Innerhalb der letzten Jahre nahm der Anteil aktiver Internetnutzer über 50 Jahre rapide zu. Auch die damit verbundene Präsenz derer in sozialen Online-Medien erfuhr einen Zuwachs. Die Risiken und Potenziale der Aktivitäten auf diesen Plattformen wurden bisher nahezu ausschließlich altersunabhängig oder nur in Bezug auf eine recht junge Altersgruppe untersucht. Um auf den daraus ergehenden Forschungsbedarf zu reagieren, wurde auf Basis umfassender Literaturrecherche ein entsprechendes Messinstrument in Form eines Online-Fragebogens entwickelt. Hauptelemente sind dabei die Art und Weise der Social-Media-Nutzung, die durch den Grad der Depression repräsentierte psychische Gesundheit, sowie diese beeinflussende Faktoren. Zu Erfassung der depressiven Ausprägung wurde das verkürzte Beck-Depressions-Inventar implementiert und für einen Korrekturversuch des vermuteten Gender Bias angepasst. Der Feldzugang wurde durch das Respondent Driven Sampling in Kombination mit der Vorgehensweise des viralen Marketings geschaffen. Der Fragebogen sowie dessen geplante Verbreitung wurde mit Hilfe eines Pretest auf seine Güte und etwaige Probleme geprüft. Um die ermittelten Effekte der Zielgruppe (N=25) verlässlich zuschreiben zu können, wurde in gleichem Maß eine Refrenzgruppe (N=26) befragt. Die ermittelten Ergebnisse konnten einen Optimierungsbedarf am Erhebungsinstrument und der Umsetzung der gewählten Verbreitungsmethode aufzeigen. Zudem wurden erste Erfolge für den Ausgleichsversuch des Gender Bias verzeichnet. Die Zusammenhänge von Art und Weise der Social-Media-Nutzung und dem Grad der Depressionen wurden in Anlehnung an bestehende theoretische Ansätze untersucht. Neben der persönlichen Relevanz einzelner Grundfunktionen konnten bei den Silver Surfern vor allem die Motive sozialer Interaktion innerhalb sozialer Online-Medien die Ausprägung von Depressionen erklären.

This thesis examines, characterizes and quantifies how women and men are being presented on Czech and Slovak Wikipedia and further elaborates on their possible differences. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the current state of Wikipedia and media in general and draws attention to gender inequality within its editorial base, which is linked to the general trend in free culture communities, where there is also a visible inequality. Furthermore, the theoretical part of the thesis also deals with the issue of gender in general and summarizes current state of knowledge and methods of studying the issue of gender on Wikipedia. The practical part of this thesis partly replicates the study First Gender, Second Sex: Gender Bias on Wikipedia (Graells- Garrido, Lalmas and Menczer, 2015) using RStudio programme to do basic text mining and quantitative analysis of biographical texts of men and women in both languages, tracking word frequencies from selected word categories, namely Gender, Reference to the opposite sex, Family and family status and Career. Overall, we have analysed 24 510 Slovak biographical articles and 110 866 Czech biographical articles, and our findings have confirmed an imbalance and stereotyping in the presentation of women on Wikipedia in both languages.

