Orientadores: Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira, Ardemirio Barros Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T16:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bocarde_FLavio_M.pdf: 8662772 bytes, checksum: 4232c1895fa2f18afb31e6961445d1ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Por intermédio da Cartografia Geotécnica, associada à técnicas de Sensoriamento Remoto e à organização de dados através de um Sistema de Informações Geográfica (SIG), obteve-se o mapeamento do Risco Potencial à Contaminação do Solo e das Águas Subterrâneas de uma área ocupada por um Pólo Petroquímico. O procedimento descrito demonstra como reconhecer, a partir de observações indiretas (fotointerpretação) e informações simplificadas (topografia, geologia e parâmetros geotécnicos regionais), os focos onde possíveis eventos contaminantes encontram-se em andamento e suas áreas de influência frente ao fluxo das águas subterrâneas. Técnica genérica e abrangente, a Cartografia do Risco Potencial à Contaminação do Solo e das Águas Subterrâneas aqui descrita se adapta não somente à estudos regionais de levantamento de riscos, como também à organização de informações ambientais pertinentes ao gerenciamento dos recursos naturais e dos riscos envolvidos no uso e ocupação do solo por empreendimento industriais / Abstract: Potential risk of contamination in soils and aquifers ITom a Petrochemical Pole sector was mapped through Geo-technical Cartography and remote Sensing procedures, based on a Geographical Information System. The described method uses qualitative interpretations and simple data. Therefore the spots of contamination and their influence area are related to the groundwater flow. That method is adapted to regional survey in risk assessment, and, the organization of environrnental databases focused to natural resources management and land use for industrial enterprises / Mestrado / Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais / Mestre em Geociências

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Fioravante_Jaekel_Santos.pdf: 15601631 bytes, checksum: d7a242ff4e1d6221c5e6d1c8129d40a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / Agricultural practices, among others, contribute to reduce the environment quality, through the unbalance between the CO2 fixation and emission to the atmosphere. The importance of soil carbon stocking surpasses the matter of carbon sequestration in itself, since the kinds of soil management that rise their stocks in soils also have a positive effect on their quality as a whole. The soil carbon stocks evolution in a specific site as a function of its past and future uses can be studied through mathematical models as Century. The linking of this model with Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems makes it possible to analyze and model the carbon stocks spatial distribution and variability in a certain geographic area. In this study a catchment basin (Piraizinho stream, Rio Grande do Sul State) located in the Brazilian Pampas, traditionally exploited with cattle grazing on native grassland, was selected to analyze and model the soil carbon stocks changes due to other land uses that have arisen in the region in the last twenty years. In order to achieve this, a semi-detailed soil survey was performed, followed by a spatial and temporal analysis of the land uses, based on aerial photographs and satellite images as well as field survey and interviews with landowners and technicians. To establish the parameters and validate the model, a soil sampling was performed based on the soil units and different types of land uses. The data spatial modeling was done on a GIS base using the soil units map and relief in a such a way as to point model the carbon stock through the erosion variable, where to each pixel it was assigned a soil loss using the USLE. Regosols (RReh and RLd units), Acrisols (PVd unit), Luvisols (TXo1, TXo2, TXp, TCo units), Chernozems (MEo unit), Vertisols (VEo unit), and Gleysols (GMve unit) were mapped in an average gently rolling landscape. In 1967 98,75% of the area was used solely by extensive cattle grazing on native grassland, by 2009 this was reduced to 82,67%, due