Pseudomonas aeruginosa é uma gamaproteobactéria ubíqua capaz de infectar indivíduos imunocomprometidos e causar infecções hospitalares. Entre duas repetições diretas situadas na ilha de patogenicidade PAPI-1 da linhagem PA14, encontram-se dois grupos de genes transcritos em direções opostas. O primeiro, composto de pvrS, pvrR, rcsC e rcsB, codifica proteínas de sistemas de dois componentes e está relacionado com virulência, enquanto o segundo compreende cinco genes (cupD1-D5) e codifica uma fímbria do tipo chaperoneusher, com alta similaridade com o grupo cupA, envolvido na formação de biofilme em outras linhagens de P. aeruginosa. Fímbrias da mesma família são importantes na patogenicidade de outras bactérias. Com o objetivo de estudar a relação entre esses dois grupos de genes, procurou-se caracterizar sua organização por ensaios de RT-PCR, que possibilitaram observar a disposição dos genes dos sistemas de dois componentes em dois operons distintos (pvrRS e rcsCB) e, pelo menos, cupD1-cupD2 como uma unidade transcricional, com indícios apontando para a organização de cupD1-D5 em um único operon. Os inícios de transcrição e as regiões promotoras de cada operon foram caracterizados por experimentos de RACE 5 e extensão de oligonucleotídeo marcado em busca de seqüências relevantes para a ativação da expressão desses genes. Visando investigar a regulação da expressão da fímbria CupD pelos sistemas de dois componentes codificados pelos genes adjacentes, foram realizados ensaios de qRT-PCR, os quais mostraram uma menor expressão de cupD na linhagem mutante para rcsB. RcsB apresenta um domínio de ligação a DNA e, apesar da falta de sucesso em ensaios de ligação dessa proteína à região promotora de cupD, os dados obtidos por qRT-PCR 1 indicam fortemente que essa proteína funciona como um ativador de transcrição dos genes da fímbria. Corroborando esses achados, somente quando se utilizou RNA extraído de P. aeruginosa PA14 superexpressando RcsB foi possível visualizar no gel a banda referente ao início de transcrição de cupD1-D2 no ensaio de extensão de oligonucleotídeo. Ao contrário do efeito positivo de RcsB observado na transcrição de cupD1, cupD2 e cupD5, a histidina quinase RcsC atua negativamente na expressão dos genes da fímbria, sugerindo que, nesse caso, sua atividade predominante sobre RcsB seja a de fosfatase. PvrS e PvrR parecem atuar de forma indireta e positiva sobre cupD. Como um segundo objetivo do trabalho, ensaios de virulência de P. aeruginosa no hospedeiro-modelo Dictyostelium discoideum foram otimizados, com o estabelecimento de uma técnica para se testar alguns genes estudados no laboratório que podem ser relevantes para a virulência dessa bactéria. Resultados desses ensaios confirmaram a atenuação de mutantes para uma suposta metiltransferase, já observada em modelos de planta, camundongo e drosófila. Em conjunto, os resultados desse trabalho tornam-se informações valiosas para serem usadas na pesquisa de controle de infecções por P. aeruginosa, que depende de fímbrias para colonizar com sucesso superfícies abióticas que servem de veículo de disseminação desse agente infeccioso e para que as bactérias possam persistir no organismo do hospedeiro. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous gammaproteobacteria able to infect immunocompromised individuals and to cause nosocomial infections. Between two direct repeats in the PAPI-1 pathogenicity island present in strain PA14, there are two gene clusters transcribed in opposite directions. The first, composed of pvrS, pvrR, rcsC and rcsB, encodes two-component systems proteins and is implicated in virulence, whereas the second comprises five genes (cupD1-D5) encoding a chaperone-usher fimbria with high similarity to cupA, a gene cluster involved in biofilm formation in other strains of P. aeruginosa. Fimbriae belonging to the same family of Cup are related to pathogenicity of other bacteria. In order to study the relationship between these two clusters, the organization of the genes in operons was characterized using RT-PCR, which results lead to the conclusion that the twocomponent