Innerhalb der letzten Jahre nahm der Anteil aktiver Internetnutzer über 50 Jahre rapide zu. Auch die damit verbundene Präsenz derer in sozialen Online-Medien erfuhr einen Zuwachs. Die Risiken und Potenziale der Aktivitäten auf diesen Plattformen wurden bisher nahezu ausschließlich altersunabhängig oder nur in Bezug auf eine recht junge Altersgruppe untersucht. Um auf den daraus ergehenden Forschungsbedarf zu reagieren, wurde auf Basis umfassender Literaturrecherche ein entsprechendes Messinstrument in Form eines Online-Fragebogens entwickelt. Hauptelemente sind dabei die Art und Weise der Social-Media-Nutzung, die durch den Grad der Depression repräsentierte psychische Gesundheit, sowie diese beeinflussende Faktoren. Zu Erfassung der depressiven Ausprägung wurde das verkürzte Beck-Depressions-Inventar implementiert und für einen Korrekturversuch des vermuteten Gender Bias angepasst. Der Feldzugang wurde durch das Respondent Driven Sampling in Kombination mit der Vorgehensweise des viralen Marketings geschaffen. Der Fragebogen sowie dessen geplante Verbreitung wurde mit Hilfe eines Pretest auf seine Güte und etwaige Probleme geprüft. Um die ermittelten Effekte der Zielgruppe (N=25) verlässlich zuschreiben zu können, wurde in gleichem Maß eine Refrenzgruppe (N=26) befragt. Die ermittelten Ergebnisse konnten einen Optimierungsbedarf am Erhebungsinstrument und der Umsetzung der gewählten Verbreitungsmethode aufzeigen. Zudem wurden erste Erfolge für den Ausgleichsversuch des Gender Bias verzeichnet. Die Zusammenhänge von Art und Weise der Social-Media-Nutzung und dem Grad der Depressionen wurden in Anlehnung an bestehende theoretische Ansätze untersucht. Neben der persönlichen Relevanz einzelner Grundfunktionen konnten bei den Silver Surfern vor allem die Motive sozialer Interaktion innerhalb sozialer Online-Medien die Ausprägung von Depressionen erklären.

The proportion of women editors on the English language Wikipedia has for years been known to be very low. The purpose of this thesis is to see if this gender gap exists on the Swedish language Wikipedia as well, and investigate the reasons behind it. To do this, three methods are used. Firstly a literature review is conducted, looking at women in computing and how Wikipedia works and how it was founded. Secondly, user behavior and activity-levels are measured through means of a database analysis of editors and edits. And thirdly, a survey is distributed, aimed at both readers and editors of Swedish Wikipedia, gathering some 2700 respondents. The results indicate that there is indeed a big disproportion, and that only between 13-19% of editors are women. The findings did not indicate readers of the encyclopedia having any strong negative preconceptions about Wikipedia or its community. However when looking at reasons for not contributing, women were significantly more likely to perceive themselves as not competent enough to edit. Computer skills were found to be an important factor for trying out editing in the first place, and Wikipedia’s connection to a male-dominated computing/programming culture is put forth as a reason for the resilience of the gender gap. The difference in men’s and women’s communication styles in relation to the climate Wikipedia’s policies and guidelines is also discussed. / Andelen kvinnor som redigerar engelskspråkiga Wikipedia har visats vara väldigt låg. Syftet med detta arbetet är att undersöka om andelen ser likadan ut på den Svenskspråkiga siten också, samt undersöka de bakomliggande orsakerna. För att göra detta används tre metoder. Först görs en literaturstudie som behandlar kvinnor inom programmering och hur Wikipedia fungerar och dess grundande. Därefter mäts användarbeteende och aktivitetsnivåer genom en databasanalys på redigerare och redigeringar. slutligen distribuerades en webb-enkät riktad till både läsare och redigerare av svenskspråkiga Wikipedia, med runt 2700 svaranden. Resultaten visar att det finns en stor snedfördelning och att endast mellan 13-19% av redigerare är kvinnor. Resultaten påvisar inte några särskilda negativa uppfattningar hos läsare om Wikipedia eller dess gemenskap. Däremot uppgav kvinnor i signifikant högre utsträckning att en viktig anledning till att de inte bidrog till encyklopedin var att de inte upplevde sig tillräckligt kompetenta. Datorvana fanns vara en viktig faktor till att testa på att redigera första gången, och Wikipedias koppling till en mans-dominerad programmeringskultur diskuteras som en faktor till den låga andelen kvinnor. Wikipedias policies och riktlinjer och dess sammankoppling med skillnader i män och kvinnors kommunikationsstilar på internet diskuteras även.