to rice and soybeans crops as well as eucalyptus and acacia foresting. The topsoil carbon stocks varied as a function of the soil units and kinds of use. The largest carbon stocks under traditional grazing simulated to the year 1990 were found on soil units MEo (89,04 Mg ha-1 C) and TCo (79,87 Mg ha-1 C), while soil units RLd (27,48 Mg ha-1 C) and PVd (41,73 Mg ha-1 C) were responsible for the lowest stocks. The simulations also indicate that the no till system with soybeans in summer and rye in winter is not able to maintain the carbon stocks in any of the soil units modeled. The continuous use of this system for 50 years can lead to the consumption of 35% of the carbon stocked in the topsoils (without considering VEo and GMve soil units that were not simulated). The Voisin rational grazing system, that has been adopted by 45 years in a property in the area, showed a higher potential than the traditional system without fire to accumulate carbon in the soils. / As práticas agrícolas, entre outros, contribuem para a redução da qualidade do ambiente, através do desequilíbrio entre fixação e emissão de CO2 para a atmosfera. A importância da estocagem de C no solo extrapola a questão do sequestro em si, uma vez que manejos que intensificam o aumento dos seus estoques no solo também possibilitam a melhoria da sua qualidade como um todo. A evolução pontual dos estoques de carbono do solo em função dos usos passados e futuros pode ser estudada através de modelos matemáticos como o Programa Century. A associação desse com o Sensoriamento Remoto (SR) e Sistemas de Informações Geográficas (SIG) torna possível a análise e a modelagem da sua distribuição e variabilidade espacial em áreas geográficas definidas. Nesse estudo foi selecionada uma bacia hidrográfica (do Arroio Piraizinho, Bagé, RS), situada no Pampa Gaúcho, tradicionalmente utilizada com pecuária extensiva em campo nativo, para analisar e modelar a evolução dos estoques de carbono do solo em função de alterações no uso do solo através de uma nova matriz produtiva que está começando a se implantar na região. Para tal, inicialmente foi realizado um levantamento semidetalhado dos solos da bacia hidrográfica; após, uma análise espacial e temporal dos usos do solo através de fotos aéreas e imagens de satélite, apoiada por levantamentos de campo e entrevistas com proprietários de terras e técnicos da região. Para modelagem dos cenários de carbono, com base nas unidades de solos e nos usos existentes, foi realizada uma coleta de amostras de solo para parametrizar e validar o modelo Century 4.0. A espacialização dos dados foi feita montando uma base SIG com o mapa de solos e do relevo de forma a modelar ponto a ponto o estoque de carbono através da variável erosão, onde em cada pixel foi atribuída uma perda de solo calculada através da USLE. Foram encontrados na área unidades de mapeamento de Neossolos (RReh, RLd), Argissolos (PVd), Luvissolos (TXo1, TXo2, TXp, TCo), Chernossolos (MEo), Vertissolos (VEo) e Gleissolos (GMve), com relevo em média suave ondulado. Até o ano de 1967 98,75% da área da BHP era utilizada somente com pecuária extensiva em campo nativo, que foi reduzida a 82,67% em 2009, com a entrada das culturas de arroz, soja, eucalipto e acácia. Os estoques de C na camada arável dos solos da BHP são afetados de modo variável em função do uso do solo e da unidade de mapeamento. Os maiores estoques de C sob campo nativo com pastoreio tradicional simulados em 1990 ocorreram nas unidades MEo (89,04 Mg ha-1 C) e TCo (79,87 Mg ha-1 C), enquanto que os solos das unidades RLd (27,48 Mg ha-1 C) e PVd (41,73 Mg ha-1 C) produziram as menores capacidades de armazenamento de C. A simulação indica também que o sistema com plantio direto de soja no verão e aveia preta no inverno não mantém os níveis de C dos solos estudados, mostrando um consumo dos estoques em todas as unidades de mapeamento. A manutenção deste tipo de uso por 50 anos pode significar o consumo de 35% dos estoques de C dos solos nas unidades de mapeamento simuladas (todas à exceção da VEo e GMve). O sistema de pastoreio racional Voisin apresentou uma capacidade superior à do pastoreio tradicional sem queima em promover o acúmulo de C nos solos estudados.

