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Orientador: Marcio Aurelio Pires de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T17:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leal_MaraLucia_M.pdf: 6322028 bytes, checksum: 6037b21e56093c8cbc33513618b4a84b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado investiga o trabalho artístico do diretor e dramaturgo George Tabori, concentrando-se no trabalho que ele desenvolve com os atores, a fim de verificar se, no decorrer dos últimos trinta anos, a partir de sua experiência como diretor, ele conseguiu sistematizar uma metodologia de direção de ator, como afirmam alguns de seus comentadores. Como, contudo, a vasta obra de Tabori engloba várias áreas, consideramos necessário, inicialmente, discorrer sobre a trajetória desse artista, que, partindo do jornalismo e da literatura, tornou-se roteirista de cinema, depois dramaturgo e mais tarde diretor de seus próprios textos, de peças contemporâneas e de obras de autores clássicos de sua predileção, tais como Shakespeare, Beckett e Kafka. Assim, buscamos também, com esta dissertação, preencher uma grande lacuna e inserir o trabalho de Tabori, praticamente desconhecido no Brasil, no debate nacional sobre o fazer teatral / Abstract: This Masters dissertation examines the artistic oeuvre of the playwright and director George Tabori. It focuses on the work he developed with actors, in order to determine if during his thirty-year career as a director, he has managed to systematize a specific method of directing actors ¿ a claim made by some of his critics. Since Tabori¿s distinctive career is so multi-faceted, this dissertation will begin by tracing the artist¿s journey ¿ with its beginnings in journalism and literature ¿ from screenwriter and playwright to director of his own dramatic texts as well as those of his contemporaries and works by favorite classical authors including Shakespeare, Beckett, and Kafka. Moreover, studying Tabori¿s legacy, which sadly remains so little known in Brazil, will hopefully allow his unique contributions to contemporary theater to find their way into the national discourse on theatrical creation / Mestrado / Mestre em Artes

Cette thèse a pour but d’identifier, dans la mise en scène européenne des années 1990-2000, les pratiques de la frontalité et d’en déterminer les enjeux en termes de mise en scène, de jeu et de présence de l’acteur et de réception du spectateur. L’analyse distingue trois modalités d’intervention de la frontalité, chaque fois remises dans leur perspective historique. La première est celle de l’interpellation, dans l’héritage du théâtre de foire ou d’intervention. La frontalité y est le support d’un acte de communication. Deuxièmement, la frontalité prend une dimension cérémonielle et devient le fondement de l’acte théâtral pour élaborer, cette fois, une relation indirecte avec les spectateurs. Dans sa troisième modalité, la frontalité dépasse le face-à-face entre acteurs et spectateurs, soit par le recours à l’image vidéo, créant un face-à-face médiatisé, soit par l’extension de la frontalité à l’ensemble de la scène. Finalement, l’usage de la frontalité témoigne d’une nouvelle économie de la représentation fondée sur un principe de réciprocité entre le geste du metteur en scène, l’engagement de l’acteur, la production scénique et l’individu spectateur. Au-delà du souci de conduire le spectateur à une activité critique ou à une participation fusionnelle, la frontalité invite à interroger sa position de retrait et sa passivité extérieure. / This thesis aims at identifying the practices of frontal acting in the European performances between the 1990’s and the 2000’s in order to define its challenges with regards to the staging, the acting, the actor’s presence on stage as well as in terms of spectator’s perception. Our analysis distinguishes three modes of frontal acting, by replacing each of them in its historical context. The first one is “interpellation” inherited from the Theatre performances at fairs and the Agit-Prop Theatre. In this case, frontal acting is considered as a medium for communication. The second mode, frontal acting takes a ceremonial dimension and becomes the basis of the theatrical moment in order to create, this time, an indirect relationship between actors and spectators. In its third mode, frontal acting exceeds the face-to-face between actors and spectators either thanks to the use of the video – creating media attention around the face-to-face – or thanks to the extension of frontal acting to the full stage. Finally, the use of frontal acting indicates the emergence of a new performance mode based on a reciprocity principle between the gesture of the director, the commitment of the actor, the performance and the spectator as an individual. Beyond the willingness to lead the spectator to a critical thought processor to a fusional participation, frontal acting invites to question his distant position and his external passivity.