Bakgrund: Genusbias, det vill säga felaktigheter i vården till följd av föreställningar om kön och stereotypa könsroller, eller brist på kunskap om relevanta biologiska skillnader, är vanligt förekommande i Sverige. Buksmärta är en vanlig sökorsak för tonåringar med många könsspecifika differentialdiagnoser, och risk för genusbias finns således även där. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att ur ett genusperspektiv beskriva handläggning av tonåringar med akut buksmärta. Metod: En kvalitativ, deskriptiv studie baserad på tre fokusgruppsintervjuer med sammanlagt 16 deltagare i form av sjuksköterskor, specialistsjuksköterskor och läkare med erfarenhet av att handlägga tonåringar med akut buksmärta. Intervjuerna har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Ett övergripande tema framkom i studien: Komplexitet som påverkas av kunskap, rutiner och attityder. Det övergripande temat grundas på de tre huvudkategorierna: att beakta olika orsaker till buksmärta hos tonåringar; att handlägga akut buksmärta hos tonåringar kräver lyhördhet, tydliga rutiner och kunskap och att identifiera genusbias vid handläggning av akut buksmärta hos tonåringar. Slutsats: Handläggningen av tonåringar med akut buksmärta har brister och genusbias förekommer. Könsspecifika rutiner för tonåringar med buksmärta kan vara gynnsamt både för personal och patienter, och framförallt för flickor. Genusperspektivet bör belysas mer och ytterligare utbildning och forskning i området medicinsk genusbias är nödvändig. / Background: Gender bias; inaccuracies in the healthcare system related to gender and stereotype gender roles, or a lack of knowledge and awareness of relevant biological differences among the sexes, are common in Sweden. Abdominal pain is a common reason to why teenagers up seek healthcare, and there is a lot of gender specific differential diagnosis, which comes with is a risk for gender bias to occur. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the caring-process of teenagers with acute abdominal pain from a gender perspective. Method: A qualitative, descriptive study based on three focus groups with a total amount of 16 participants whom where registered nurses, specialist nurses and doctors with experience of administrating teenagers with acute abdominal pain. The interviews where analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Result: An overall theme appeared in the study: Complexity affected by knowledge, routines and attitudes. The theme where based on three main categories: To consider different reasons of abdominal pain in teenagers; to administrate acute abdominal pain in teenagers demands sensitivity, clear routines and knowledge; to identify gender bias in the caring-process in teenagers with acute abdominal pain. Conclusion: The caring-process of teenagers with acute abdominal pain has inadequacies and gender biases exists. Gender specific routines for teenagers with abdominal pain could be favorable both for healthcare professionals and patient, and teenage girls. The gender perspective needs to be more illuminated and further education and research in the area medical gender bias is needed.

Aim: During the last decades research has reported seemingly unjustified differences between how women and men are perceived as patients, medical students and physicians. Most studies have been performed outside Scandinavia. The overall aim of this thesis is to illustrate, analyse and discuss aspects of gender bias and gender awareness in clinical medicine, medical research and medical education, all in a Swedish setting. Material and methods: Physicians’ ways of reasoning and reflecting on different professional arenas were investigated from a gender perspective in three cross-sectional studies: A. Written answers from a national examination for 289 Swedish interns where the examinees were allocated to suggest management of a common health problem - irritable bowel syndrome - in either a male or a female paper-patient with identical case descriptions. B. Assessments from 682 physicians, in structured assessment forms, of the scientific quality of two fictive research abstracts - one with a quantitative and one with a qualitative design – where authorship was assigned to either a woman or a man. C. Answers from 303 physician teachers to a questionnaire where they, on scales, assessed the importance of gender in different professional relationships and also gave open-ended comments. Most analyses were quantitative, using chi2-tests and multivariate logistic regression as statistical methods. Differences were discussed in relation to gender theory. Qualitative method, by way of open and selective coding, was used to explore the open-ended answers in the questionnaire and to create codes from the written answers in the national exam. Results: A. There were differences in outcome for male and female cases in history taking and in proposed diagnoses, investigations and treatment, e.g. more questions about and tests for alcohol were suggested for men and more tests for thyroid function for women. Both men and women physicians contributed to the gender bias but showed different patterns. B. The quantitative abstract was judged the same regardless of the gender of the assessor or author. The qualitative abstract was not ranked as scientific as the quantitative, but as more accurate, trustworthy, relevant and interesting with a female author especially by women assessors. C. Men physicians, especially in the surgical group, expressed low awareness of gender compared to women physicians. The qualitative analysis rendered a picture of how the physicians perceive ‘gender’, problems they connect with gender and their attitudes to gender issues. Some important concepts identified were ‘inequity’, ‘difference’, ‘delicate situations’, and ‘resistance’. To get an overview and better understanding of various expressions of gender bias, a theoretical model was developed, on the basis of the findings in the qualitative analysis. The main findings of the thesis are discussed in relation to this model where equity/inequity and sameness/difference are important points of departure. Conclusions: The findings of gendered outcome in the national exam call attention to ‘knowledge-mediated gender bias’, a phenomenon implying that once knowledge of gender differences in a condition has been established this might cause gender biased assessments of individual patients in the clinical situation. Gender appears to affect scientific evaluations. This has implications for situations where research is assessed and interpreted: in medical tutoring, research guidance, peer reviewing, and in forming evaluation committees for research funding. Physician teachers seem little aware of gender as an area of competence and knowledge and tend to connect gender issues with women. Depending on how ‘difference’ and ‘equity’ are apprehended various forms of resistance to gender emerge, each with plausible bias risks. Educational programmes for faculty members, encouraging continuous reflections on gender attitudes and supporting male participation, are suggested. Besides providing a more comprehensive understanding of patients and their health problems, increased gender awareness among physicians might improve the working climate and help reduce the gendered division of labour in the medical profession.