Le cancer du sein est le cancer le plus fréquent chez la femme et son incidence a doublé ces 30 dernières années. Les facteurs environnementaux à effet perturbateur endocrinien, tels que les dioxines émises par les activités de combustion industrielle, sont suspectés d'augmenter le risque de cancer du sein. L'alimentation et l'inhalation sont les deux voies majeures d'exposition aux dioxines chez l'Homme. Les données épidémiologiques sur le sujet sont non concluantes, et il existe des limites méthodologiques. Ce travail doctoral avait pour objectif d'étudier l'impact de l'exposition aux dioxines sur le risque de cancer du sein dans la cohorte E3N, en répondant aux limites des études existantes.Nous avons évalué l'exposition alimentaire aux dioxines puis estimé le risque de cancer du sein associé parmi les femmes de la cohorte E3N. Nous avons ensuite développé un score d'exposition basé sur un système d'information géographique, associant la distance à la source, la durée d'exposition et la fréquence de vent dominant, afin d'évaluer l'exposition environnementale aux dioxines à chaque adresse des femmes entre 1990 et 2008. Le risque de cancer du sein associé au score d'exposition cumulé a été estimé dans une étude cas-témoins nichée dans la cohorte E3N, parmi les femmes ayant résidé en Rhône-Alpes. Aucune association n'a été observée, à l'exception d'une diminution du risque de cancer du sein hormono-indépendant, retrouvée de façon significative dans l'étude alimentaire. Cette dernière observation est cohérente avec des données expérimentales. Dû à un manque de puissance statistique pour l'exposition aérienne, nos résultats demandent confirmation au niveau national / Breast cancer (BC) is the first malignancy among women. Its incidence has doubled over the past 30 years. Environmental factors with endocrine disruptive properties, such as dioxins emitted from industrial combustion processes, are suspected to affect BC risk. Ingestion of contaminated food and inhalation are the major exposure routes in humans. Epidemiological evidence on the association between dioxin exposure and BC risk remains inconclusive due to methodological limitations. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the association between dioxin exposure and BC risk in the E3N prospective cohort, filling current methodological gaps.First, we assessed the association between estimated dietary dioxin exposure and BC risk among women from the E3N cohort. Second, we developed a geographic information system (GIS)-based metric to assess airborne dioxin exposure at the individual address level, including proximity to and technical characteristics of industrial sources, exposure duration and prevailing wind frequency. The metric was then applied to each E3N women’s addresses from 1990 to 2008, and airborne dioxin exposure was estimated for cases and matched controls from a cohort sub-population (the Rhône-Alpes region). Third, we estimated BC risk associated with cumulative airborne dioxin exposure. Overall, no statistically significant association was observed, except for a decrease in hormone-independent BC risk. The latter was significant for dietary dioxin exposure. For airborne exposure, we might have lacked statistical power and confirmation at the national level is required. The inverse association with ER-negative BC risk is consistent with experimental evidence

Cette étude est une analyse spatiale des vestiges archéologiques datant des origines à la fin de l'Ancien Empire des complexes funéraires de Netjerikhet et de Sekhemkhet à Saqqâra. L'objectif de ce travail est de comprendre l'occupation spatiale, l'enjeu étant de pouvoir traiter la quantité très importante d'informations issues des publications. Pour cerner l'ensemble de la documentation à examiner, une base de données et un système d'information géographique (SIG) ont été créés. Grâce à ces outils informatiques, tous les artefacts ont ainsi pu être enregistrés et une analyse des relations qu'entretiennent les différentes entités recensées a pu être menée pour tenter de comprendre comment s'organise l'espace. Des cartes imprimées permettent de visualiser les résultats de requêtes, d'ailleurs imaginées au préalable pour construire les outils. Cet examen des données, par le biais d'une géodatabase, permet également d'évaluer tout l'intérêt des outils informatiques pour la recherche. / This study is a spatial analysis of the archaeological remains dating from the origins to the end of the Old Kingdom of the funerary complexes of Netjerikhet and Sekhemkhet at Saqqara. The aim of this work is to understand the spatial occupation, the challenge is to process the very large amount of information from publications. To include all of the documentation to be processed, a database and a geographic information system (GIS) have been created. With these software tools, all artefacts were thus recorded and an analysis of the relationships between the different entities listed has been conducted to try to understand how the space is organized. Printed maps allow visualizing query results, queries moreover imagined beforehand to build the tools. This examination of the data through a geodatabase also assesses the interest of these tools for research.

