This dissertation analyzes the role of tourism within development process in the case of the role of Mawlana tourism in the urban development process of Konya, around the theoretical approaches about tourism and development such as new modernization school, global local nexus approach, glokalism, and TBD (Tourism Business District) approaches. The study finds out that Mawlawi tourism has been playing crucial roles in articulation of Konya to the global markets and urban identity building process. Mawlana tourism establishes a city trademark and international business connections, rather than taking place as a supplementary economic sector in the development process of Konya. Within the diversification in the global tourism, Mawlana tourism can be defined as cultural, religious, and spiritual tourism. Although Mawlana tourism is a limited sector compared to others, it is crucial for Konya to be articulated to the global markets with an urban identity and business connections through Mawlana and Mawlawi Order.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and understand the introduction of entrepreneurship and enterprise projects in primary and secondary schools in the North of Sweden and to identify and analyse the driving forces and actors behind this process. In particular the influence and significance of education policy at supranational, national and subnational level for the introduction of entrepreneurship and enterprise in education are analysed. The main questions of the study have been: • How and why have entrepreneurship and enterprise education come to the schools in the northern region of Sweden, in particular within the framework of the PRIO1 project? • How were important stakeholders involved at the subnational level and how did they reason and act in relation to the introduction of entrepreneurship and enterprise in the schools? • How are the concepts of entrepreneurship and enterprise education presented in policy documents at different policy levels? The study wants to report on changes in education policy during recent years. Especially the emergence of international policy convergence and new forms of governance are among the factors that are considered. Drawing on a conceptual framework of structure and agency, the analyses in the empirical studies are informed by a combination of theoretical fields. Important contributions are rendered from the education policy literature. The first method consists of a policy study of documents produced by organisations at different levels (supranational, national and subnational). The purpose of this analysis is to capture the ideas and arguments that have been used but also to understand the context and driving forces for the introduction of entrepreneurship and enterprise in education. Starting from the supranational level, the analysis focuses mainly on two organisations, OECD and EU. These organisations were chosen because they are widely regarded as leading organisations in setting the supranational policy agenda for education. The document study consists of a selection of OECD documents that have been released during the period 1970 - 2006, as well as a selection of EU documents. The EU documents cover the last 15 years. Attention is paid to several documents at the national and subnational level as well. The second method is an interview study. The interview study aims to focus on some of the key stakeholders (agents/actors) that have been participating in the formation (initiation, financing and realisation) of a county wide project “PRIO1”, Priority Enterprise in Västerbotten, in the North of Sweden. In order to understand why and how these actors at the subnational level have become involved in the process, there exists a need to hear their arguments. The document study shows that there is interplay between the different levels, but intertextual aspects have also become visible. The policy drive and policy scope show the concatenation but also the complexity of the policy development. Education is increasingly related to economic policies, in particular through labour market policies. Although the concepts of Entrepreneurship and Enterprise have developed within the economic sector, they are penetrating the education and training systems of many countries. From the results presented in this study, it seems that lifelong learning has become the guiding principle for the amalgamation of education and the world of work, while learning is no longer equated with just schooling. The opening of the school towards the surrounding world is a characteristic development in all this, but it is also a process that certainly is stipulated by agencies and actors at different levels, as is shown in this study. The interviews with some stakeholders at the subnational level show that the promotion of entrepreneurship and enterprise in education is related to arguments for economic and societal development. The interviews also reveal some of the “bottom-up” aspects of the policy process. One of the important results of this study is that the education policy studies have to include the level beyond the national borders. The interplay between the different policy-levels (supranational, national and subnational) needs more attention in order to understand the transformation of the education system.