L’Allemagne du dix-huitième siècle est composée de plus de 300 petits pays se différenciant en ce qui concerne la politique, la religion et la langue. S’y ajoutent des territoires qui ne sont pas allemands, mais sous influence de la culture germanophone.Cette étude analyse alors un territoire qui s’étend de l’Alsace jusqu’en Russie et des pays scandinaves jusqu’en Suisse. Embourbés dans des guerres territoriales, les souverains ne montrent que peu d’intérêt pour le théâtre, et si oui, uniquement pour l’opéra italien et le théâtre français. Au début du siècle, le théâtre professionnel allemand est surtout influencé par le théâtre anglais et un peu par la comédie italienne.Le statut social des acteurs est très mauvais. C’est surtout la bourgeoisie qui se méfie d’eux. A partir des années 1730, sous influence du théâtre français, le théâtre allemand s’émancipe. Dans la seconde moitié du siècle, il devient le moteur del’embourgeoisement de la société. Les actrices se sont beaucoup investies dans cette évolution, non malgré, mais en raison de leur statut social particulièrement mauvais. Longtemps, seules les gender studies se sont intéressées à cette période de l’histoire théâtrale. Une de leurs théories de base définit l’homme et la femme comme deux groupes sociologiques distincts. Cette théorie a été reprise, sans en questionner lavalidité pour l’histoire théâtrale. C’est le point de départ de cette étude, qui compare les vies de plus de 400 actrices et acteurs de l’époque. De nombreux aspects de la vie privée et professionnelle y sont abordés : famille, carrière, finances, situation juridiqueet fréquentations. Ce mémoire démontre que le milieu théâtral de l’époque peut effectivement être divisé en deux groupes : les comédiens ayant grandi au théâtre et ceux y étant arrivés plus tard. En effet, la distinction générale de l’homme et de la femme ne peut être appliquée au théâtre allemand qu’à partir de la fin du dix-huitième siècle. / In the 18th century, Germany was composed of more than 300 small states which differed politically, religiously and linguistically. In addition to these, there were non-German territories which were, however, greatly influenced by German culture. As a result, the notion of “Germany” included a territory from Alsace to Russia and from theScandinavian countries to Switzerland. Their rulers were generally preoccupied with battles over dominance. If they devoted any time to theatre it was most likely Italian opera or French theatre. In the beginning of the century, German professional theatre was mainly influenced by English theatre and Italian theatre. The social position of actors was very poor. The bourgeoisie looked on them with particular suspicion.Starting in the 1730s, under French theatre influence, the German theatre started becoming more independent. In the second half of the century, theatre was the driving force behind the embourgeoisement of society. Driven by the desire to improve their low social status, actresses played a leading role in this revolution. For a long time, only gender studies were interested in this part of theatre history. A prominent gender studies theory suggested that men and women were of two different sociological groups. This theory has been accepted without justifying its concurrence with theatre history. That’s the starting point of this work which compares the lives of more than 400 Germana ctresses and actors of the time. Many facets of private and professional life are analysed: family life, career opportunities, finances, legal status and social life. The dissertation shows that the theatrical milieu was already divided into two groups far into the second half of the century: actors who had grown up in theatre and those who came to it later. In fact, the categorical sociological distinction between men and women in German theatre is only justifiable beginning at the end of the 18th century.

Autour de 1968, le théâtre, confronté à l’exigence de contemporanéité posée par les mouvements de contestation et au développement sans précédent des médias de la culture de masse, connaît une période intense de problématisation de sa puissance politique. Du fait même de sa marginalisation dans l’espace social, le théâtre devient une hétérotopie, c’est-à-dire un genre d’utopie effectivement réalisée : il oppose sa disposition communautaire à la masse indistincte des consommateurs, un discours de vérité aux mensonges des sociétés capitalistes et autoritaires, l’exposition d’une expérience authentique aux simulacres spectaculaires. Les pratiques théâtrales de Pasolini et de Fassbinder semblent participer de ce mouvement hétérotopique : les deux auteurs présentent le théâtre comme un art irréductible aux jeux du pouvoir, de la consommation et du spectacle. Pourtant ces pratiques apparaissent en déphasage avec les œuvres phares de ce moment théâtral. Cette thèse se propose d’envisager les trois types d’inactualité qui les caractérisent : inactualité thématique (leur rapport conflictuel aux mouvements contestataires étudiants ou gauchistes), inactualité esthétique (le choix de la parole au moment du règne scénique des corps, le primat accordé à la vie affective au détriment de sujets ouvertement politiques), inactualité « ontologique » (la minoration des effets de présence des corps scéniques). Pour cela, elle cherche à mettre en évidence les reprises de motifs centraux de la pratique théâtrale hétérotopique, mais aussi les déplacements qu’ils subissent dans les œuvres dramatiques et scéniques des deux auteurs. / Around 1968, the theatre, confronted with the requirements of contemporaneousness laid down by the protest movements and with the unprecedented development of the medias of mass culture, experiences an intense period of problematisation of its political power. Owing to its marginalization in the social space, the theatre becomes a heterotopia that is a kind of utopia actually achieved: it opposes its community tendency to the indistinct mass of consumers, a speech of truth to the lies of capitalistic and authoritarian societies, the display of a genuine experiment to spectacular simulacra. Pasolini’s and Fassbinder’s theatrical practices seem to be part of this heterotopical movement: both authors present the theatre as an art that withstands the games of power, of consumption and spectacle. Yet there seems to be a gap between these practices and the landmark works of the theatrical time. This thesis intends to consider the three types of unactuality that define them: thematic unactuality (their antagonistic relationships with the protest movements), aesthetic unactuality (the choice of the words whereas the bodies are preponderant on stage; the primacy given to the affective life rather than more evident political subjects), ontological unactuality (by reducing the effects of presence of the scenic bodies). Therefore, it tries to expound the repetition but also the redefinition of the important motifs of the theatrical heterotopical practice in the dramatic works and the performances of the two artists.