La localisation d’un véhicule est une étape cruciale dans le développement des véhicules intelligents. Les recherches sur ce sujet ont connu un grand essor ces dernières années. L’accent est souvent porté sur la précision de la localisation, nous présentons ici une méthode de localisation sur carte existante dont l’objectif est d’estimer la position du robot non seulement de façon précise mais également de manière fiable. Pour ce faire, l’algorithme développé se présente en deux étapes principales : une étape de sélection et de perception des informations les plus pertinentes et une étape de mise à jour de la position estimée et de la fiabilité, cette dernière étape permet également de détecter et réparer ou éliminer les précédentes erreurs. La perception de l’environnement est réalisée à travers différents capteurs associés à des détecteurs spécifiques. L’humain utilise aussi différents capteurs pour se localiser et va intuitivement sélectionner le plus performant, s’il fait jour il utilisera ses yeux, sinon son oreille ou le toucher. Nous avons développé une approche similaire pour le robot qui tient compte des contraintes environnementales et de l’estimation actuelle pour sélectionner à chaque instant l’ensemble capteur, indice de la scène et détecteur le plus pertinent. La phase de perception, étant pilotée par un processus Top-Down, peut bénéficier d’informations déjà connues permettant ainsi de se focaliser sur l’indice recherché et d’améliorer les phases de détection et d’associations de données. Cette approche Top-Down s’appuie sur un réseau bayésien. Ce dernier permet de modéliser les interactions entre les différents événements qui se produisent en gérant l’incertitude. Il permet une prise en compte facile des différents événements. Par ailleurs le réseau bayésien présente une grande flexibilité pour l’ajout d’événements supplémentaires pouvant engendrer des non-détections (tels que dysfonctionnement de capteurs, conditions météorologiques, etc.). Les données de l’environnement sont rendues disponibles grâce à une carte géoréférencée préalablement fournie. Avec le développement de cartes disponibles facilement sur internet, cette façon de faire permet d’exploiter au mieux l’information déjà fournie. L’utilisation d’une carte géoréférencée permet d’avoir un référentiel commun entre tous les véhicules ou éléments de l’infrastructure facilitant ainsi l’échange d’informations et ouvrant du coup la possibilité d’interaction simplifiées dans le cas de flottes par exemple. Les résultats montrent que l’approche développée est pertinente pour une localisation précise et fiable aussi bien statique que dynamique. L’ajout de nouveaux capteurs se fait naturellement et sans nécessiter d’heuristique particulière. La localisation obtenue est suffisamment précise et fiable pour permettre des applications de conduite autonome utilisant, entre autres, cet algorithme. / Vehicle localization is a crucial step in the development of smart vehicles. The research in this domain has been growing in recent years. Generally, the effort is focused on the localization accuracy, we present here a localization method on existing map where the objective is to estimate the robot position not only with accuracy but also with confidence. To achieve this , the algorithm developed has two main steps : one, selection and perception of the most relevant informations and two, position estimation and confidence update. This last step also allows to detect and eliminate the previous errors. Environment perception is well achieved, thanks to different sensors associated with specific detectors. Humans use different senses, shifting automatically in order to localize themselves depending on the situation of the environment, for e.g if there is enough illumination we depend on eyes, else the ear or the touch otherwise. We have developed a similar approach for the robot that takes into account the specific environmental constraints and actual position estimation to select at each instant the most relevant set of sensor, landmark and detector. The perception step, led by a top-down process, can use already known informations allowing a focus on the searched landmark and an improvement of the detection and data associations steps. This top-down approach is well implemented, thanks to a Bayesian network. Bayesian network allows to model the interactions between the different probable events with management of the uncertainty. With this network, it is very easy to take into account those different events. Moreover, a Bayesian network has a great flexibility to take into consideration additional events that can cause false detections (like sensor failure, meteorological conditions and others). The environment data is obtained with a Georeferenced map (from GIS). With the already available maps on the internet, allows to exploit an already existing information. The use of a Georeferenced map facilitates the communication of informations between a vehicle and several other vehicles or with an element of the infrastructure, that can be very useful for multi vehicle coordination, for example. The results shows that the developed approach is very accurate and reliable for localization, whether static or dynamic, and can be applied for autonomous driving. Moreover, new sensors can be added at ease.