This thesis explores what to have distorted scientific knowledge claims due to socially constructed conceptions of gender. Using the paradigm example of the explanation of human fertilization misrepresenting knowledge as it maps on stereotypes about the passive female and the active male onto the scientific participation of the egg and the sperm. Exploring arguments presented by feminist epistemologists, I argue that in order to produce knowledge free of distortions due to problematic social conceptions we must engage in a specific epistemological framework with three main components: 1) critically and systematically examine the subject of knowledge in relation to the object of knowledge, 2) make efforts to diversify inquirers as the perspectives of marginalized identities are important to informing where dominant narratives are failing to be objective and 3) actively acknowledge the role that values play in inquiry and promote feminist values. The framework presented is specifically applicable to knowledge distortions present in scientific inquiry but, importantly, can also inform individual epistemic relationship.

Women entrepreneurs are emerging in the national economy as important players, yet gender bias and stereotypes still exist in organizations that prevent firms from taking advantage of women'€™s potential as leaders in entrepreneurial ventures. At the same time, traditional leadership models are lacking in diversity and unanswered questions remain regarding the role of gender in entrepreneurial leadership and enterprise sustainability. The purpose of this qualitative study, which used an exploratory, multiple-case research design, was to gain insight into the leadership practices of women entrepreneurial leaders and the implications of these practices for enterprise longevity 5 years after their business'€™s start-up phase. This study is framed by, first, the concept of the entrepreneurial leader and, second the intersectionality of gender and entrepreneurial leadership. Semistructured interviews with 9 participants, observational field notes, and archival data provided data regarding the leadership experiences of women entrepreneurs and enterprise longevity of women-led firms. Identifiable themes emerged through thematic analysis of the textual data and cross-case synthesis analysis. A total of 7 conceptual categories that enclose a total of 12 themes were identified. The conceptual categories are (a) gender, (b) entrepreneurial leadership, (c) market, (d) money, (e) management skills, (f) macro environment, and (g) meso environment. Findings from this study may serve as a catalyst for social change by challenging the status quo in existing formal work structures and promoting diversity in the workplace, opening new avenues for business growth and building bridges of communication between the business world and society.