systems genes are arranged into two different operons (pvrSR and rcsCB) and that cupD1-D2 share the same promoter, with some evidences that the operons extends from cupD1 to cupD5. The transcription start sites and the promoter regions of each operon were characterized with RACE 5 and primer extension assays to look for sequences that could be relevant to the activation of expression of these genes. Quantitative RT-PCR assays were carried out to investigate whether the expression of CupD fimbriae is regulated by the twocomponent systems encoded by the adjacent genes and the results showed a lower expression of cupD in the rcsB mutant strain than in the wild-type. RcsB bears a DNA-binding domain and, although our assays of DNA-protein interactions have failed, data obtained by qRT-PCR 1 strongly indicate that this protein functions as a transcription activator of fimbrial genes. These findings were corroborated by the primer extension assay, in which the band corresponding to the transcriptional start of cupD1-D2 was visible only when the reaction was performed with the RNA extracted of P. aeruginosa overexpressing RcsB. Unlike the effect observed for RcsB in cupD1, cupD2 and cupD5 transcription, the histidine quinase RcsC acts negatively in the fimbrial genes expression, suggesting that it might function predominantly as a RcsB phosphatase. PvrS and PvrR seem to regulate cupD positively and indirectly. As a second aim of this work, virulence assays of P. aeruginosa in the model host Dictyostelium discoideum were optimized, and a technique for testing genes studied in the laboratory that could be important for Pseudomonas virulence was established. These assays confirmed the attenuation-in-virulence of strains mutant in a putative methyltransferase gene, as observed before in plant, mouse and drosophila models. The results obtained in this work may contribute to P. aeruginosa infection control research, since this bacterium depends on fimbriae to successfully colonize abiotic surfaces that act as a dissemination vehicle, and to allow the bacteria to persist into the host organism.

As células mesangiais (CM) apresentam papel essencial na fisiologia glomerular normal, e alterações em seu fenótipo levam ao desenvolvimento de glomerulopatias. A fase tardia da glomerulopatia diabética é caracterizada por fibrose e morte por apoptose das CM. Portanto, a identificação de novos elementos envolvidos nas modificações patológicas das CM facilitaria a compreensão da fisiopatologia das doenças glomerulares. A família de genes ID está implicada em processos celulares distintos, como proliferação, diferenciação e apoptose. O presente estudo tem por finalidade investigar as interações do gene ID1, com o DNA e/ou proteínas, em CM humanas. Aqui demonstramos que Id1 interage com o fator de transcrição USF2, inibindo sua atividade transcricional. Adicionalmente, demonstramos que BMP-7 e Id1 antagonizam a morte celular induzida por TGF<font face=\"Symbol\">b-1 por inibir a atividade de USF2. Nossos dados apontam para uma nova via molecular portencialmente relevante para o melhor entendimento da patogênese das doenças renais crônicas. / Mesangial cells (MC) play an essential role in normal function of the glomerulus. Phenotypic changes in MC lead to the development of glomerophaties. The late phase of diabetic glomerulopathy is characterized by fibrosis and death of MC. Thus, the identification of novel elements involved in these alterations would facilitate the comprehension of the pathophysiology of glomerular diseases. The ID (Inhibitors of DNA binding) family of genes has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis control. This study aims to investigate the interactions of ID1, with DNA or proteins, in human mesangial cells. We demonstrated that Id1 binds specifically to the transcription factor USF2. In addition, we show that BMP-7 and Id1 antagonize TGF<font face=\"Symbol\">b-1 induced death by inhibiting USF2 activity in human MC. In conclusion, our results point to a novel molecular path involved in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases.

Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) is a phase I bio-transformation enzyme involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics via the oxygenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including the carcinogen, benzo(a)pyrene. Induction of the CYP1A1 gene is regulated at the transcriptional level and is ligand dependent with the prototypical 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) being the most potent known inducer of CYP1A1 transcription. This process is mediated by the AHR/ARNT signaling pathway whereby ligand binds AHR in the cytoplasm allowing its translocation to the nucleus where it binds with its hertrodimerization partner, ARNT and subsequently binds DNA at cognate binding sites termed xenobiotic responsive elements (XREs) located in the 5' flanking region of the CYP1A1 and other genes. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has recently become an important model system for the study of TCDD-mediated developmental toxicity due to their relative ease of maintaining and breeding, external fertilization, abundant transparent embryos, and sensitivity to TCDD similar to mammalian models. It is therefore essential to vii characterize the molecular mechanisms of AHR mediated gene regulation in this organism. The upstream flanking region of a putative CYP1A gene from zebrafish was identified by the screening of a PAC genomic library. Sequencing revealed a region which contains 8 putative core xenobiotic response elements (XREs) organized in two distinct clusters. The region between -580 to -187 contains XRE 1-3 while the region between -2608 to -2100 contains XRE 4-8. Only XRE 1, 3, 4, 7, and 8 exhibited TCDD-dependant association of AHR/ARNT complexes when evaluated by gel shift assays. The use of in vitro mutagenesis and Luciferase reporter assays further showed that only XRE's 4, 7, and 8 were capable of conveying TCDD-mediated gene induction. The role of nucleotides flanking the core XRE was investigated through the use of EMSA and reporter assays. Similar methods were employed on additional transcription factor binding sites identified by in silico analyses revealing two sites conforming to an HNF- 3α and CREB motif, respectively, which demonstrate importance to regulation of the gene.

Our laboratory delineated a role for alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). We found the translational regulator cytosolic polyadenylation element binding protein 2 (CPEB2) which has two isoforms, CPEB2A and CPEB2B, is alternatively spliced during acquisition of anoikis resistance (AnR) and metastasis. The splicing event which determines the CPEB2 isoform is via inclusion/ exclusion of exon four in the mature mRNA transcript. The loss of CPEB2A with a concomitant increase in CPEB2B is required for TNBC cells to metastasize in vivo. We examined RNAseq profiles of TNBC cells which had CPEB2 isoforms specifically downregulated to examine the mechanism by which CPEB2 isoforms mediate opposing effects on cancer-related phenotypes. Downregulation of the CPEB2B isoform inhibited pathways driving the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and hypoxic response, whereas downregulation of the CPEB2A isoform did not have this effect. Specifically, CPEB2B functioned as a translational activator of TWIST1 and HIF1a. Functional studies showed that specific downregulation of either HIF1α or TWIST1 inhibited the ability of CPEB2B to induce AnR and drive metastasis. The mechanism governing inclusion/ exclusion of exon 4 was determined to be serine/ arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3). Binding of SRSF3 to a consensus sequence within CPEB2 exon 4 promoted its inclusion in the mature mRNA, and mutation of this sequence abolished association of SRSF3 with exon 4. SRSF3 expression was upregulated in TNBC cells upon acquisition of AnR correlating with a reduction in the CPEB2A/B ratio. Importantly, downregulation of SRSF3 by siRNA in these cells induced the exclusion of exon 4. Downregulation of SRSF3 also reversed the CPEB2A/B ratio in a wild-type CPEB2 exon 4 minigene construct, but not a mutant CPEB2 minigene with the SRSF3 RNA cis-element ablated. Physiologic studies demonstrated SRSF3 downregulation ablated AnR in TNBC cells, and was “rescued” by ectopic expression of CPEB2B. Importantly, biostatistical analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database showed a positive relationship between alterations in SRSF3 expression and lower overall survival in TNBC. Overall, this study demonstrates that SRSF3 modulates CPEB2 AS to induce the expression of the CPEB2B isoform that drives TNBC phenotypes correlating with aggressive human breast cancer.

