. The purposeof this study is to examine why that is and what perspectives on knowledge about IPV thatare communicated (and not) by one of the central actors of the state governing of knowledge,the National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen). It also explores to what extentcritical perspectives are expressed. This is done by categorizing the content of one of theBoard’s IPV educational materials into three sections of knowledge: theoretical, factual andpractical knowledge. The results are analyzed using Bacchis analytical tool “Whats’s theProblem Represented to Be” (WPR), which shows that factual knowledge is dominant in thematerial while theoretical knowledge is least common. Critical perspectives on IPV, likeanalyses of structural power mechanisms, are hardly noticeable, which is considered as ashortcoming when it comes to understanding IPV. As IPV is a complex issue that can beviewed as troublesome within the social services and provoke emotions and resistance,pedagogical tools specifically adapted to education about IPV can be needed, which is nottaken into consideration in the studied material. The study discusses that a predominance offactual knowledge and a lack of critical perspectives in the educational material can beunderstood as influenced by NPM, focusing on production within prevailing frames ratherthan challenging them in order to enable social change. For knowledge about IPV to beimplemented and deepened within the social services, and thereby the support to IPV victims,perpetrators and their children to be strengthened, this study suggests that criticalperspectives are needed in the learning process, using pedagogical approaches which take thecomplexity of IPV into consideration

The aim of this study is to examine the intervention methods and tools available fordomestic violence survivors in Nairobi, Kenya. Furthermore, the aim is also to contributeto the area's knowledge and discover if further research can be made that can help reducegender-based violence and address how the pandemic has affected their working methods.The authors conducted qualitative research using a focus-group interview with threeprofessionals who had experience in this area spanning about 45 years between them. Inthis qualitative research, there are many different data collection methods which could beused, but the authors choose open-ended questions as a way of collecting data. Thereafter,the authors used thematic coding together with the system theory and social learningtheory in order to analyze the findings. Furthermore, the findings were divided into threedifferent themes (Theme 1: Intervention methods & Tools, Theme 2: COVID-19 andWorking Methods and Theme 3: Needed Tools and Resources) along with sub-themes.The findings of this study have highlighted the importance of educating and empoweringthe population, specifically women and teen girls about domestic violence and its harm.In addition to this, lack of financial support and investment in communications platformswere some of the factors that hindered the service providers to assist the survivors.

Thesis (M.Dev. (Planning and Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / There is a high rate of gender-based violence in South Africa. The study aimed at examining the effectiveness of Ikhaya Lethemba as a community based organisation in empowering victims of gender-based violence in Gauteng province of the republic. In ensuring that the objectives of this study used predominantly qualitative research approach. The study method has been a case study. Representative of the study were selected purposively and participants were ten staff members including principals of Ikhaya Lethemba along with twenty-four respondents. The sample consisted of thirty-four participants. As this was predominantly qualitative study, data collection was using semi structured in-depth interviews. The narrative data from the interview guide was analysed qualitatively through open-ended questions. Data was also collected by using closed-ended questions for responding to semi-structured questions. Patterns of experiences were noted from the emerged themes. Those emerged themes were then grouped together. The main findings indicated that Ikhaya Lethemba played a significant role in empowering gender-based violence victims in Gauteng province, South Africa. The study discussed the nature of gender based violence experienced by the respondents, the legislative and policy framework in responding to gender based violence within the Republic of South Africa, and to examine the effectiveness of Ikhaya Lethemba as a community based organisation in empowering victims of gender based violence.

