INTRODUÇÃO:A rota crítica das mulheres em situação de violência doméstica sob uma perspectiva racial ainda é tema pouco explorado nas pesquisas. Compreendendo as estruturas racistas, sexistas e classistas que operam em nossa sociedade, questiona-se a efetivação da Lei Maria da Penha na garantia de direitos perante as desigualdades vivenciadas por mulheres negras. OBJETIVO:Compreender se existem diferenças entre mulheres negras e brancas no acesso e na assistência dos serviços que compõem a rede de enfrentamento àviolência doméstica. MÉTODO:Estudo misto. Integraram o estudo as mulheres acima de 18 anos que tiveram processos pela Lei Maria da Penha na Vara de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher da região oeste da cidade de São Paulo (VVDF-Oeste).A abordagem quantitativa ocorreu por meio de estudo transversal; os dados foram coletados pelos processos judiciais pela plataforma RedCap e foram analisados no SPSS, segundo análise estratificada. Foram avaliadas variáveis sociodemográficas e do processo criminal. A abordagem qualitativa foi realizada por meio de estudo exploratório, com 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas - novemulheres negras e novemulheres brancas. As entrevistas foram analisadas segundo análise de conteúdo de Bardine e as rotas críticas das mulheres, que foram esquematizadas. RESULTADOS:As mulheres menos escolarizadas buscarammais medidas protetivas (p=0,004), sendo que as negras com até 11anos de estudo o fizerammais (p=0,026). Observa-se que as mulheres negras menos escolarizadas também são as que menos comparecem ao atendimento multiprofissional oferecido pela VVDF-Oeste (p=0,039). Além disso, observou-se que as mulheres brancas tiveram mais processos sentenciados (p=0,012),bem como menor tempo de processo (p=0,018). O fluxograma das rotas críticas demonstra que as mulheres negras entrevistadas vivenciaram mais episódios de violência institucional e receberam menos informações nos serviços. Tais questões resultaram em uma rota mais tortuosa e com mais passagens por instituições, na busca pela garantia de viver uma vida sem violência. As mulheres negras reconhecem o racismo, além de outros eixos de opressão em sua rota. Observou-se também que as mulheres brancas entrevistadas não reconhecem o racismo como barreira na efetivação de direitos de mulheres negras. DISCUSSÃO: Apesar de um importante marco no enfrentamento daviolência, a Lei Maria da Penha não garantiu acesso igualitário às mulheres. Percebe-se a diferença traduzida em desigualdade. É imprescindível compreender que a diferença apontada por este trabalho entre as mulheres negras e as brancas não é mera coincidência: trata-se do racismo estrutural garantindo a manutenção de uma sociedade desigual. CONCLUSÕES: Ao compreendermos que o racismo, o sexismo e o preconceito de classe estruturam a nossa sociedade e moldam as relações sociais, é evidente que uma política pública jamais seráuniversal se não construir mecanismos concretos que assegurem a igualdade de acesso e de direitos / INTRODUCTION:The studies of the critical paths that women experiencing domestic violence go through are rarely explored on racial perspective. As racist, sexist and classist structures operate in our society, we question the Maria da Penha Law effectiveness in guaranteeing rights taking into account the inequalities experienced by Black women. OBJECTIVE: To understand if there are differences between Black and White women in the Access and assistance of the services of the intersectoral network of violence against woman. METHOD: Mix study. The study is comprised of women over the age of 18 who have prosecuted their agressor under the Maria da Penha Law in the Domestic Violence and Family Violence Court in the western region of the city of São Paulo (VVDF). The quantitative approach was carried out through a cross-sectional study; the data were collected by the judicial processes by the RedCap platform and were analyzed in the SPSS, according to a stratified analysis. Sociodemographic variables and criminal process variables were evaluated. Qualitative approach was carried out through an exploratory study, with 18 semi-structured interviews -nine black women and ninewhite women. The interviews were analyzed according to Bardin\'s content analysis and the women\'s critical paths, which were schematized. RESULTS: Women up to 11years of schooling asked more for protective measures (p = 0.004), and among those, Black women even more (p = 0.026). It is observed that less educated Black women are also the ones that least attend the multi-professional service offered by VVDF (p = 0.039).In addition, it was observed that White women had more sentenced cases (p = 0.012) in addition to a shorterprocess time (p = 0.018). The flow chart of the critical paths shows that the interviewed Black women experienced more episodes of institutional violence and received less information in the services. Such questions resulted in a more tortuous path and more passages by institutions,searching for the guarantee of living a life without violence. Black women recognize racism, as well as other axés of oppression in their route.It was also observed that White women interviewed do not recognize racism as a barrier for Black women have their rights guaranteed. DISCUSSION:Despite an important milestone in facing violence, the Maria da Penha Law did not guarantee equal access to women. The difference translated into inequality is perceived. It is essential to understand that the difference pointed out by this work among black and white women is not mere coincidence: it is structural racism guaranteeing the maintenance of an unequal society. CONCLUSIONS: By understanding that racism, sexism, and class prejudice shape our society and shape social relations, it is clear that public policy would never be universal unless it constructs concrete mechanisms to ensure equal access and rights

Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da gestão de mulheres em São Paulo, com especial atenção para os dispositivos mobilizados na atuação do sistema de justiça criminal. Para isso, foram adotadas duas perspectivas complementares. A primeira volta-se para a situação de mulheres como vítimas de crimes violentos, procurando resgatar de que maneira a legislação criminal incorpora e traduz as demandas das mulheres, resultando em leis que cristalizam percepções (não raro ambíguas e contraditórias) sobre mulheres e desigualdade de gênero, fenômeno que também caracteriza o momento da aplicação das leis pelos tribunais. A segunda perspectiva se volta para o problema do controle social das mulheres a partir dos mecanismos penais, mormente a privação da liberdade, incluindo a prisão processual. As estratégias de pesquisa adotadas envolvem levantamento legislativo e documental, coleta de informações de autos de processos judiciais, visitas a unidades prisionais, entrevistas com mulheres e profissionais do direito e análise de dados fornecidos pela Secretaria de Segurança Pública. Aliando as abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa, o estudo procurou enfatizar trajetórias individuais, principalmente com base em biografias judiciárias, que lançam luz sobre as especificidades do encontro entre as mulheres e o sistema de justiça criminal e evidenciam o continuum de violência que marca as vidas das mulheres. / This work is dedicated to the study of women\'s management in São Paulo, with special attention to the devices deployed in the performance of the criminal justice system. In order to do this, there were adopted two complementary perspectives. The first one turns to the situation of women as victims of violent crimes, concerning how the criminal law incorporates and translates the demands of women, resulting in laws that crystallize perceptions (often ambiguous and contradictory) on women and gender inequality, a phenomenon that also characterizes the moment of law enforcement by the courts. The second perspective turns to the problem of social control of women regarding criminal mechanisms, especially the deprivation of liberty, including pretrial detention. The adopted research strategies involve legislative and documental survey, information from lawsuits, visits in prisons, interviews with women and legal professionals and analysis of data provided by the Public Security Bureau. Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, the study sought to emphasize individual trajectories, mainly based on judicial biographies that shed light on the specificities of the encounter between women and the criminal justice system and show the continuum of violence that marks the lives of women .