Le Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) est un virus infectant le cacaoyer transmis par des cochenilles farineuses de la famille des Pseudococcidae. La maladie qui en découle existe aujourd'hui dans les principales zones de production de cacao d'Afrique de l'Ouest qui représentent 72% de la production mondiale de cacao. Le CSSV a été découvert en 1922 au Ghana et identifié avec certitude dans le Kloto au Togo en 1955 ; le premier isolat étudié moléculairement est l'isolat très virulent Agou1 du Togo. Cet isolat provoque des gonflements de tiges et de rameaux ainsi que des colorations rouge intense au niveau des nervures des jeunes feuilles engendrant ensuite une défoliation complète de l'arbre et sa mort au bout de 5 ans. La progression actuelle du CSSV dans les nouvelles zones de production, notamment au Togo (Litimé) en 1996 et en Côte d'Ivoire (Issia, Bouaflé, Sinfra) en 2000, indique une nouvelle émergence de la maladie. La découverte de ces nouveaux foyers soulève des questionnements sur l'origine des isolats et sur les mécanismes épidémiologiques impliqués dans la propagation de la maladie à l'échelle parcellaire et à l'échelle des territoires.Ces questionnements scientifiques sont pris en compte dans cette étude à trois niveaux : i) l'analyse statistique de la répartition spatiale et temporelle de la maladie à l'échelle des parcelles (fonctions de Ripley et analyse du nombre de liens entre arbres malades) et la cartographie des dynamiques d'évolution au moyen de systèmes d'information géographique (SIG), ii) la diversité moléculaire des isolats de CSSV en lien avec leur répartition géographique afin d'établir une carte de répartition dans les deux régions de production (Kloto et Litimé) et d'essayer de retracer l'historique de la propagation du virus, iii) la cartographie des zones cacaoyères, des cacaoyères saines en comparaison aux cacaoyères malades, à l'échelle des territoires par la combinaison des données satellites Spot5 à 2.5 m de résolution spatiale et des motifs de paysage relevés sur le terrain.L'analyse spatiale avec les fonctions de Ripley et l'analyse du nombre de liens ont montré que les différents états sanitaires (sain, malade, mort) des cacaoyers sont agrégés indiquant ainsi une propagation à partir de foyers d'infection au niveau parcellaire. L'analyse du nombre de liens indique un processus de contamination de plante à plante dans les parcelles. Les études des dynamiques d'évolution au moyen de SIG ont montré à travers des cartes de densités que les cacaoyers malades et les cacaoyers morts sont regroupés en agrégats dans les parcelles et que la taille de ces agrégats augmente entre les deux années d'observation (2008 et 2009). Les dynamiques de changement ont permis de détecter une progression de la maladie plus rapide dans certaines parcelles, qui peut s'expliquer par leur moins bon entretien. La caractérisation des isolats de virus dans les cacaoyères togolaises a montré l'existence de trois groupes dont les groupes A et B uniquement dans le Litimé, et le groupe C uniquement dans le Kloto, indiquant une forte différenciation géographique. Les coefficients de corrélation de Pearson et de Spearman indiquent qu'il existe un lien entre distance génétique et distance géographique des isolats du groupe A, ce qui implique une contamination de proche en proche pour ce groupe à l'échelle du territoire. Compte tenu de la différenciation marquée entre les groupes du Kloto et du Litimé, nous pouvons conclure que les cacaoyères du Litimé n'ont pas été contaminées par du matériel venant du Kloto mais plus probablement à partir de parcelles cacaoyères situées au Ghana et contaminées précédemment pour se répandre ensuite dans le Litimé. L'étude des images satellites a montré qu'il n'existait pas de relation simple entre l'état sanitaire des motifs de cacaoyers et leur radiométrie en raison de la forte hétérogénéité du système agroforestier du Litimé / Cacao swollen shoot virus 'CSSV ' is a virus transmitted by mealybugs, insects of the Pseudococcidae family. The disease occurs in all the main cocoa-growing areas of Western Africa. It induces swellings on shoots and roots and mosaic and chlorosis on the leaves and has caused very serious crop losses in Ghana, Nigeria and more recently, Togo and Côte d'Ivoire. The cocoa production in Western Africa, representing about 72 % of the worldwide production is particularly important for the economic equilibrium of these countries. The actual progress of the CSSV epidemic in the large production areas in Togo like ‘Litimé' and ‘Kloto' and in Côte d'Ivoire (Issia, Bouaflé, Sinfra) requires to understand and forecast its spread in time. The discovery of these new focuses of the disease raises questions about the origin of the isolates and the mechanisms involved in the epidemiological spread of the disease at field scale and across territories.These scientific questions