<p>The mouse xenobiotic-inducible <i>Cyp2a5</i> gene is both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally regulated. One of the most potent <i>Cyp2a5</i> inducers, the hepatotoxin pyrazole, increases the CYP2A5 mRNA half-life. The induction is accomplished through the interaction of a pyrazole-inducible protein with a 71 nt long, putative hairpin-loop region in the 3' UTR of the CYP2A5 mRNA.</p><p>The aims of this thesis have been to identify the pyrazole-inducible protein, to investigate its role in the <i>Cyp2a5</i> expression and the significance of the 71 nt hairpin-loop region for the <i>Cyp2a5</i> expression, and to examine a possible coupling between transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes in <i>Cyp2a5</i> expression.</p><p>The pyrazole-inducible protein was identified as the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1. Studies performed in mouse primary hepatocytes overexpressing hnRNP A1, and in mouse erythroleukemia derived cells lacking hnRNP A1, revealed that the 71 nt region in the 3' UTR of the CYP2A5 mRNA is essential for <i>Cyp2a5</i> expression.</p><p>The hnRNP A1 is a multifunctional nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, with the ability to bind both RNA and DNA. These properties make it an interesting candidate mediating a coupling between nuclear and cytoplasmic gene regulatory events, which was investigated for the <i>Cyp2a5</i>. In conditions of cellular stress hnRNP A1 translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The accumulation of cytoplasmic hnRNP A1 after RNA polymerase II transcription inhibition, resulted in an increased binding of hnRNP A1 to the CYP2A5 mRNA, parallel with a stabilization of the CYP2A5 mRNA.</p><p>Treating primary mouse hepatocytes with phenobarbital (PB), a <i>Cyp2a5</i> transcriptional inducer, resulted in a mainly nuclear localization of the hnRNP A1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with nuclear extracts from control or PB-treated mice, revealed that hnRNP A1 interacts with two regions in the <i>Cyp2a5</i> proximal promoter, and that the interaction to one of the regions was stimulated by PB treatment.</p><p>In conclusion, the change in hnRNP A1 subcellular localization after transcriptional inhibition or activation, together with the effects on the interaction of hnRNP A1 with the CYP2A5 mRNA and <i>Cyp2a5</i> promoter, suggest that hnRNP A1 could couple the nuclear and cytoplasmic events of the <i>Cyp2a5</i> expression.</p><p>The presented studies are the first showing involvement of an hnRNP protein in the regulation of a <i>Cyp</i> gene. Moreover, it is the first time an interconnected transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation has been suggested for a member of the <i>Cyp</i> gene family.</p>

<p>RhoGTPases are proteins working as molecular switches as they bind and hydrolyze GTP. They are in their active conformation when GTP is bound and are then able to interact with their effector proteins, which relay the downstream signaling. When the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, the RhoGTPase is inactivated. RhoGTPases have been shown to be activated by a variety of stimuli and they are implicated in regulation of diverse cellular processes, including cell migration, cell cycle progression, establishment of cell polarity and transformation. </p><p>We identified mammalian Par6 as a novel effector protein for the RhoGTPases Cdc42 and Rac1. The <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> homologue of Par6 had previously been shown to be essential for cell polarity development in the worm embryo. We found that endogenous Par6 colocalized with the tight junction protein ZO-1 in MDCKII epithelial cells. Par6 also interacted with mammalian Par3, another member of the <i>par</i> (for partitioning defective) gene family, first identified in <i>C.elegans</i>. Endogenous Par3 also localized to tight junctions in epithelial cells. This suggested that Par6 and Par3 are part of a complex regulating cell polarity also in mammalian cells. The interaction between Par6 and activated Cdc42 and Rac1 suggested a role for these RhoGTPases in the regulation of this complex.