Esta dissertação discute a proposição de políticas geradas por organismos multilaterais e que precisam ser institucionalizadas no âmbito do Estado nacional. Parte-se do fato de que a proposição de políticas é resultante de um processo de disputa entre atores sociais, políticos e econômicos. Nas últimas décadas, a globalização tem modificado a forma de atuação dos Estados nacionais e, conseqüentemente, a elaboração e a implementação de políticas de regulação. Verifica-se que, neste contexto, há uma emergência de organizações internacionais que têm exercido uma influência cada vez maior sobre as relações interestatais e o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e analisar os impactos da emergência de instituições e propostas de regulação global sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os atores que atuam no nível nacional/local. Para isso, aborda-se a questão do tabaco enquanto política pública constituída por um fórum internacional, presidido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e que para ser institucionalizada no Brasil precisa passar por um processo de ratificação no âmbito nacional. Verificou-se que, com a proposição de políticas de regulação internacionais, as relações entre os níveis global – local tornam-se mais complexas, devido à emergência de novos atores, esferas e arenas de âmbito global, que passam a tomar decisões que influenciam o nível nacional. Além disso, a emergência desta política a nível nacional provocou algumas mudanças na dinâmica de regulação, até mesmo pela introdução do debate em torno de um tema que provavelmente, sem o apoio da OMS, não seria objeto de uma política de regulação. Esta proposta de regulação permitiu também que novas arenas de discussão e de deliberação fossem constituídas e o fortalecimento de perspectivas ligadas à área da saúde, que antes eram subjugadas pela perspectiva econômica de grupos ligados ao tabaco. Desta forma, a emergência da proposta de regulação a nível nacional acarretou uma mudança na correlação de forças entre os atores nacionais, gerando novas relações entre os atores envolvidos e fazendo com que atores tradicionalmente antagônicos (agricultores e indústrias) se aliassem na defesa da cultura do fumo. / This dissertation discusses the proposition of policies that were generated by multilateral organisms and which need to be institutionalized within the National State. Its key point of departure is that the proposition of policies is resultant from a disputing process among social, political and economical actors. In the last decades, globalization has modified the way National States play roles and, consequently, the elaboration and implementation of regulation policies. It has been verified that within this context, there is an emergence of international organizations that have exercised a major influence over the relationships between national states and the development of the international commerce. The goal of this work is to identify and analyze impacts coming from the emergence of these institutions and proposes of global regulation over relations that were established between actors that act at the national/local level. For this, the study deals with the tobacco issue as a public policy that was constituted by an international forum, presided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and that for being institutionalized in Brazil needs to go through a ratification process within the national sphere. It has been demonstrated that with the proposition of international regulation policy, the relationships among the global – local levels become more complexes, because of the emergence of new actors, spheres and arenas of global field, that come to take decisions for influencing the national level. Besides, the emergence of this policy at the national level provoked some changes in the regulation’s dynamic, even because of the introduction of a debate on a subject, which perhaps would not be object for regulation policy without the support of the WHO. This proposition of regulation allowed, as well, that new arenas for discussion and deliberation could be constructed and the strength of perspectives related to health issues, that earlier were subjugated by the economic perspective coming from groups linked to tobacco. In this way, the emergence of this proposition of regulation at national level has as effects a change in the correlation of forces among national actors, generating new relations between the involved actors and making those actors who are traditionally antagonist (farmers and industries) to join together for defending the tobacco cultivation.

Esta dissertação discute a proposição de políticas geradas por organismos multilaterais e que precisam ser institucionalizadas no âmbito do Estado nacional. Parte-se do fato de que a proposição de políticas é resultante de um processo de disputa entre atores sociais, políticos e econômicos. Nas últimas décadas, a globalização tem modificado a forma de atuação dos Estados nacionais e, conseqüentemente, a elaboração e a implementação de políticas de regulação. Verifica-se que, neste contexto, há uma emergência de organizações internacionais que têm exercido uma influência cada vez maior sobre as relações interestatais e o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e analisar os impactos da emergência de instituições e propostas de regulação global sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os atores que atuam no nível nacional/local. Para isso, aborda-se a questão do tabaco enquanto política pública constituída por um fórum internacional, presidido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e que para ser institucionalizada no Brasil precisa passar por um processo de ratificação no âmbito nacional. Verificou-se que, com a proposição de políticas de regulação internacionais, as relações entre os níveis global – local tornam-se mais complexas, devido à emergência de novos atores, esferas e arenas de âmbito global, que passam a tomar decisões que influenciam o nível nacional. Além disso, a emergência desta política a nível nacional provocou algumas mudanças na dinâmica de regulação, até mesmo pela introdução do debate em torno de um tema que provavelmente, sem o apoio da OMS, não seria objeto de uma política de regulação. Esta proposta de regulação permitiu também que novas arenas de discussão e de deliberação fossem constituídas e o fortalecimento de perspectivas ligadas à área da saúde, que antes eram subjugadas pela perspectiva econômica de grupos ligados ao tabaco. Desta forma, a emergência da proposta de regulação a nível nacional acarretou uma mudança na correlação de forças entre os atores nacionais, gerando novas relações entre os atores envolvidos e fazendo com que atores tradicionalmente antagônicos (agricultores e indústrias) se aliassem na defesa da cultura do fumo. / This dissertation discusses the proposition of policies that were