Cette thèse pose un regard critique sur la dimension politique de la scène contemporaine de théâtre au Québec, dans une perspective comparative avec celle allemande, avec une attention particulière pour les villes de Montréal et Berlin. L’autrice y explore, dans la mise en scène, les gestes et les stratégies qui permettent à l’artiste de prendre position politiquement par le théâtre, soient le recours au réel, la traduction, l’adaptation et l’ironie. La mise en relation entre Berlin et Montréal se traduit dans chacun de ces gestes, mais aussi de façon générale, dans le rôle historique et symbolique que joue l’Allemagne chez les artistes de théâtre au Québec. L’analyse prend pour objet un corpus susceptible d’être diffusé dans le réseau international des arts vivants, composé de six productions récentes ("Le NoShow" (2013) du collectif Nous Sommes Ici et du théâtre du Bunker, "Fear" (2015) de Falk Richter, "100% Montréal" (2017) de Rimini Protokoll, "Macbeth" de Shakespeare monté en 2016 par Angela Konrad, "Ein Volksfeind" de Henrik Ibsen monté en 2012 par Thomas Ostermeier et "Dans la République du bonheur" de Martin Crimp monté en 2015 par Christian Lapointe). L’approche privilégiée, inspirée de l’expérience comme conseillère dramaturgique de l’autrice, est celle de l’intermédialité. Ainsi, les dimensions politiques des oeuvres sont étudiées dans la forme que prend leur propos, dans les esthétiques et les traditions convoquées par les choix de la mise en scène, ainsi que dans les mécanismes déployés pour établir une relation avec le public. L’approche intermédiale implique aussi de mettre en relation ces éléments avec leur contexte de production, du fonctionnement institutionnel des théâtres aux modes de financement qui en permettent la réalisation, en passant par le subtil rapport de force qui régit le milieu des arts de la scène. En prenant soin de cerner les contradictions au sein des oeuvres étudiées, cette thèse esquisse une approche critique des politiques de la scène contemporaine de théâtre, dans une démarche au plus près de la pratique. / This thesis offers a critical perspective on the political aspects of contemporary theatre in Quebec by using a comparative perspective with German theatre, with a particular focus on the cities of Montreal and Berlin. The author explores staging methods, gestures, and various strategies used by theatre artists to adopt political stances through theatre such as : the use of the real, translation, adaptation, and irony. The connection between Montreal and Berlin is highlighted through various gestures but also through the historical and symbolic role Germany has long held for Québécois theatre artists. This analysis will take into account a corpus of recent productions subject to international presentation : ("Le NoShow" (2013) from the artist collective Nous Sommes Ici and the Bunker theatre, "Fear" (2015) by Falk Richter, "100% Montréal" (2017) by Rimini Protokoll, Shakespeare’s "Macbeth" staged in 2016 by Angela Konrad, "Ein Volksfeind" by Henrik Ibsen staged in 2012 by Thomas Ostermeier and "Dans la République du bonheur" by Martin Crimp staged in 2015 by Christian Lapointe). Drawing on the author’s own experiences working as a dramaturg in Quebec, the thesis adopts an intermedial approach in order to explore the political aspects of the aforementioned works ; thus, it looks at what traditions are conveyed and what aesthetics are deployed through staging, as well as a host of other mechanisms, whose aim it is to garner audience sympathies. This intermedial approach will also shed a light on those elements by using the context of production, the institutional operations of theatres as to how they are financed, and the power relationships within the performing arts sector. By determining the contradictions in the studied works, this thesis will critique the politics of contemporary theatre through a practical methodology.

