The aim of this study was to investigate how conceptions of gender are expressed in the construction of women and men in judgments on the Care of Substance Abusers (Special Provisions) Act (LVM). According to Swedish law everyone must be treated equally, regardless of gender. In addition, the social services have an important responsibility to promote gender equality. At the same time there are conceptions of gender in our society that have been shown to influence the treatment of women and men. It is therefore important to examine, from a gender perspective, whether and how conceptions of gender are expressed in judgments. The empirical material consisted of 30 court cases, whereof 14 cases concerned women and 16 cases concerned men. The data has been analysed through the method “critical discourse analysis”, which focuses on the implicit rather than the explicit. The method allowed us to examine the language in judgments. The main results showed that, despite of a neutral law, women and men were described different. Through the descriptions, four discourses were found. Two on each gender, which acted as opposites. Women as passive victims versus men as active agents. Women as deviant versus men as the norm. The gender discourses showed conceptions of gender that expressed a separation and a hierarchy between women and men.

Denna kvalitativa studie syftar att utifrån ett genusperspektiv undersöka hur tre kvinnor tagit sig ur nära relationer till våldsutövande män. Vidare undersöks de möjligheter och hinder som återfinns i processen samt hur uppbrottet kan förstås i relation till samhällets genusordning. Empirin består av tre våldsutsatta kvinnors självbiografier och har analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys. Studiens teoretiska verktyg utgörs av Lundgrens (2004) teori om normaliseringsprocessen, Holmberg och Enanders (2011) teori om uppbrottsprocessen samt Hirdmans (2003) teori om genussystemet. Resultatet visar att kvinnors uppbrottsprocess präglas av ett starkt emotionellt band samt mannens växling mellan värme och våld. Dessa faktorer samt mannens makt- och kontrollstrategier bidrar till maktobalansen i relationen. För att återfå kontroll har kvinnorna olika anpassnings- och motståndsstrategier. Trots att detta i de flesta fall leder till gränsförskjutning och normalisering av våldet, påvisar det att kvinnorna inte är "passiva offer" som stereotypen av den våldsutsatta kvnnan lyder. Denna kvalitativa studie visar mäns våld mot kvinnor kopplat till genusperspektiv. Dock har vi funnit att detta perspektiv inte visar hur kvinnor inte är underordnade i alla lägen samt att dem på en individuell nivå utövar motstånd mot makt och förtryck. / This qualitative study aims to examine three women's processes of leaving relationships to violent men from a gender perspective. Furthermore, this study examines the possibilities and obstacles that may arise during the process, as well as how leaving a violent relationship can be understood in regard to society's gender system. The data consists of three autobiographies of women who are victims of domestic violence and analyzed using thematic analysis. The study's theoretical tools are provided by Lundgren's (2004) theory of the normalization process, Holmberg and Enander's (2011) theory of the leaving process and Hirdman's (2003) theory of the gender system. The results show that the leaving process features a strong emotional bond and the man's transition from love to violence. It is these factors that along with the man's power and control strategies that together contribute to the imbalance of power in the relationship. To regain control, women have different strategies of adaption and resistance. Although in most cases this leads to a shift of boundries and a normalization of the violence, it shows that women are not "passive victims" like the stereotypical abused woman. This qualitative study shows men's violence against women in relation to gender perspective. However, we have found that the theory does not provide a perspective that shows how women are not always subordinated and that on an individual level exert resistance against power and oppression.