generated by multilateral organisms and which need to be institutionalized within the National State. Its key point of departure is that the proposition of policies is resultant from a disputing process among social, political and economical actors. In the last decades, globalization has modified the way National States play roles and, consequently, the elaboration and implementation of regulation policies. It has been verified that within this context, there is an emergence of international organizations that have exercised a major influence over the relationships between national states and the development of the international commerce. The goal of this work is to identify and analyze impacts coming from the emergence of these institutions and proposes of global regulation over relations that were established between actors that act at the national/local level. For this, the study deals with the tobacco issue as a public policy that was constituted by an international forum, presided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and that for being institutionalized in Brazil needs to go through a ratification process within the national sphere. It has been demonstrated that with the proposition of international regulation policy, the relationships among the global – local levels become more complexes, because of the emergence of new actors, spheres and arenas of global field, that come to take decisions for influencing the national level. Besides, the emergence of this policy at the national level provoked some changes in the regulation’s dynamic, even because of the introduction of a debate on a subject, which perhaps would not be object for regulation policy without the support of the WHO. This proposition of regulation allowed, as well, that new arenas for discussion and deliberation could be constructed and the strength of perspectives related to health issues, that earlier were subjugated by the economic perspective coming from groups linked to tobacco. In this way, the emergence of this proposition of regulation at national level has as effects a change in the correlation of forces among national actors, generating new relations between the involved actors and making those actors who are traditionally antagonist (farmers and industries) to join together for defending the tobacco cultivation.

Esta dissertação discute a proposição de políticas geradas por organismos multilaterais e que precisam ser institucionalizadas no âmbito do Estado nacional. Parte-se do fato de que a proposição de políticas é resultante de um processo de disputa entre atores sociais, políticos e econômicos. Nas últimas décadas, a globalização tem modificado a forma de atuação dos Estados nacionais e, conseqüentemente, a elaboração e a implementação de políticas de regulação. Verifica-se que, neste contexto, há uma emergência de organizações internacionais que têm exercido uma influência cada vez maior sobre as relações interestatais e o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e analisar os impactos da emergência de instituições e propostas de regulação global sobre as relações estabelecidas entre os atores que atuam no nível nacional/local. Para isso, aborda-se a questão do tabaco enquanto política pública constituída por um fórum internacional, presidido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e que para ser institucionalizada no Brasil precisa passar por um processo de ratificação no âmbito nacional. Verificou-se que, com a proposição de políticas de regulação internacionais, as relações entre os níveis global – local tornam-se mais complexas, devido à emergência de novos atores, esferas e arenas de âmbito global, que passam a tomar decisões que influenciam o nível nacional. Além disso, a emergência desta política a nível nacional provocou algumas mudanças na dinâmica de regulação, até mesmo pela introdução do debate em torno de um tema que provavelmente, sem o apoio da OMS, não seria objeto de uma política de regulação. Esta proposta de regulação permitiu também que novas arenas de discussão e de deliberação fossem constituídas e o fortalecimento de perspectivas ligadas à área da saúde, que antes eram subjugadas pela perspectiva econômica de grupos ligados ao tabaco. Desta forma, a emergência da proposta de regulação a nível nacional acarretou uma mudança na correlação de forças entre os atores nacionais, gerando novas relações entre os atores envolvidos e fazendo com que atores tradicionalmente antagônicos (agricultores e indústrias) se aliassem na defesa da cultura do fumo. / This dissertation discusses the proposition of policies that were generated by multilateral organisms and which need to be institutionalized within the National State. Its key point of departure is that the proposition of policies is resultant from a disputing process among social, political and economical actors. In the last decades, globalization has modified the way National States play roles and, consequently, the elaboration and implementation of regulation policies. It has been verified that within this context, there is an emergence of international organizations that have exercised a major influence over the relationships between national states and the development of the international commerce. The goal of this work is to identify and analyze impacts coming from the emergence of these institutions and proposes of global regulation over relations that were established between actors that act at the national/local level. For this, the study deals with the tobacco issue as a public policy that was constituted by an international forum, presided by the World Health Organization (WHO) and that for being institutionalized in Brazil needs to go through a ratification process within the national sphere. It has been demonstrated that with the proposition of international regulation policy, the relationships among the global – local levels become more complexes, because of the emergence of new actors, spheres and arenas of global field, that come to take decisions for influencing the national level. Besides, the emergence of this policy at the national level provoked some changes in the regulation’s dynamic, even because of the introduction of a debate on a subject, which perhaps would not be object for regulation policy without the support of the WHO. This proposition of regulation allowed, as well, that new arenas for discussion and deliberation could be constructed and the strength of perspectives related to health issues, that earlier were subjugated by the economic perspective coming from groups linked to tobacco. In this way, the emergence of this proposition of regulation at national level has as effects a change in the correlation of forces among national actors, generating new relations between the involved actors and making those actors who are traditionally antagonist (farmers and industries) to join together for defending the tobacco cultivation.