are addressed in this study at three levels: i) the spatial and temporal distribution of disease across the plots with statistical methods (Ripley and analysis of the number of links) and geographical information systems (GIS) to map the dynamics of evolution, ii) the molecular diversity of CSSV isolates related to their geographical distribution in order to establish a distribution map in the two regions of production (Kloto and Litimé) and try to understand the history of the virus spread, iii) the mapping of cocoa area in Litimé, the mapping of disead cocoa in comparison with healthy cocoa at the territories scale by combining satellite data with SPOT5 2.5 m spatial resolution and landscape motifs field surveys.The spatial analysis with Ripley's method and analysis of the number of links have shown that the different states of health (healthy, disead, dead) of cocoa trees are aggregated indicating a spread by patch at plot level. The analysis of the number of links indicates a process of contamination from plant to plant in the plots. Studies of the dynamics of evolution from Sig showed through density maps that disead cocoa trees and dead cocoa tree are grouped into clusters in the plots and the size of these aggregates increases significantly between the two years observation (2008 and 2009). The dynamics of change have detected a similar progression of the disease in plots 2 and 3 speedy than Parcel 1. This difference of the disease progress on the three plots can be explained by better maintenance of Parcel 1. The characterization of virus isolates on cocoa plots in Togo has shown the existence of three groups with groups A and B only in the Litimé, and group C only in the Kloto, indicating strong geographical differentiation. The correlation coefficients of Pearson and Spearman indicate a link between genetic distance and geographical distance of the isolates of group A, which implies a contamination step by step for this group at territories scale. Given the marked differentiation between the groups of Kloto and Litimé, we can conclude that the cocoa tree of Litimé were not contaminated with material from the Kloto but more likely from plots located in Ghana and previously infected then spread in the Litimé. The study with the satellite images showed that there was no simple relationship between the health patterns of cocoa trees and their radiometry because of the high heterogeneity of the agroforestry system of Litimé. The combination of landscape motifs and radiometry, however, possible to distinguish areas with dominant "cocoa", areas dominated by "crops", areas dominated by "forest". Among the areas to be dominant "cocoa", we have distinguished the cocoa denuded areas that correspond to potential disease areas and cocoa shade. These various studies indicate that disease progression is slow and works gradually. Emergences observed in new areas probably come from human movements

La recolonisation des Hautes terres par l’An. funestus dont les gîtes larvaires principaux sont les rizières a été l’origine de l’épidémie des années 1980s. La pulvérisation intra domiciliaire d’insecticide a constitué l’une des stratégies adoptées pour contrôler l’épidémie. Notre étude s’est intéressée à six zones des Hautes Terres centrales. Les résultats de la détermination des rizières utilisant la télédétection, combinés à d’autres facteurs connus influençant la transmission du paludisme ont permis d’établir des cartes de zones à risque prioritaires pour la pulvérisation d’insecticide à l’aide de l’analyse multicritère par la méthode de combinaison linéaire pondérée. Le paludisme urbain d’Antananarivo diffère du reste de celui des Hautes Terres. Un Système d’Information Géographique a été utilisé pour étudier l’impact des facteurs environnementaux sur le faible taux d’incidence du paludisme observé à partir de neuf Centres de Santé de Base ayant participé à l’étude du paludisme urbain / The reappearance of epidemic malaria in the highlands of Madagascar during the late 1980’s has been attributed to the reestablishment of Anopheles funestus. Rice fields constitute their principal larval habitats. Control strategies to prevent epidemic malaria, have been based on indoor residual spraying of insecticides. Our study was conducted in six zones in the Highlands. Rice fields were determined using remote sensing imagery. Results were combined with factors known to influence the transmission of malaria. Multicriteria evaluation, by the method of weighted linear combination, was used as basis for improved targeting of actions by determining priority zones for intervention. The factors driving malaria transmission in urban Antananarivo differ from the other regions of the highlands. A Geographical Information System was used to study the role of environmental factors on the low malarial incidence rates observed in nine community based health centres in Antananarivo