Gender-based violence (GBV) and violence against children are pervasive and destructive globally, but the exacerbation of violence in emergency contexts makes addressing them an urgent priority in humanitarian action. However, despite recognition of overlapping risks and intervention opportunities, child protection programming and GBV programming have hitherto followed discrete trajectories, resulting in adolescent (aged between 10 and 19 years) girls falling between the domains, despite their heightened vulnerability to GBV. This research explores how humanitarian protection interventions address GBV against displaced adolescent girls in Jordan. Data is collected using detailed, semi-structured interviews with four specialist humanitarian practitioners from leading organisations in child protection and GBV programming within the refugee response in Jordan. Qualitative, grounded coding and analysis is conducted on the transcribed data to identify key themes and patterns. The findings report child marriage, domestic violence and sexual violence as the most prevalent forms of GBV against adolescents. The social ecology of the girls is explored and salient risk factors at each level are identified, including lack of awareness, cultural norms and stigma, and absence of data information to direct programming. Corresponding protection interventions, including case-management, capacity-building of service providers and awareness-raising are identified, and the limited extent to which they empower adolescent girls is debated. Finally, the nexus between child protection and GBV programming is discussed, and key challenges, including coordination between child protection and GBV policies, campaigns, services and actors, decreasing funding and nationalisation of services, an absence of meaningful participation of adolescent girls in programming, and the organisations’ issue-focused approach, are identified and explored in the context of empowerment of adolescent girls. The research concludes that addressing GBV by meaningful participation of adolescents, adopting rights-based approaches, and proactive coordination of protection actors, is essential for the empowerment of adolescent girls to be agents of their own protection.

A presente pesquisa tem como objeto a investigação sobre os limites e possibilidades presentes na aplicação do Direito Penal no enfrentamento da violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher no Brasil. Para tanto, após esclarecidas questões acerca do fenômeno da violência doméstica, como suas origens e características, analisa-se a trajetória política que levou à elaboração da Lei n. 11.340/2006 (Lei Maria da Penha). É realizada, então, uma análise das previsões legais da Lei Maria da Penha, com especial destaque para as repercussões de caráter penal para o agressor. Posteriormente, dedica-se um capítulo à investigação do Princípio da Subsidiariedade e problematiza-se a aplicação do Direito Penal como instrumento de poder do Estado e como via de política pública, sendo abordados também o aspecto simbólico do Direito Penal e as funções da sanção penal em um Estado Democrático de Direito. Por fim, concretiza-se no último capítulo a investigação sobre as atrações e repulsões entre o Direito Penal e as iniciativas de enfrentamento da violência de gênero no Brasil. / This research intends to investigate both the limits and the possibilities concerning the use of Criminal Law to fight domestic violence against women in Brazil. For this purpose, after clarifying the basic characteristics and origins of domestic violence, we analyze the political trajectory that led to the creation of Law n. 11.340/2006 (Maria da Penha Law). An analysis of the legal provisions of the Maria da Penha Law is then presented, with particular emphasis on the criminal repercussions for the aggressor. Subsequently, a chapter is devoted to investigating the Principle of Subsidiarity and discussing the applications of Criminal Law both as an instrument of power and as a means of public policy, spanning the symbolic aspects of Criminal Law as well as the functions of criminal sanctions in a Democratic State. Finally, the last chapter elaborates on the attractions and repulsions between criminal law and the initiatives to fight gender-based violence in Brazil.

Le rapport de pouvoir qui régit les relations entre homme et femme engendre des inégalités qui sont la non-effectivité des droits des femmes, les stéréotypes ciblant souvent les femmes et les violences à l’égard des femmes. Ces inégalités notables en période normale ou de paix s’aggravent durant les crises sociopolitiques et de conflits armés où la violence sexospécifique est désormais érigée en arme de guerre pour détruire l’adversaire, son identité et son peuple. L’objectif de ces recherches est de relever les impacts, les enjeux du genre et de la réalité identitaire dans les crises et conflits tout comme dans le processus d’édification de la paix. A travers la vie sociopolitique du Togo et de la Côte d’Ivoire pris pour cas d’espèce, il s’agit d’observer la situation de crises et de conflits armés dans un pays, l’impact des appartenances identitaires et l’aggravation de l’inégalité du genre, puis relever les conséquences des crises et l’importance des femmes dont la négligence participe à l’échec des processus de paix, enfin viser la prise en compte des identités et du genre dans les processus de recherches de la paix. / The power dynamics that govern the relationship between man and woman creates inequalities that are the non-effectiveness of the rights of women, the stereotypes often associated to women as well as violence against them. These significant inequalities in normal times or peace times, worsen during the sociopolitical crises and armed conflicts where gender based violence (GBV) is now established as a weapon of war to destroy the opponent, its identity and its people. The objective of this research is to address the impacts, issues of gender and identity during crises and conflicts as well as during peacebuilding processes. Using the socio-political life of Togo and Côte d'Ivoire as case studies, the research seeks to observe the situation of crisis and armed conflict in a country, the impact of belonging to an identity, and the worsening of gender inequality and addresses the consequences of the crises and the importance of women whose negligence contributes to the failure of peace processes, and finally aims at the inclusion of identity and gender as important considerations in peacebuilding process.

Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da gestão de mulheres em São Paulo, com especial atenção para os dispositivos mobilizados na atuação do sistema de justiça criminal. Para isso, foram adotadas duas perspectivas complementares. A primeira volta-se para a situação de mulheres como vítimas de crimes violentos, procurando resgatar de que maneira a legislação criminal incorpora e traduz as demandas das mulheres, resultando em leis que cristalizam percepções (não raro ambíguas e contraditórias) sobre mulheres e desigualdade de gênero, fenômeno que também caracteriza o momento da aplicação das leis pelos tribunais. A segunda perspectiva se volta para o problema do controle social das mulheres a partir dos mecanismos penais, mormente a privação da liberdade, incluindo a prisão processual. As estratégias de pesquisa adotadas envolvem levantamento legislativo e documental, coleta de informações de autos de processos judiciais, visitas a unidades prisionais, entrevistas com mulheres e profissionais do direito e análise de dados fornecidos pela Secretaria de Segurança Pública. Aliando as abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa, o estudo procurou enfatizar trajetórias individuais, principalmente com base em biografias judiciárias, que lançam luz sobre as especificidades do encontro entre as mulheres e o sistema de justiça criminal e evidenciam o continuum de violência que marca as vidas das mulheres. / This work is dedicated to the study of women\'s management in São Paulo, with special attention to the devices deployed in the performance of the criminal justice system. In order to do this, there were adopted two complementary perspectives. The first one turns to the situation of women as victims of violent crimes, concerning how the criminal law incorporates and translates the demands of women, resulting in laws that crystallize perceptions (often ambiguous and contradictory) on women and gender inequality, a phenomenon that also characterizes the moment of law enforcement by the courts. The second perspective turns to the problem of social control of women regarding criminal mechanisms, especially the deprivation of liberty, including pretrial detention. The adopted research strategies involve legislative and documental survey, information from lawsuits, visits in prisons, interviews with women and legal professionals and analysis of data provided by the Public Security Bureau. Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, the study sought to emphasize individual trajectories, mainly based on judicial biographies that shed light on the specificities of the encounter between women and the criminal justice system and show the continuum of violence that marks the lives of women .