The aim of the research was to determine gender representation in the Lithuanian, British and Argentinian EFL textbooks. To achieve the aim, EFL textbooks circulated in Lithuania (Super English 4), the UK (Speakout) and Argentina (My Life 2) were analyzed with regard to social and linguistic aspects of gender representation. The methods chosen for the study were content analysis and the calculation of the relative frequency of occurrence. The results revealed that the Lithuanian EFL textbook depicts females in a stereotyped way with regard to household duties and frequently uses compound nouns and proverbs or sayings comprising a word man which is used in its generic meaning. Moreover, the content analysis of illustrations in the British EFL textbook revealed that males dominate the labour market. Furthermore, the analysis of verbs used to define gender in the British EFL textbook demonstrated that females are involved in more various mental processes in relation to males. In the Argentinian EFL textbook females are excluded from the field of IT; however, they are not associated with the domestic sphere. In addition, the Argentinian EFL textbook can be treated as the best-balanced textbook with regard to gender-biased use of language. Further studies can examine other aspects of gender representation and cover wider range of EFL textbooks. / Šio tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti lyties įvaizdžius anglų, kaip užsienio kalbos, vadovėliuose, išleistuose Lietuvoje, Didžiojoje Britanijoje ir Argentinoje. Vadovėliai buvo nagrinėjami atsižvelgiant į socialinius ir kalbinius lyties vaizdavimo aspektus. Vadovėlių pasirinkimas buvo pagrįstas galimybe palyginti lyčių įvaizdžius ir kalbines jų raiškos priemones skirtinguose regionuose. Tyrime buvo naudojami kiekybiniai ir kokybiniai tyrimo metodai. Turinio analizės metodas buvo naudojamas analizuojant kalbines priemones bei paveikslėlius kontekste; kiekybiškai buvo skaičiuojamas tiriamas santykinis dažnumas. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad anglų kalbos vadovėlis, išleistas Lietuvoje, pasižymi stereotipiniu moters vaidmens įvaizdžio pateikimu. Moteris yra vaizduojama plaunanti indus, dengianti stalą, gaminanti valgyti, prižiūrinti ir auklėjanti vaikus. Be to, anglų kalbos vadovėlyje, išleistame Lietuvoje, yra didžiausias skaičius sudurtinių daiktavardžių bei patarlių ar posakių, kurie susideda iš bendrai vartojamo abiems lytims žodžio man, taip sumenkinant moters įvaizdį. Anglų kalbos vadovėlis, išleistas Didžiojoje Britanijoje, daug dėmesio skiria su darbu susijusiai veiklai, taip pat pateikia platesnį spektrą profesijų, kuriose yra vaizduojami veikėjai. Tačiau turinio analizė atskleidė, kad vyrai yra labiau matomi darbo rinkos vaizdavime. Taip pat moterims priskiriamos profesijos yra daugiausiai susijusios su menine veikla, tokia kaip dainavimas, vaidyba ir dizainas. Lyčių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

abstract: Objectives: Although childhood obesity has received growing attention, parents still fail to recognize overweight and obesity in their children. Accurate identification of overweight or obesity in their child is associated with the parent's responsiveness to interventions aimed at preventing weight-related health issues. Recent research shows that a child's age and gender are associated with parental misperception of their child's weight status, but little is known about the interaction of these factors across various age groups. This study examined the association between a wide range of parent, child, and household factors and the accuracy of parental perception of their child's body weight status compared to parent-measured body weight status. Methods: Data were collected from a random-digit-dial telephone survey of 1708 households located in five low-income New Jersey cities with large minority populations. A subset of 548 children whose parents completed the survey and returned a worksheet of parent-measured heights and weights were the focus of the analysis. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the factors significantly associated with parental perception of their child's body weight status. Results: Based on parent-measure heights and weights, 36% of the children were overweight or obese (OWOB). Only 21% of OWOB children were perceived by their parents as OWOB. Child gender, child body mass index (BMI) and parent BMI were significant independent predictors of parents' accuracy at perceiving their child's body weight status. Conclusion: Boys, OWOB children, and children of OWOB parents had significantly greater odds of parental underestimation of their body weight status. Parents had better recognition of OWOB in their daughters, especially older daughters, than in their sons, suggesting parental gender bias in identifying OWOB in children. Further research is needed regarding parental gender bias and its implications in OWOB identification in children. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Nutrition 2013