No description available.

No description available.

The structural optimization of a cantilever aircraft wing with curvilinear spars and ribs and stiffeners is described. The design concept of reinforcing the wing structure using curvilinear stiffening members has been explored due to the development of novel manufacturing technologies like electron-beam-free-form-fabrication (EBF3). For the optimization of a complex wing, a common strategy is to divide the optimization procedure into two subsystems: the global wing optimization which optimizes the geometry of spars, ribs and wing skins; and the local panel optimization which optimizes the design variables of local panels bordered by spars and ribs. The stiffeners are placed on the local panels to increase the stiffness and buckling resistance. The panel thickness, size and shape of stiffeners are optimized to minimize the structural weight. The geometry of spars and ribs greatly influences the design of stiffened panels. During the local panel optimization, the stress information is taken from the global model as a displacement boundary condition on the panel edges using the so-called "Global-Local Approach". The aircraft design is characterized by multiple disciplines: structures, aeroelasticity and buckling. Particle swarm optimization is used in the integration of global/local optimization to optimize the SpaRibs. The interaction between the global wing optimization and the local panel optimization is usually computationally expensive. A parallel computing technology has been developed in Python programming to reduce the CPU time. The license cycle-check method and memory self-adjustment method are two approaches that have been applied in the parallel framework in order to optimize the use of the resources by reducing the license and memory limitations and making the code robust. The integrated global-local optimization approach has been applied to subsonic NASA common research model (CRM) wing, which proves the methodology's application scaling with medium fidelity FEM analysis. Both the global wing design variables and local panel design variables are optimized to minimize the wing weight at an acceptable computational cost. The structural weight of the wing has been, therefore, reduced by 40% and the parallel implementation allowed a reduction in the CPU time by 89%. The aforementioned Global-Local Approach is investigated and applied to a composite panel with crack at its center. Because of composite laminates' heterogeneity, an accurate analysis of these requires very high time and storage space. In the presence of structural discontinuities like cracks, delaminations, cutouts etc., the computational complexity increases significantly. A possible alternative to reduce the computational complexity is the global-local analysis which involves an approximate analysis of the whole structure followed by a detailed analysis of a significantly smaller region of interest. We investigate here the performance of the global-local scheme based on the finite element method by comparing it to the traditional finite element method. To do so, we conduct a 2D structural analysis of a composite square plate, with a thin rectangular notch at its center, subjected to a uniform transverse pressure, using the commercial software ABAQUS. We show that the presence of the thin notch affects only the local response of the structure and that the size of the affected area depends on the notch length. We investigate also the effect of the notch shape on the response of the structure. Stiffeners attached to composite panels may significantly increase the overall buckling load of the resultant stiffened structure. Buckling analysis of a composite panel with attached longitudinal stiffeners under compressive loads is performed using Ritz method with trigonometric functions. Results are then compared to those from ABAQUS FEA for different shell elements. The case of composite panel with one, two, and three stiffeners is investigated. The effect of the distance between the stiffeners on the buckling load is also studied. The variation of the buckling load and buckling modes with the stiffeners' height is investigated. It is shown that there is an optimum value of stiffeners' height beyond which the structural response of the stiffened panel is not improved and the buckling load does not increase. Furthermore, there exist different critical values of stiffener's height at which the buckling mode of the structure changes. Next, buckling analysis of a composite panel with two straight stiffeners and a crack at the center is performed. Finally, buckling analysis of a composite panel with curvilinear stiffeners and a crack at the center is also conducted. ABAQUS is used for these two examples and results show that panels with a larger crack have a reduced buckling load. It is shown also that the buckling load decreases slightly when using higher order 2D