INTRODUÇÃO:A rota crítica das mulheres em situação de violência doméstica sob uma perspectiva racial ainda é tema pouco explorado nas pesquisas. Compreendendo as estruturas racistas, sexistas e classistas que operam em nossa sociedade, questiona-se a efetivação da Lei Maria da Penha na garantia de direitos perante as desigualdades vivenciadas por mulheres negras. OBJETIVO:Compreender se existem diferenças entre mulheres negras e brancas no acesso e na assistência dos serviços que compõem a rede de enfrentamento àviolência doméstica. MÉTODO:Estudo misto. Integraram o estudo as mulheres acima de 18 anos que tiveram processos pela Lei Maria da Penha na Vara de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher da região oeste da cidade de São Paulo (VVDF-Oeste).A abordagem quantitativa ocorreu por meio de estudo transversal; os dados foram coletados pelos processos judiciais pela plataforma RedCap e foram analisados no SPSS, segundo análise estratificada. Foram avaliadas variáveis sociodemográficas e do processo criminal. A abordagem qualitativa foi realizada por meio de estudo exploratório, com 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas - novemulheres negras e novemulheres brancas. As entrevistas foram analisadas segundo análise de conteúdo de Bardine e as rotas críticas das mulheres, que foram esquematizadas. RESULTADOS:As mulheres menos escolarizadas buscarammais medidas protetivas (p=0,004), sendo que as negras com até 11anos de estudo o fizerammais (p=0,026). Observa-se que as mulheres negras menos escolarizadas também são as que menos comparecem ao atendimento multiprofissional oferecido pela VVDF-Oeste (p=0,039). Além disso, observou-se que as mulheres brancas tiveram mais processos sentenciados (p=0,012),bem como menor tempo de processo (p=0,018). O fluxograma das rotas críticas demonstra que as mulheres negras entrevistadas vivenciaram mais episódios de violência institucional e receberam menos informações nos serviços. Tais questões resultaram em uma rota mais tortuosa e com mais passagens por instituições, na busca pela garantia de viver uma vida sem violência. As mulheres negras reconhecem o racismo, além de outros eixos de opressão em sua rota. Observou-se também que as mulheres brancas entrevistadas não reconhecem o racismo como barreira na efetivação de direitos de mulheres negras. DISCUSSÃO: Apesar de um importante marco no enfrentamento daviolência, a Lei Maria da Penha não garantiu acesso igualitário às mulheres. Percebe-se a diferença traduzida em desigualdade. É imprescindível compreender que a diferença apontada por este trabalho entre as mulheres negras e as brancas não é mera coincidência: trata-se do racismo estrutural garantindo a manutenção de uma sociedade desigual. CONCLUSÕES: Ao compreendermos que o racismo, o sexismo e o preconceito de classe estruturam a nossa sociedade e moldam as relações sociais, é evidente que uma política pública jamais seráuniversal se não construir mecanismos concretos que assegurem a igualdade de acesso e de direitos / INTRODUCTION:The studies of the critical paths that women experiencing domestic violence go through are rarely explored on racial perspective. As racist, sexist and classist structures operate in our society, we question the Maria da Penha Law effectiveness in guaranteeing rights taking into account the inequalities experienced by Black women. OBJECTIVE: To understand if there are differences between Black and White women in the Access and assistance of the services of the intersectoral network of violence against woman. METHOD: Mix study. The study is comprised of women over the age of 18 who have prosecuted their agressor under the Maria da Penha Law in the Domestic Violence and Family Violence Court in the western region of the city of São Paulo (VVDF). The quantitative approach was carried out through a cross-sectional study; the data were collected by the judicial processes by the RedCap platform and were analyzed in the SPSS, according to a stratified analysis. Sociodemographic variables and criminal process variables were evaluated. Qualitative approach was carried out through an exploratory study, with 18 semi-structured interviews -nine black women and ninewhite women. The interviews were analyzed according to Bardin\'s content analysis and the women\'s critical paths, which were schematized. RESULTS: Women up to 11years of schooling asked more for protective measures (p = 0.004), and among those, Black women even more (p = 0.026). It is observed that less educated Black women are also the ones that least attend the multi-professional service offered by VVDF (p = 0.039).In addition, it was observed that White women had more sentenced cases (p = 0.012) in addition to a shorterprocess time (p = 0.018). The flow chart of the critical paths shows that the interviewed Black women experienced more episodes of institutional violence and received less information in the services. Such questions resulted in a more tortuous path and more passages by institutions,searching for the guarantee of living a life without violence. Black women recognize racism, as well as other axés of oppression in their route.It was also observed that White women interviewed do not recognize racism as a barrier for Black women have their rights guaranteed. DISCUSSION:Despite an important milestone in facing violence, the Maria da Penha Law did not guarantee equal access to women. The difference translated into inequality is perceived. It is essential to understand that the difference pointed out by this work among black and white women is not mere coincidence: it is structural racism guaranteeing the maintenance of an unequal society. CONCLUSIONS: By understanding that racism, sexism, and class prejudice shape our society and shape social relations, it is clear that public policy would never be universal unless it constructs concrete mechanisms to ensure equal access and rights