</p><p>Co-expression of Par6 together with PKCζ, induced a dramatic change in cell morphology. The cells rounded up and long cellular extensions, resembling neurites, were formed. The ability to induce these changes in cell morphology was found to be dependent on the direct interaction between Par6 and PKCζ, as well as on the kinase activity of PKCζ. We observed that cells co-expressing mPar6C and PKCζ contained bundled microtubules and microtubules that hade been acetylated, indicating that the microtubules were stabilized. </p><p>To investigate the roles of RhoGTPases in PDGF-induced gene expression we performed cDNA microarray analyses on AG01518 human foreskin fibroblasts in which we over-expressed the dominant negative forms of Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA. We found that the expression of 16 genes, out of the 45 up-regulated by PDGF-BB, were inhibited ≥50% in the presence of dominant negative Cdc42, Rac1 or RhoA. 19 other genes were down-regulated by one or two of the dominant RhoGTPases. Our data implied that the expression of many PDGF-BB induced genes can be affected by RhoGTPase signaling. </p><p>In conclusion, the work presented here has increased the knowledge of the involvement of RhoGTPase signaling in establishment of cell polarity and gene regulation.</p>

Vitamin E wird immer noch als das wichtigste lipophile Antioxidanz in biologischen Membranen betrachtet. In den letzten Jahren hat sich jedoch der Schwerpunkt der Vitamin E-Forschung hin zu den nicht-antioxidativen Funktionen verlagert. Besonderes Interesse gilt dabei dem α-Tocopherol, der häufigsten Vitamin E-Form im Gewebe von Säugetieren, und seiner Rolle bei der Regulation der Genexpression. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war die Untersuchung der genregulatorischen Funktionen von α-Tocoperol und die Identifizierung α-Tocopherol-sensitiver Gene in vivo. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Mäuse mit verschiedenen Mengen α-Tocopherol gefüttert. Die Analyse der hepatischen Genexpression mit Hilfe von DNA-Microarrays identifizierte 387 α-Tocopherol-sensitive Gene. Funktionelle Clusteranalysen der differentiell exprimierten Gene zeigten einen Einfluss von α-Tocooherol auf zelluläre Transportprozesse. Besonders solche Gene, die an vesikulären Transportvorgängen beteiligt sind, wurden größtenteils durch α-Tocopherol hochreguliert. Für Syntaxin 1C, Vesicle-associated membrane protein 1, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor and Syntaxin binding protein 1 konnte eine erhöhte Expression mittels real time PCR bestätigt werden. Ein funktioneller Einfluss von α-Tocopherol auf vesikuläre Transportprozesse konnte mit Hilfe des in vitro β-Hexosaminidase Assays in der sekretorischen Mastzelllinie RBL-2H3 gezeigt werden. Die Inkubation der Zellen mit α-Tocopherol resultierte in einer konzentrationsabhängigen Erhöhung der PMA/Ionomycin-stimulierten Sekretion der β-Hexosaminidase. Eine erhöhte Expression ausgewählter Gene, die an der Degranulation beteiligt sind, konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Damit schien ein direkter genregulatorischer Effekt von α-Tocopherol eher unwahrscheinlich. Da eine erhöhte Sekretion auch mit β-Tocopherol aber nicht mit Trolox, einem hydrophilen Vitamin E-Analogon, gefunden wurde, wurde vermutet, dass α-Tocopherol die Degranulation möglicherweise durch seine membranständige Lokalisation beeinflussen könnte. Die Inkubation der Zellen mit α-Tocopherol resultierte in einer veränderten Verteilung des Gangliosids GM1, einem Lipid raft Marker. Es wird angenommen, dass diese Membranmikrodomänen als Plattformen für Signaltransduktionsvorgänge fungieren. Ein möglicher Einfluss von Vitamin E auf die Rekrutierung/Translokation von Signalproteinen in Membranmikrodomänen könnte die beobachteten Effekte erklären. Eine Rolle von α-Tocopherol im vesikulären Transport könnte nicht nur seine eigene Absorption und seinen Transport beeinflussen, sondern auch eine Erklärung für die bei schwerer Vitamin E-Defizienz auftretenden neuronalen Dysfunktionen bieten. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die α-Tocopheroltransferprotein (Ttpa) Knockout-Maus als genetisches Modell für Vitamin E-Defizienz verwendet, um den Effekt von Ttpa auf die Genexpression und die Gewebeverteilung von α-Tocopherol zu analysieren. Ttpa ist ein cytosolisches Protein, das für die selektive Retention von α-Tocopherol in der Leber verantwortlich ist. Die Ttpa-Defizienz resultierte in sehr geringen α-Tocopherol-Konzentrationen im Plasma und den extrahepatischen Geweben. Die Analyse der α-Tocopherol-Gehalte im Gehirn wies auf eine Rolle von Ttpa bei der α-Tocopherol-Aufnahme ins Gehirn hin. / Vitamin E is still considered the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant within biological membranes. However, in the last years the non-antioxidant functions of vitamin E have become the focus of vitamin E research. From the eight members of the vitamin E