O presente trabalho consistiu na identificação de uma série de atributos do meio físico com o objetivo de gerar uma carta de susceptibilidade à erosão das bacias hidrográficas dos rios Cubatão e Araraquara em escala 1:50.000, ambas pertencentes à bacia do Rio Pardo. Os atributos do meio físico analisados foram o substrato rochoso, os materiais inconsolidados, declividade e uso e ocupação da área. A carta de susceptibilidade à erosão visa identificar áreas com diferentes graus de vulnerabilidade frente ao processo erosivo, de forma a facilitar o planejamento do uso e ocupação daquela região. Este estudo foi realizado seguindo as bases conceituais e metodológicas da cartografia geotécnica tradicional. Nesta pesquisa, foram utilizados sistemas de informação geográfica, tanto para análise de imagens de satélite para um fim específico, quanto para o tratamento dos dados do meio físico obtidos ao longo das etapas do trabalho. Procurou-se também compreender melhor a propriedade chamada de erodibilidade e identificar quais atributos relacionados com o materiais inconsolidados que mais contribuem para a predisponência do mesmo em ser erodido. / In this present work many environmental attributes were identified, in order to create a soil erosion susceptibility chart (1:50.000 scale) for the Cubatão and Araraquara hydrographic basin, which in turn, are part of the greater Pardo river basin. These attributes were bedrock classification, unconsolidated materials, slope and land use. The soil erosion susceptibility chart was meant to help the land use management of that particular region by identifying areas with different soil erosion vulnerability. This study was leaded following conceptual and methodological bases from the traditional engineering geological mapping approach. Geographical information system (GIS) were applied to analyze satellite images for a specific utilization, as well as for dealing with the environmental data, obtained along all the work stages. It was intended also to provide a better understanding of the property called erodibility and to identify which of the unconsolidated material attributes really contributes to its erosion.

La prévention du risque volcanique est un enjeu majeur, notamment pour l'Etna, dont les éruptions fréquentes menacent la province de Catane. Sont exposés les éléments physiques nécessaires à la compréhension des mécanismes intervenant dans un écoulement de lave basaltique. Un système d'information intégrant les principaux aspects du risque volcanique et permettant la création de cartes de risques est alors proposé. Ce système comprend un modèle, basé sur les automates cellulaires et intégrant le traitement d’images satellitaires. Il permet de simuler l'évolution d'une coulée ainsi que son débit. Ce système est alors intégré dans un Système d'Information Géographique. Il est validé sur les éruptions 2001, 2006 et 2007. Enfin, nous développons, pour l’enrichir, un modèle numérique pour le refroidissement d'une coulée de lave à l'aide des Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. Ce modèle, validé sur différents cas test, est appliqué au refroidissement d'un lac et d’une coulée de lave. Keywords : risque volcanique, automates cellulaires, système de veille, information élaborée, système d'information géographique, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics / Preventing volcanic risk is a major challenge, in particular when dealing with Mt Etna whose frequent eruptions regularly threaten Catane province. First, the physical elements necessary to understand the mechanism intervening in basaltic lava flow are exposed. Then, we develop an information system which deals with the main aspects of volcanic risk : lava flow evolution foresight and risk map design. This system is integrated in a geographical information system and is composed of both a model based on cellular automata permitting to simulate the evolution of a lava flow, and an infrared satellite image treatment module permitting to evaluate the lava flux rate. All the models and procedures developed were validated with the 2001, 2006 and 2007 eruptions. Lastly, to enhance the information system, we develop a digital model for lava flow cooling by means of Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics. This model is validated by different case tests before being applied to the cooling of a lava lake

The thesis is focused on geographic information systems and geographic data analyses tools. Examples of spatial analyses and tools for their creation are presented in ArcGIS at work. The main goal was to create a simulation camera system in the 3D urban model and to create spatial analyzes resulting in the camera's field of vision being intersected with the 3D model of the city. The result is 3D visualization, which shows the range of camera shooting areas. The results obtained were evaluated at the end.