This master’s thesis describes an experimental program investigating the strengthening of beams of glued laminated timber with composite reinforcement. The work compares the behavior of beams reinforced with composite reinforcement with unreinforced beam and with solid timber beam. The work also deals with identifying and evaluating the physic-mechanical properties of materials.

Introduktion – Byggbranschen idag står för en betydande andel av jordensväxthusgasutsläpp och behovet för att minska dessa är stora. Att investera merklimatsmart i nybyggnation ökar och trä har blivit till ett alltmer populärt byggmaterialnär det kommer till flerbostadshus, men logistikhallar domineras fortfarande av stål.Studiens mål är att undersöka skillnaderna i kostnader och utsläpp av växthusgasermellan limträ- och stålstommar för logistikhallar. Detta för att undersöka om trä är ettekonomiskt rimligt och mer miljöeffektivt stommaterial vid byggnation avlogistikhallar än en stålstomme. Metod – Metoden som valts till studien är en fallstudie då den kommer omfatta bådeen teoretisk undersökning, granskning av kvantitativa data från ett tidigare projekt samtuppskatta storleken på en trästommes tvärsnitt genom simulering i endimensioneringsmjukvara. Kostnad och miljöpåverkan för en stål- och limträstommekommer att tas fram för att sedan kunna utföra en jämförande analys av de tvåstommaterialen. Resultat – Stommarna skiljer sig procentuellt sätt inte så mycket i pris menlimträstommen orsakar betydligt mindre växthusgasutsläpp jämfört med stålstommen.Kostnaden mellan stål- och trästommen skiljde sig knappt utifrån material- ochmontagekostnaderna. Stålstommen står för nästan sju gånger mer växthusgasutsläpp änlimträstommen under produktionsstadiet. I transportskedet har limträ en längretransportsträcka än stål i denna studie vilket är huvudorsaken till att limträstommenspåverkan på miljön är större än stålstommen i detta skede. Monteringsskedet harstålstommen en större miljöpåverkan än trästommen. Utifrån hela stommen under helabygg- och produktionsstadiet hade stålstommen fyra gånger mer i utsläpp änlimträstommen. Analys – Om priset på stommen är det huvudsakliga intresset hos byggherren bör inteen stålstomme antas vara det billigare alternativet. Denna studie har största spännvidderav balkar på 24 meter och vid större spännvidder kan förutsättningarna för val avstommaterial se annorlunda ut. Limträ är väl lämpat som stommaterial om ambitionenär att bygga med små mängder växthusgasutsläpp. Diskussion – Byggbranschen har en viktig roll i arbetet med att minskakoldioxidutsläppen och uppnå klimatmålen. Trots att trästommen som analyserats inteär optimalt utformad påvisar ändå studien stora miljömässiga fördelar att användalimträ som stommaterial i logistikhallar utan några större skillnader i kostnad. / Introduction – The construction industry today accounts for a significant portion ofthe Earth's greenhouse gas emissions, and the need to reduce these emissions issubstantial. Investing more climate-smartly in new construction is increasing, and woodhas become an increasingly popular building material, especially for multi-familyhouses. However, logistic warehouses are still predominantly dominated by steel. Theaim of this study is to investigate the differences in costs and greenhouse gas emissionsbetween glulam timber and steel frames for logistic warehouses. This is done toexamine whether wood is an economically viable and environmentally more efficientstructural material for constructing logistic warehouses compared to a steel frame. Method – The chosen method for the study is a case study, as it will encompass both atheoretical examination, a review of quantitative data from a previous project, and anestimation of the cross-sectional size of a timber frame through simulation in astructural design software. The cost and environmental impact of a steel and glulamtimber frame will be determined in order to conduct a comparative analysis of the twostructural materials. Results – The frames do not differ significantly in terms of price, but the glulam timberframe results in significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to the steelframe. The cost difference between steel and timber frames was minimal based onmaterial and assembly costs. The steel frame generates almost seven times moregreenhouse gas emissions than the glulam timber frame during the production stage. Inthe transportation phase, laminated timber has a longer transportation distance then steelin this study, which is the main reason for the greater environmental impact of thelaminated timber frame compared to the steel frame at this stage. During the assemblyphase, the steel frame has a larger environmental impact than the timber frame. Acrossthe entire frame during the entire construction and production stages, the steel framehas four times more emissions than the glulam timber frame. Analysis – If the cost of the frame is the primary concern for the builder, a steel frameshould not be assumed to be the cheaper alternative. This study considers the widestspan of beams at 24 meters, and for larger spans, the conditions for choosing structuralmaterials might differ. Glulam timber is well-suited as a structural material if the goalis to build with minimal greenhouse gas emissions. Discussion – The construction industry plays a crucial role in reducing carbon dioxideemissions and achieving climate goals. Despite the fact that the analyzed timber framemight not be optimally designed, the study still demonstrates significant environmentaladvantages in using glulam timber as a structural material in logistic warehouses, withno major differences in cost.