The aim of this thesis is to undertake a comparative study of contemporary British and German-language playwriting, with an eye specifically towards possible reasons and solutions for the problematic situation of German-language playtexts in Britain. I will first conduct a stylistic analysis of a selection of British and German-language playwrights, focusing on the differences in representation of interiority through dialogue and narration. I will then introduce a phenomenological lens that will expand this literary analysis by looking at specific stagings of these texts, and at the use of gestures in particular. Tracing the performative implications of dialogue and narration in their relationship with gestures, I will suggest that while dialogue mostly requires metonymical gestures, the phenomenology of narration is better served by a more metaphoric use. This is followed by a chapter on translation, which will look at the specific problems and chances posed by narration and so-called ‘postdramatic’ plays in general. After these theoretical considerations, I will scrutinise my findings in a practical environment in two major steps. The first step is a comparative rehearsal observation of one German and one British director and their work with contemporary playtexts. My main question will be in how far the tendency towards dialogue in British plays and towards narration in German-language plays is matched by corresponding trends in the directors’ formal language. Furthermore, I will contextualise the work of these two directors in the larger field of directing in their respective countries. The second and final step of my practical investigation will be an implementation and testing of the previous theses in two directing projects of my own. I will again focus on rehearsal methodologies, attempting to find out which methodologies are particularly useful for the rehearsal of narrative playtexts and thereby hoping to formulate some first ideas for the specific requirements of German-language playtexts in a British context.

(Anglicky) This diploma thesis conducts a survey of dramatic and theatre work of contemporary German dramatist and director Falk Richter (born 1969) in the context of German political theatre of 20th century, thus primarily Brecht and Piscator tradition. At the same time, the concepts of political and post-dramatic theatre are defined and elaborated. The work points out that the current political function of theatre and its chance to directly influence social reality is understood differently than in the case of both pre-war and post-war epic drama by Erwin Piscator and Bertolt Brecht, or in the documentary drama of the 1960s. The key goal of the thesis is to analyze and interpret chosen Richter's dramatic writings and mainly the project Trust, which was created in collaboration with Dutch choreographer Anouk van Dijk. The project can be perceived as a current form of Richter's poetry, which gradually deviates from the "drama" theatre and inclines to motion drama with dance and performance elements. It is showed how the authors deal with present social and personal issues, which are transformed into theatre expression, motion and dance. At last, the thesis examines in what consists the politics of this project.

La thèse propose une lecture comparée de l’emploi du grotesque dans les théâtres français, polonais, belge francophone, germanophone, italien et espagnol. L’analyse comparée des écritures dramatiques comme du discours littéraire permet de dégager les spécificités du grotesque et de sa réception dans les diverses aires culturelles. La première partie est consacrée à la mise en place théorique de la notion dans les arts, des arts décoratifs à l’art dramatique, de la Renaissance au vingtième siècle. Une attention particulière est portée à la danse grotesque, jusque-là peu étudiée, ainsi qu’aux divergences entre les discours critiques occidental et oriental. La seconde partie constitue le cœur du travail par l’étude comparée des procédés grotesques selon trois axes : la déformation, la démesure et l’hybridité. Celle-ci permet de mettre en valeur les fonctions dramatiques de l’emploi de la marionnette et de la pantomime ainsi que l’inspiration des arts du cirque, de la foire et du cabaret. La troisième partie analyse l’hypothèse du genre dramatique grotesque en Europe au vingtième siècle. Une fois établi le cadre théorique de la réflexion sur le genre et au regard de la production dramatique la plus contemporaine, l’étude s’achève sur la détermination de la place du grotesque dans la création artistique comme dans la critique littéraire actuelle. En remettant en cause la périodisation traditionnelle du théâtre européen du siècle dernier, la thèse entend rendre sa place au grotesque dans la critique dramatique contemporaine comme mise en forme du difforme. / This thesis proposes a comparative reading of the use of grotesque in French, Polish, French-speaking Belgian, German-speaking Italian and Spanish theatre so as to determinate the specificities of the grotesque and its reception in different cultural areas. It focuses in the first part on the theory of the notion in arts, from decorative to dramatic art, from Renaissance to the twentieth century. Special attention is given to the grotesque dance, which has been thus far insufficiently studied, and to the discrepancies between western and eastern critical discourses. The comparative analysis of the grotesque is conducted along three axes: deformation, excessiveness and hybridity. It emphasises the function of marionette, pantomime and the inspiration of circus, carnival and cabaret. The last part of the thesis concentrates on the hypothesis of a grotesque dramatic genre in Europe in twentieth century. Once established the theoretical basis of the reflexion upon genre, and in view of contemporary dramatic production, the thesis closes with the determination of the place of the grotesque in the creation and in the criticism. By calling into question traditional periodisation of European twentieth theatre, this thesis aims at giving its place to the grotesque in contemporary dramatic criticism as the shaping of the misshapen.

This thesis examines from theatrical point of view the Janáčkian dramaturgy in German speaking countries within the context of local reception of Czech and Slovak opera and with special consideration of the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. The main referential base of research is German daily critique through which the Author presents an overview of more important productions of Leoš Janáček's operas. The Author then discusses the historical context of these productions, the stage history, German Janáčkian programme and roots of modern-day social-critical expressive staging of Janáček in German speaking area as compared to the more lyrical realistic Czech approach (to simplify). The discussed period is concluded with the year 1998.