family, specific emphasis is given to α-tocopherol, the most abundant vitamin E form in mammalian tissues, and its role in the regulation of gene expression. The aim of this thesis was the analysis of the gene regulatory functions of α-tocopherol and the identification of α-tocopherol sensitive genes in vivo. For this purpose mice were fed diets differing in α-tocopherol content. The analysis of hepatic gene expression using DNA microarrays identified 387 α-tocopherol-sensitive genes. Functional cluster analyses of these differentially expressed genes demonstrated an influence of α-tocopherol on cellular transport processes. Especially the expression of genes involved in vesicular trafficking was largely upregulated by α-tocopherol. Upregulation of syntaxin 1C, vesicle-associated membrane protein 1, N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor and syntaxin binding protein 1 was verified by real time PCR. A role of α-tocopherol in exocytosis was shown by the in vitro β-hexosaminidase release assay in the secretory mast cell line RBL-2H3. Incubation with α-tocopherol resulted in a concentration dependent increase of PMA/ionomycin-stimulated secretion of β-hexosaminidase. Induction of selected genes involved in degranulation was not observed at any time point. Thus, a direct gene-regulatory effect of α-tocopherol seemed rather unlikely. Since increased secretion was also observed with ß-tocopherol but not with trolox, a water-soluble analog of vitamin E, it was hypothesized that α-tocopherol might affect degranulation through its localization at the plasma membrane. Incubation of cells with α-tocopherol changed the distribution of the gangliosid GM1, a Lipid raft marker. These membrane microdomains are assumed to function as signaling platforms. An possible influence of vitamin E on the recruitment/translocation of signaling proteins into membrane microdomains could explain the observed effects. A role of α-tocopherol in the vesicular transport might not only affect its own absorption and transport but also explain the neural dysfunctions observed in severe α-tocopherol deficiency. In the second part of this dissertation the α-tocopherol transfer protein (Ttpa) knockout-mouse as a model of genetic vitamin E deficiency was used to analyze the effect of Ttpa gene expression and tissue distribution of α-tocopherol. Ttpa is a cytosolic protein, which is responsible for the selective retention of α-tocopherol in the liver. Its deficiency resulted in very low α-tocopherol concentrations in plasma and extrahepatic tissues. Analysis of α-tocopherol contents in brain indicated a role for Ttpa in the uptake of α-tocopherol into the brain.

Cells sense the properties of the surrounding environment and convert this information into changes in gene expression. Bacteria are, in contrast to many multi-cellular eukaryotes, remarkable in their ability to cope with rapid environmental changes and to endure harsh and extreme milieus. Previously, control of gene expression was thought to be carried out exclusively by proteins. However, it is now clear that small regulatory RNAs (sRNA) also carry out gene regulatory functions. Bacteria such as E. coli harbor a large class of sRNAs that bind to mRNAs to alter translation and/or mRNA stability. By identifying mRNAs that are targeted by sRNAs, my studies have broadened the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie sRNA-dependent gene regulation, and have shed light on the impact that this type of regulation has on bacterial physiology. Control of gene expression often relies on the interplay of many regulators. This interplay is exemplified by our discovery of mutual regulation between the sRNA MicF and the globally acting transcription factor Lrp. Through double negative feedback, these two regulators respond to nutrient availability in the environment which results in reprogramming of downstream gene expression. We have also shown that both the transcription factor CsgD, and the anti-sigma factor FlgM, are repressed by the two sRNAs OmrA and OmrB, suggesting that these sRNAs are important players in the complex regulation that allow bacteria to switch between motility and sessility. Bacterial populations of genetically identical individuals show phenotypic variations when switching to the sessile state due to bistability in gene expression. While bistability has previously been demonstrated to arise from stochastic fluctuations in transcription, our results suggest that bistability possibly may arise from sRNA-dependent regulatory events also on the post-transcriptional level.