Studien undersöker könsskillnader inom fastighetsmäklaryrket, med fokus på ett genusperspektiv och hur könskodning påverkar manliga och kvinnliga mäklare. Fastighetsmäklaryrket kännetecknas av individuell prestation och oftast en provisionsbaserad ersättning. Vid årsskiftet 2023 var könsfördelningen inom yrket nästan jämn, med 3 436 kvinnor och 4 169 män registrerade som mäklare i Sverige. Kvinnor hade en något högre avregistreringsfrekvens än män. Studiens resultat tyder på att manliga och kvinnliga mäklare har olika motiv för att välja yrket och återspeglar delvis samhällets könsstereotyper och normer. Medan män oftare dras till de tävlingsinriktade och prestationsbaserade aspekterna av yrket, betonade kvinnorna oftare kundrelationer, mental påfrestning och familjeliv. Dessa skillnader visade påverkan på karriärmöjligheter och upplevelsen av hur de uppfattas av kunder. Kvinnliga mäklare upplever i särskilda fall att deras kompetens ifrågasätts, ofta kopplat till könsstereotyper. Detta tyder på att kvinnor i dessa situationer kan behöva anstränga sig extra för att bevisa sin kompetens. Resultaten belyser vikten av att förstå och adressera de strukturella och sociala hinder som påverkar främst de kvinnliga mäklares yrkesupplevelser, men även faktumet att branschen förändrats över tid till ett mer jämställt yrke, vilket statistiken speglar men även upplevelserna. / This study investigates gender differences in the real estate agents profession, focusing on a gender perspective and how gender coding affects male and female real estate agents. The real estate agent profession is characterized by individual performance and typically commission-based pay. At the end of the year 2023, the gender distribution within the profession was nearly balanced, with 3,436 women and 4,169 men registered as real estate agents in Sweden. Women had a slightly higher deregistration rate than men. The study's results indicate that male and female real estate agents have different motivations for choosing the profession, partly reflecting societal gender stereotypes and norms. While men more often were attracted to the competitive and performance-based aspects of the profession, women more frequently emphasized client relationships, mental stress, and family life. These differences showed an impact on career opportunities and the experience of how they were perceived by clients. Female brokers sometimes experienced that their competence is questioned, often linked to gender stereotypes. This indicates that women in these situations may need to make an additional effort to prove their competence. The results highlight the importance of understanding and addressing the structural and social barriers that primarily affect female real estate agents and their professional experiences, while also acknowledging that the industry has become a more gender-equal profession over time, as reflected by the statistics as well as the experiences.

This study sought to explore gender issues affecting management promotions in Malawi's health care services, utilising both qualitative and quantitative techniques in data collection and analysis. Promotion patterns were compared and contrasted for male and female managers. The study was based on the assumptions that • both men and women were aware of experiences that affected their promotion opportunities • promotion patterns showed fewer variations than did cultural, social and gender factors • male prejudices were maintained which oppressed women's promotions • increased decision-making power lowered stress about professional growth and development The findings supported the first two assumptions, but not the last two. The findings suggested that males and females encountered similar experiences concerning managerial promotions in Malawi's health care services. Factors that enhanced management successes for both males and females included management orientation and mentorship. Unclear promotion policies and procedures hindered management promotions. Information derived from this research could enable policy-makers to establish an environment that increases supportive networks and interactions between male and female managers in Malawi. Furthermore, to ensure equal opportunities in the health care services management, monitoring strategies by Malawi's Ministry of Gender, the Department of Human Resources Management and Development, and the Ministry of Health and Population need to be established and implemented. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This study sought to explore gender issues affecting management promotions in Malawi's health care services, utilising both qualitative and quantitative techniques in data collection and analysis. Promotion patterns were compared and contrasted for male and female managers. The study was based on the assumptions that • both men and women were aware of experiences that affected their promotion opportunities • promotion patterns showed fewer variations than did cultural, social and gender factors • male prejudices were maintained which oppressed women's promotions • increased decision-making power lowered stress about professional growth and development The findings supported the first two assumptions, but not the last two. The findings suggested that males and females encountered similar experiences concerning managerial promotions in Malawi's health care services. Factors that enhanced management successes for both males and females included management orientation and mentorship. Unclear promotion policies and procedures hindered management promotions. Information derived from this research could enable policy-makers to establish an environment that increases supportive networks and interactions between male and female managers in Malawi. Furthermore, to ensure equal opportunities in the health care services management, monitoring strategies by Malawi's Ministry of Gender, the Department of Human Resources Management and Development, and the Ministry of Health and Population need to be established and implemented. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

How do management control systems function when under pressure to mainstream gender equality into a core business? This question is being discussed with an interpretive approach from both the institutional and the gender perspective. Empirical evidence stems from two longitudinal case studies within the Swedish public sector where management by objectives (MBO) is the current model for governmental control. The analysis is based on four aspects: management by objectives, gender mainstreaming, the concept of loose coupling from organization studies and institutional change as translation. The gender perspective highlights constructions that tend to enable or to hamper gender equality. The sociological institutional perspective sheds light over rules, norms and culture. In the empirical cases, it becomes evident that formal goals within MBO proved unable to overrule prevailing norms that have grounded a well established gendered (malestream) culture.  Control systems are designed to handle new issues; however, in the cases studied, this took place merely normatively and in line with the core business, not by changing the grounds on which the control system stands. The MBO model consequently lacks the ability to integrate gender in a transformative mode.