shell FEM elements. A damage tolerance framework, EBF3PanelOpt, has been developed to design and analyze curvilinearly stiffened panels. The framework is written with the scripting language PYTHON and it interacts with the commercial software MSC. Patran (for geometry and mesh creation), MSC. Nastran (for finite element analysis), and MSC. Marc (for damage tolerance analysis). The crack location is set to the location of the maximum value of the major principal stress while its orientation is set normal to the major principal axis direction. The effective stress intensity factor is calculated using the Virtual Crack Closure Technique and compared to the fracture toughness of the material in order to decide whether the crack will expand or not. The ratio of these two quantities is used as a constraint, along with the buckling factor, Kreisselmeier and Steinhauser criteria, and crippling factor. The EBF3PanelOpt framework is integrated within a two-step Particle Swarm Optimization in order to minimize the weight of the panel while satisfying the aforementioned constraints and using all the shape and thickness parameters as design variables. The result of the PSO is used then as an initial guess for the Gradient Based Optimization using only the thickness parameters as design variables. The GBO is applied using the commercial software VisualDOC. / Ph. D.

Motivated by a zero-intelligence approach, the aim of this thesis is to unify the microscopic (discrete price and volume), mesoscopic (discrete price and continuous volume) and macroscopic (continuous price and volume) frameworks of limit order books, with a view to providing a novel yet analytically tractable description of their behaviour in a high to ultra high-frequency setting. Starting with the canonical microscopic framework, the first part of the thesis examines the limiting behaviour of the order book process when order arrival and cancellation rates are sent to infinity and when volumes are considered to be of infinitesimal size. Mathematically speaking, this amounts to establishing the weak convergence of a discrete-space process to a mesoscopic diffusion limit. This step is initially carried out in a reduced-form context, in other words, by simply looking at the best bid and ask queues, before the procedure is extended to the whole book. This subsequently leads us to the second part of the thesis, which is devoted to the transition between mesoscopic and macroscopic models of limit order books, where the general idea is to send the tick size to zero, or equivalently, to consider infinitely many price levels. The macroscopic limit is then described in terms of reflected SPDEs which typically arise in stochastic interface models. Numerical applications are finally presented, notably via the simulation of the mesocopic and macroscopic limits, which can be used as market simulators for short-term price prediction or optimal execution strategies.

This dissertation analyses the consequences of seemingly placeless processes like the European integration and the increasing economic globalisation on Brussels and the people living there. The study shows that Brussels has become one of our time's most important international political capitals and a leading business node in Europe. European institutions, international organisations, headquarters and subsidiaries of transnational corporations are increasingly locating themselves in Brussels. Simultaneously there has been an influx of transnational professionals working in the international sector. This research shows that with the internationalisation of Brussels there has been concomitant economic restructuring with the emergence of an advanced service economy. The labour market has become polarised between those who have jobs and those who do not. Brussels has also experienced a spatial and socio-economic polarisation along ethnic lines. The thesis explores the connections between these changes and Brussels' international role. Drawing on the world / global city thesis of Saskia Sassen and John Friedmann, a theoretical framework is developed to analyse this. One of the important results of this study is that the world / global city thesis needs to be complemented with a thorough analysis of the place: the political and historical context, and also the role of the local agents, to enable an explanation of the observed development. The interplay between global and local processes needs to be clarified. It is also argued that to properly understand cities with an international role like Brussels, we need to know why international agents locate there. Michael Storper's concepts of 'economic reflexivity' and 'territorial specificities' are used to analyse the rise of Brussels into a reflexive world city - a city vibrating with specific knowledge, produced through inter alia social interaction and critical reflection, that some transnational agents find extremely vital to tap into.