The mouse xenobiotic-inducible Cyp2a5 gene is both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally regulated. One of the most potent Cyp2a5 inducers, the hepatotoxin pyrazole, increases the CYP2A5 mRNA half-life. The induction is accomplished through the interaction of a pyrazole-inducible protein with a 71 nt long, putative hairpin-loop region in the 3' UTR of the CYP2A5 mRNA. The aims of this thesis have been to identify the pyrazole-inducible protein, to investigate its role in the Cyp2a5 expression and the significance of the 71 nt hairpin-loop region for the Cyp2a5 expression, and to examine a possible coupling between transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes in Cyp2a5 expression. The pyrazole-inducible protein was identified as the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1. Studies performed in mouse primary hepatocytes overexpressing hnRNP A1, and in mouse erythroleukemia derived cells lacking hnRNP A1, revealed that the 71 nt region in the 3' UTR of the CYP2A5 mRNA is essential for Cyp2a5 expression. The hnRNP A1 is a multifunctional nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, with the ability to bind both RNA and DNA. These properties make it an interesting candidate mediating a coupling between nuclear and cytoplasmic gene regulatory events, which was investigated for the Cyp2a5. In conditions of cellular stress hnRNP A1 translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The accumulation of cytoplasmic hnRNP A1 after RNA polymerase II transcription inhibition, resulted in an increased binding of hnRNP A1 to the CYP2A5 mRNA, parallel with a stabilization of the CYP2A5 mRNA. Treating primary mouse hepatocytes with phenobarbital (PB), a Cyp2a5 transcriptional inducer, resulted in a mainly nuclear localization of the hnRNP A1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with nuclear extracts from control or PB-treated mice, revealed that hnRNP A1 interacts with two regions in the Cyp2a5 proximal promoter, and that the interaction to one of the regions was stimulated by PB treatment. In conclusion, the change in hnRNP A1 subcellular localization after transcriptional inhibition or activation, together with the effects on the interaction of hnRNP A1 with the CYP2A5 mRNA and Cyp2a5 promoter, suggest that hnRNP A1 could couple the nuclear and cytoplasmic events of the Cyp2a5 expression. The presented studies are the first showing involvement of an hnRNP protein in the regulation of a Cyp gene. Moreover, it is the first time an interconnected transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation has been suggested for a member of the Cyp gene family.

RhoGTPases are proteins working as molecular switches as they bind and hydrolyze GTP. They are in their active conformation when GTP is bound and are then able to interact with their effector proteins, which relay the downstream signaling. When the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, the RhoGTPase is inactivated. RhoGTPases have been shown to be activated by a variety of stimuli and they are implicated in regulation of diverse cellular processes, including cell migration, cell cycle progression, establishment of cell polarity and transformation. We identified mammalian Par6 as a novel effector protein for the RhoGTPases Cdc42 and Rac1. The Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of Par6 had previously been shown to be essential for cell polarity development in the worm embryo. We found that endogenous Par6 colocalized with the tight junction protein ZO-1 in MDCKII epithelial cells. Par6 also interacted with mammalian Par3, another member of the par (for partitioning defective) gene family, first identified in C.elegans. Endogenous Par3 also localized to tight junctions in epithelial cells. This suggested that Par6 and Par3 are part of a complex regulating cell polarity also in mammalian cells. The interaction between Par6 and activated Cdc42 and Rac1 suggested a role for these RhoGTPases in the regulation of this complex. Co-expression of Par6 together with PKCζ, induced a dramatic change in cell morphology. The cells rounded up and long cellular extensions, resembling neurites, were formed. The ability to induce these changes in cell morphology was found to be dependent on the direct interaction between Par6 and PKCζ, as well as on the kinase activity of PKCζ. We observed that cells co-expressing mPar6C and PKCζ contained bundled microtubules and microtubules that hade been acetylated, indicating that the microtubules were stabilized. To investigate the roles of RhoGTPases in PDGF-induced gene expression we performed cDNA microarray analyses on AG01518 human foreskin fibroblasts in which we over-expressed the dominant negative forms of Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA. We found that the expression of 16 genes, out of the 45 up-regulated by PDGF-BB, were inhibited ≥50% in the presence of dominant negative Cdc42, Rac1 or RhoA. 19 other genes were down-regulated by one or two of the dominant RhoGTPases. Our data implied that the expression of many PDGF-BB induced genes can be affected by RhoGTPase signaling. In conclusion, the work presented here has increased the knowledge of the involvement of RhoGTPase signaling in establishment of cell polarity and gene regulation.