This study sought to explore gender issues affecting management promotions in Malawi's health care services, utilising both qualitative and quantitative techniques in data collection and analysis. Promotion patterns were compared and contrasted for male and female managers. The study was based on the assumptions that • both men and women were aware of experiences that affected their promotion opportunities • promotion patterns showed fewer variations than did cultural, social and gender factors • male prejudices were maintained which oppressed women's promotions • increased decision-making power lowered stress about professional growth and development The findings supported the first two assumptions, but not the last two. The findings suggested that males and females encountered similar experiences concerning managerial promotions in Malawi's health care services. Factors that enhanced management successes for both males and females included management orientation and mentorship. Unclear promotion policies and procedures hindered management promotions. Information derived from this research could enable policy-makers to establish an environment that increases supportive networks and interactions between male and female managers in Malawi. Furthermore, to ensure equal opportunities in the health care services management, monitoring strategies by Malawi's Ministry of Gender, the Department of Human Resources Management and Development, and the Ministry of Health and Population need to be established and implemented. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This study sought to explore gender issues affecting management promotions in Malawi's health care services, utilising both qualitative and quantitative techniques in data collection and analysis. Promotion patterns were compared and contrasted for male and female managers. The study was based on the assumptions that • both men and women were aware of experiences that affected their promotion opportunities • promotion patterns showed fewer variations than did cultural, social and gender factors • male prejudices were maintained which oppressed women's promotions • increased decision-making power lowered stress about professional growth and development The findings supported the first two assumptions, but not the last two. The findings suggested that males and females encountered similar experiences concerning managerial promotions in Malawi's health care services. Factors that enhanced management successes for both males and females included management orientation and mentorship. Unclear promotion policies and procedures hindered management promotions. Information derived from this research could enable policy-makers to establish an environment that increases supportive networks and interactions between male and female managers in Malawi. Furthermore, to ensure equal opportunities in the health care services management, monitoring strategies by Malawi's Ministry of Gender, the Department of Human Resources Management and Development, and the Ministry of Health and Population need to be established and implemented. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

This thesis is about two Swedish artists named Julia Beck (1852–1935) and Maj Bring (1880–1971). The idea was to see what kind of differences there were between these two Swedish female artists. They both studied at the Swedish Art academy and both had very successful careers, though they belong to different generations of artist. The first question to be answered, was is if you could see any similarities or differences in their education and career. The other question in this thesis was how the female art was perceived during the different art exhibitions which Julia Beck or Maj Bring participated in. Could you see if the art were perceived and judged differently due to, they being female artist? And could you see if there were any kind of resistance towards them as artists or towards their art and if so, how did it express itself? To answer that question the analysis is based on art exhibit reviews with a theory based on a gender perspective and of Linda Nochlins essay Why have there been no great women artists? This to help with looking after what kind of social barriers or resistance is visible in these art critics reviews.                                                                  The results of the biographical comparison showed many similarities and some differences. Such as them both studying in Paris after their education in the Swedish Art academy and both frequently traveled back and forth to stay in France for as long as possible. Eventually Julia Beck moved to France and stayed there until her death. While Maj Bring lived her entire life in Sweden and started an art school in Stockholm and paused her artist career for a while. Meanwhile Julia Beck dedicated her entire life to her artistic career. In the results of the analysis, you could clearly see several kinds of resistance to both the female art and the female artists. They were very much treated differently than their male colleagues. For example, in Paris there were specific places where the female artists showed their art. The critique reviews often explained the female art with female qualities and said that female artist had specific characteristics that made them more qualified in specific areas that was thought women belonged too.

Among all the types of violence against women the economic abuse does not always appear that often in the context of domestic abuse. Previous research interprets and categorizes economic abuse as physical violence and controlling behavior and is not distinguished for what it can imply for the life of the woman. Men’s economic abuse against women can therefore affect women’s life in a lifelong and/or life sacrificing way. The aim of this study is to gain an in-depth understanding of social workers experiences of men’s economic abuse against women in heterosexual relationships and which consequences it may have for the women. The study is based on eight individual qualitative interviews with social workers and women shelter employees, both with and without a bachelor’s degree in social work. The empirical findings have been thematically analyzed with Yvonne Hirdman’s theory of gender system as a foundation. The result shows that the connection between the theory of gender system and men’s economic abuse against women, forms for example in gender contracts. The result also shows that social workers' experiences are that abused women suffer from multiple consequences of economic abuse, even after a separation, which can have lifelong negative impact for women as victims of violence.  The gender perspective is useful in social work, to understand and interpret men’s economic abuse against women, and to prevent reproducing these systems. It is also important to acknowledge the consequences, for women, that emerge after the separation to create a stronger safety network for women that have been victims of men’s economic abuse.