For structural engineers, the two most important design criteria are utility andsafety. It is about making sure that a structural component is reliable enough not toendanger any of a building's users, while at the same time being as sustainable andefficiently designed as possible. In other words, an element must be safe enough towithstand the improbability and sufficiently cheap to be relevant for the design.Considering this, using a material such as wood instead of metal may prove to be asustainable alternative for certain building components.Timber can be designed to sustain high temperatures and fire; it has a high strengthrelative to its weight and is naturally produced. Furthermore, an engineered woodproduct such as birch plywood has proven very strong in structural applications,especially when glued. Therefore, birch plywood has great potential as a reliablematerial in structural components. In this work, a total of 24 specimens with birchplywood connections were tested experimentally.The specimens were designed to enforce stress states that would occur in actualtrusses. Additionally, Specimens were assembled with two different connectionmethods, one being a dowel-type connection and the other being a glued-type. Eachtype of connection was tested in both tension and compression, with a total of threerepetitions each. For the glued-type specimens, birch plywood plates wereinvestigated in three different angles to the face grain; 0°, 5° and 15°. Theload-displacement relationships and the failure modes are of specific interest in thisthesis.Test results showed that failure modes were semi-brittle and distinct, and the testsshowed that glued-type connections withstood 37% higher loads than dowelledtypes. Specimens might withstand even higher loads if gluing were performed in amore controlled environment. The load-to-face-grain angle of plywood also had asignificant impact on the capacity of connections. For the 0°-specimens with gluedconnections tested in compression, no failures occurred in the plywood, and testsreached loads as high as 82 kN. Calculations were made estimating the load capacityas high as 95 kN, but possibly a more realistic approximation would be 85 kN. Thiswould imply that the 0°-specimens are around 20% stronger than the 15°-specimensand approximately 17,7% stronger than the 5°-specimens tested in compression.Birch plywood is promising to be used in connections of timber structures whereplates transfer forces between structural elements.

This diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of additional reinforcement of wooden elements using different types of BFRP materials. In the practical part, an experiment of reinforcing plywood with external reinforcement using BFRP fabrics with different basis weights was performed. As part of the strength tests performed, the specimens were subjected to bending and shear stresses. To verify the bonding quality of the plywood, the bodies were exposed to the effect of elevated temperature and a delamination test was performed to determine the bonding quality of the plywood joints. The achieved values were evaluated and compared with the available literature.

L’utilisation des goujons collés dans les structures bois répond au souci de conservation du bâti et de discrétion de l’intervention. A ce jour, plusieurs procédés de caractérisation et de dimensionnement sont disponibles, sans pour autant donner un socle commun à l’évaluation de la résistance des assemblages collés. L’utilisation des goujons collés suscite des interrogations concernant leur tenue au feu. Bien que le matériau bois entourant les tiges de renforcement soit isolant, il est nécessaire de fournir de plus amples estimations concernant la tenue mécanique des polymères pour différentes températures que l’on pourrait trouver au sein d’une liaison au cours d’un incendie. La présente étude permet de coupler méthodes expérimentales et simulations numériques, afin d’appréhender les mécanismes gouvernant la rupture de ces assemblages. La caractérisation expérimentale permet d’estimer les propriétés mécaniques locales des assemblages suivant divers paramètres (les longueurs de scellement, l’orientation du fil du bois, l’essence de bois, ou encore la température d’exposition), ainsi que les propriétés intrinsèques aux matériaux constitutifs. Cette base de données expérimentale est indispensable pour l’ajustement du modèle aux éléments finis en élasticité linéaire. L’approche numérique met en évidence une présence importante de contraintes normales en tête de collage, avant l’apparition de contraintes de cisaillement. Les outils de la Mécanique Linéaire Élastique de la Rupture équivalente permettent d’établir des courbes de résistance liées à chaque mode de ruine (mode I et mode II). Enfin, afin de décrire précisément le processus complet de rupture de ces assemblages, un critère de rupture en mode mixte (mode I et mode II) est utilisé. Une formulation analytique permettant d’estimer la charge au pic est proposée et permettra la réalisation d’abaques de dimensionnement des assemblages par goujons collés, utilisables en bureau d’études. / Glued-in-rods lead to overcome the use of traditional bolted connections, preserve a large part of original timber and offer aesthetic benefits (since the repair is hidden in the cross sections of the members). Despite previous research programs in many countries, some design rules, predicting the axial strength of such connections, are available, but a common criterion is still lacking. However, the durability of this process according to fluctuating temperature is not well known. During fire exposure, connections are not directly in contact with flames, since they are isolated by surrounding wood. The current study combines experiments with finite element computations, in order to lead a better to a better knowledge about their mechanical and fracture behaviors. An important experimental campaign is carried out on such connections and provides the influence of various parameters, such as the anchorage length, the rod-to-grain angle, the specie of wood or the temperature exposure, on their mechanical behaviors. Moreover, the inherent mechanical properties of the rod and the adhesives used are also studied. The finite element modeling reproduces the experimental configuration, and reveals significant tensile stresses in comparison with shear stresses. Within the framework of equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics, R-curves in mode I and mode II can be estimated for each specimen. Finally, a fracture criterion in mixed mode is used to describe the complete fracture process of glued-in rods. An analytical formulation is then proposed and allows the evaluation of peak load of each specimen. This approach leads to realize design tables, usable by design offices.