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Nilda Conceicao Izumi.pdf: 2250213 bytes, checksum: be525a181e4a5d3219c9053c15c5bf3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-04 / This research aims to study the determinations of gender-based violence with the goal to understand the process of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization of women at risk and threat of death who were attended at the Woman's Reference Center (WRC) called Casa Brasilândia. Violence against women is a social question which is the work's object of social workers, and is present in Brazilian society as well as in the world s in its various forms, dimensions and expresses shocking data. The referral to the shelters is offered as an extreme option used to ensure the physical and psychological integrity of women exposed to imminent risk of death and when there are no other possibilities to keep them away of the author's aggression or threat. The theoretical research was based on the categories: gender-based relations, women's movement, domestic violence against women, gender-based violence and institutionalized women. The literature was focused in finding information about domestic violence in electronic sources, as well as in books, magazines, newspapers, journal articles, and quantitative research. The empirical research, which was also qualitative, discovered 72 records of women assisted by WRC and who were sent to shelters from 2011 to 2014. Beyond the documentary research, we interviewed two women so they could speak for themselves about the experience of the being in and out of the shelter. Throughout these two interviews we could understand the meanings that the women attributed to their own experience. We interviewed, also, a social worker and a psychologist (coordinator), both from the technical team of the WRC Casa Brasilândia in order to know what was their comprehension about the process of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization of women who suffered violence and were threatened of death. In the process of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization we could find three stages: 1. the institutionalization, when we analyzed the reasons that led to this decision; 2. the permanence in the shelter and all the difficulties related to rule's compliance and interpersonal cohabitation; 3. the deinstitutionalization, trying to understand the reasons for this, analyzing the risks and possibilities about the physical and emotional integrity of these women. In conclusion, despite of the progress related to the legal protection and organized services, we still face a negligent State and a lack of resources to fight against gender-based violence. This kind of violence is not understood as part of a major situation of violence and as part of the social question which requires public politics to solve / Esta pesquisa tem por foco o estudo das determinações postas na situação de violência de gênero para compreender o processo de abrigamento e desabrigamento das mulheres em situação de risco e ameaça de morte atendidas pelo Centro de Referência da Mulher Casa Brasilândia. A violência contra a mulher é considerada uma das expressões da questão social, objeto de trabalho dos assistentes sociais, está presente na sociedade brasileira e no mundo, nas suas diferentes modalidades e dimensões, e expressa números considerados alarmantes. O encaminhamento para as Casas-abrigo se apresenta como uma medida extrema, necessária para a integridade física e psicológica da mulher nas situações em que se encontra ameaçada e exposta a risco iminente de morte, e não existem alternativas possíveis para mantê-las afastadas do autor da agressão e/ou ameaça. A pesquisa em fontes teóricas incidiu nas categorias: relações de gênero, movimento feminista, violência doméstica contra a mulher, violência de gênero e mulheres abrigadas. A pesquisa bibliográfica consistiu na busca de dados acerca da violência doméstica em fontes eletrônicas, assim como livros, revistas, jornais, artigos científicos e pesquisas quantitativas. A pesquisa empírica, de natureza qualitativa, recaiu no estudo de 72 prontuários de mulheres atendidas pelo CRM e encaminhadas às casas-abrigo no período de 2011 a 2014. Além da pesquisa documental, entrevistamos duas mulheres para que pudessem falar por si mesmas sobre a vivência do processo de abrigamento e desabrigamento, buscando compreender os significados que elas atribuíram ao vivido. Foram entrevistadas, também, uma assistente social e uma psicóloga (coordenadora), da equipe técnica do Centro Referência da Mulher Casa Brasilândia, com o objetivo de conhecer qual o entendimento que estas profissionais têm acerca do processo de abrigamento e desabrigamento de mulheres vítimas de violência e ameaçadas de morte. No processo de abrigamento e desabrigamento, pudemos localizar três momentos: 1. o abrigamento, quando analisamos os motivos que levaram ao abrigamento e a decisão de ingressar no abrigo; 2. a permanência no abrigo, quando se evidenciaram as dificuldades de observância das regras e a convivência interpessoal dentro do abrigo; 3. o desabrigamento, com foco nos motivos do desabrigamento, analisando os riscos e possibilidades postas nessa situação em relação à garantia da integridade física e emocional dessas mulheres. Concluímos que, apesar dos avanços em relação ao marco legal e serviços de atenção à violência doméstica contra a mulher, ainda perdura a omissão do Estado, na medida em que esta expressão da questão social ainda não é percebida como questão de caráter público, que exige estratégias de enfrentamento também públicas

Background: Intimate partner violence is a major human rights problem, that affects all sexes of all ages in all societies. Men are the primary perpetrators, and women are more likely to get injured since the violence against women also tends to be more severe. The majority of the perpetrators of violence are in an intimate relationship and in many of the cases, alcohol is a significant contributor to the abuse. Aim: To investigate which societal factors drive and maintain the alcohol-related violence towards women and what coping strategies these women use to handle this form of violence in Livingstone, Zambia. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with 16 Zambian women who had experienced violence by alcohol abusive male partners was conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: The results in this study shows that poverty is the source of this form of violence. It is not only the absence of money but also the presence thereof and the way in which this challenges the traditional gender roles. These traditional gender roles are changing because men do not take their responsibilities as providers. Women used emotion-focused and problem-focused strategies to cope with these stressful situations. Conclusion: This study concludes that poverty and the challenging of traditional gender roles perpetuate violence. These women, who are exposed to this violence are reaching out for help but are not getting the help they need, which is partly due to the society’s view of the importance of marriage.