INTRODUÇÃO:A rota crítica das mulheres em situação de violência doméstica sob uma perspectiva racial ainda é tema pouco explorado nas pesquisas. Compreendendo as estruturas racistas, sexistas e classistas que operam em nossa sociedade, questiona-se a efetivação da Lei Maria da Penha na garantia de direitos perante as desigualdades vivenciadas por mulheres negras. OBJETIVO:Compreender se existem diferenças entre mulheres negras e brancas no acesso e na assistência dos serviços que compõem a rede de enfrentamento àviolência doméstica. MÉTODO:Estudo misto. Integraram o estudo as mulheres acima de 18 anos que tiveram processos pela Lei Maria da Penha na Vara de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher da região oeste da cidade de São Paulo (VVDF-Oeste).A abordagem quantitativa ocorreu por meio de estudo transversal; os dados foram coletados pelos processos judiciais pela plataforma RedCap e foram analisados no SPSS, segundo análise estratificada. Foram avaliadas variáveis sociodemográficas e do processo criminal. A abordagem qualitativa foi realizada por meio de estudo exploratório, com 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas - novemulheres negras e novemulheres brancas. As entrevistas foram analisadas segundo análise de conteúdo de Bardine e as rotas críticas das mulheres, que foram esquematizadas. RESULTADOS:As mulheres menos escolarizadas buscarammais medidas protetivas (p=0,004), sendo que as negras com até 11anos de estudo o fizerammais (p=0,026). Observa-se que as mulheres negras menos escolarizadas também são as que menos comparecem ao atendimento multiprofissional oferecido pela VVDF-Oeste (p=0,039). Além disso, observou-se que as mulheres brancas tiveram mais processos sentenciados (p=0,012),bem como menor tempo de processo (p=0,018). O fluxograma das rotas críticas demonstra que as mulheres negras entrevistadas vivenciaram mais episódios de violência institucional e receberam menos informações nos serviços. Tais questões resultaram em uma rota mais tortuosa e com mais passagens por instituições, na busca pela garantia de viver uma vida sem violência. As mulheres negras reconhecem o racismo, além de outros eixos de opressão em sua rota. Observou-se também que as mulheres brancas entrevistadas não reconhecem o racismo como barreira na efetivação de direitos de mulheres negras. DISCUSSÃO: Apesar de um importante marco no enfrentamento daviolência, a Lei Maria da Penha não garantiu acesso igualitário às mulheres. Percebe-se a diferença traduzida em desigualdade. É imprescindível compreender que a diferença apontada por este trabalho entre as mulheres negras e as brancas não é mera coincidência: trata-se do racismo estrutural garantindo a manutenção de uma sociedade desigual. CONCLUSÕES: Ao compreendermos que o racismo, o sexismo e o preconceito de classe estruturam a nossa sociedade e moldam as relações sociais, é evidente que uma política pública jamais seráuniversal se não construir mecanismos concretos que assegurem a igualdade de acesso e de direitos / INTRODUCTION:The studies of the critical paths that women experiencing domestic violence go through are rarely explored on racial perspective. As racist, sexist and classist structures operate in our society, we question the Maria da Penha Law effectiveness in guaranteeing rights taking into account the inequalities experienced by Black women. OBJECTIVE: To understand if there are differences between Black and White women in the Access and assistance of the services of the intersectoral network of violence against woman. METHOD: Mix study. The study is comprised of women over the age of 18 who have prosecuted their agressor under the Maria da Penha Law in the Domestic Violence and Family Violence Court in the western region of the city of São Paulo (VVDF). The quantitative approach was carried out through a cross-sectional study; the data were collected by the judicial processes by the RedCap platform and were analyzed in the SPSS, according to a stratified analysis. Sociodemographic variables and criminal process variables were evaluated. Qualitative approach was carried out through an exploratory study, with 18 semi-structured interviews -nine black women and ninewhite women. The interviews were analyzed according to Bardin\'s content analysis and the women\'s critical paths, which were schematized. RESULTS: Women up to 11years of schooling asked more for protective measures (p = 0.004), and among those, Black women even more (p = 0.026). It is observed that less educated Black women are also the ones that least attend the multi-professional service offered by VVDF (p = 0.039).In addition, it was observed that White women had more sentenced cases (p = 0.012) in addition to a shorterprocess time (p = 0.018). The flow chart of the critical paths shows that the interviewed Black women experienced more episodes of institutional violence and received less information in the services. Such questions resulted in a more tortuous path and more passages by institutions,searching for the guarantee of living a life without violence. Black women recognize racism, as well as other axés of oppression in their route.It was also observed that White women interviewed do not recognize racism as a barrier for Black women have their rights guaranteed. DISCUSSION:Despite an important milestone in facing violence, the Maria da Penha Law did not guarantee equal access to women. The difference translated into inequality is perceived. It is essential to understand that the difference pointed out by this work among black and white women is not mere coincidence: it is structural racism guaranteeing the maintenance of an unequal society. CONCLUSIONS: By understanding that racism, sexism, and class prejudice shape our society and shape social relations, it is clear that public policy would never be universal unless it constructs concrete mechanisms to ensure equal access and rights