Introduction: Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is a violation against human rights with severe implications for the health of women globally. Migrant women may be exposed to a heightened risk of SGBV as well as obstacles that impair their ability to respond to violence and access care. The aim of this meta-synthesis is to explore healthcare providers’ perceptions and experiences of caring for migrant women affected by SGBV in North America and Europe, in order to identify facilitating factors and strategies used to overcome existing barriers to the provision of care. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted between February and April 2019 by using the databases PubMed, Scopus, Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA) and Proquest Social Science Premium Collection. Data was analysed using thematic analysis. Results: The ten studies included illustrate perceptions and experiences of healthcare providers from multiple professional backgrounds in the United States, Great Britain and Sweden. Three themes derived from the analysis; (a) Providing a patient-centred care; (b) Knowledge and training-key factors affecting screening and response; and (c) Working under psychologically demanding conditions. Conclusion: Healthcare providers address violence screening and response by adopting a patient-centred approach to care, facilitated by trust-building strategies and external support. However, barriers grounded in a lack of knowledge and training, underline a need of context specific guidelines and screening tools. Further, emotional distress and health issues bring attention to the importance of support mechanisms when caring for migrant women affected by SGBV.

<p>The thesis firstly looks at how women&rsquo / s right to freedom from violence has developed in international (global) human rights law since the early 1990s. In this regard, the study finds that while the issue of violence against women (and women&rsquo / s rights generally) was barely on the international human rights agenda at the beginning of this period, an enormous degree of development has subsequently taken place. Through the adoption of documents such as General Recommendation No. 19 by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the Declaration on Elimination of Violence against Women and the Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action, international norms and standards were set regarding role of the State in providing women with protection against violence.</p>

The thesis finds that the majority of women affected by HIV and AIDS in South Africa still live in conditions of poor access to health services, inadequate access to housing, limited access to property and live amidst gender-based violence. Nevertheless, there exist legal protections and jurisprudential developments in the country that are significant for the realisation of women’s rights in the context of HIV and AIDS. The thesis concludes that the law is not the ultimate site for change to improve women’s lives, but that applied with other efforts, can be transformative.

Efforts to increase girls‘ access to quality education focus mostly on removing obstacles linked to poverty and discrimination, and often fail to acknowledge the violence many of them suffer in, around, and on the way to and from school. The objective of the present research is to examine the barriers to combating male sexual and gender-based violence in schools at the community level, and to consider community and expert-issued suggestions on removing these obstacles in the Ghanaian context. It does so through the lens of the Gender and Development approach and uses the Ecological Model of Gender-based Violence. Inspired by the standpoint feminist approach to research, data collection in Awaso and Accra involved classroom observation in four (4) Junior high school classes, 19 qualitative interviews with government and civil society personnel, and four (4) focus group discussions with parents, students and teachers. The findings show that barriers to eliminating male sexual and gender-based violence in Awaso include lack of knowledge of girls‘ rights to protection from violence, of consequences of violence against women and girls and of reporting mechanisms. Other barriers identified were lack of resources at the family and government levels, traditional values of family, community and religion, and social perceptions of both gender hierarchies and violence against women and girls. Gendered power dynamics underlie these barriers and hinder progress on the issue of girls‘ protection from violence, but groups of Ghanaian women, girls, men and boys are challenging these dynamics and finding ways to make schools safer for girls. Their strategies for change are also featured in the present research.

Efforts to increase girls‘ access to quality education focus mostly on removing obstacles linked to poverty and discrimination, and often fail to acknowledge the violence many of them suffer in, around, and on the way to and from school. The objective of the present research is to examine the barriers to combating male sexual and gender-based violence in schools at the community level, and to consider community and expert-issued suggestions on removing these obstacles in the Ghanaian context. It does so through the lens of the Gender and Development approach and uses the Ecological Model of Gender-based Violence. Inspired by the standpoint feminist approach to research, data collection in Awaso and Accra involved classroom observation in four (4) Junior high school classes, 19 qualitative interviews with government and civil society personnel, and four (4) focus group discussions with parents, students and teachers. The findings show that barriers to eliminating male sexual and gender-based violence in Awaso include lack of knowledge of girls‘ rights to protection from violence, of consequences of violence against women and girls and of reporting mechanisms. Other barriers identified were lack of resources at the family and government levels, traditional values of family, community and religion, and social perceptions of both gender hierarchies and violence against women and girls. Gendered power dynamics underlie these barriers and hinder progress on the issue of girls‘ protection from violence, but groups of Ghanaian women, girls, men and boys are challenging these dynamics and finding ways to make schools safer for girls. Their strategies for change are also featured in the present research.