Elementos estruturais de Madeira Laminada Colada (MLC) têm sido muito utilizados na América do Norte e na Europa. Entretanto no Brasil há restrições quanto ao uso, principalmente, em razão da insegurança diante de potenciais riscos relacionados a incêndios. Este trabalho investigou o comportamento térmico e mecânico de elementos estruturais de MLC expostos à curva de incêndio-padrão ISO 834, preparados com duas espécies de madeira (Eucalyptus e Pinus) sem adição de tratamentos preservantes. Adicionalmente, elementos tratados com preservante ignífugo a base Borato de Cobre Cromatado (MOQ® OX 50CCBO) ou tratamento retardantes ao fogo (OSMOGUARD® FR100) também foram utilizados para analisar a influência na carbonização. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi analisar a resistência ao fogo de elementos de MLC, avaliando a influência da espécie de madeira, a influência da densidade, bem como os efeitos dos tratamentos preservantes. O programa experimental foi realizado no forno horizontal a gás instalado no Departamento de Engenhara das Estruturas - EESC/USP, com dimensões internas de 3m x 4m x 1,5m, e as análises numéricas foram implementadas no pacote computacional ABAQUS. O modelo numérico, com vistas ao monitoramento a deflexão no meio do vão e a avaliação da distribuição da temperatura ao longo da profundidade dos elementos, foram desenvolvidos e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os dados obtidos por meio das análises experimentais. Métodos de cálculo propostos por diferentes autores e regulamentações internacionais foram aplicados para verificação das propostas de dimensionamento em situação de incêndio. A comparação dos resultados mostrou que a utilização dos métodos de dimensionamento (simplificado ou avançado) representa risco à segurança contra incêndio caso utilize valores para a taxa de carbonização das espécies nacionais determinados a partir dos métodos de cálculo ou normas internacionais. / Structural elements of Glued Laminated Timber (glulam) have long been used in North America and Europe, but their use is still restricted in Brazil for safety reasons, especially related to potential risks in face of fire. The present work investigated the thermal and mechanical behavior of structural elements of glulam exposed to fire standard ISO 834. The glued laminated timber was produced from two wood species (Eucalyptus and Pinus) without any treatments. However, elements treated with wood treatments like Copper Chrome Boron (MOQ® OX 50 -CCB-O) or fire retardant treatment (OSMOGUARD® FR100) were also used to investigate their influence on charring. The main objective of this study was to assess the fire resistance of the glulam elements, evaluating the influence of wood species and, consequently, the influence of density, as well as the effects of preservative treatment. The experimental program was carried out in a gas oven, with internal dimensions of 3m x 4m x 1.5m, and the numerical analyses were performed by ABAQUS. The numerical analyses aimed to monitor the deflection in the middle of the span as well as the temperature distribution along the depth of the elements. The results obtained from both the experimental and numerical analyses were compared. Calculation methods proposed by different authors and international regulations have been applied for verification of the proposed design in fire. A comparison of the results show that the use of calculation methods (simplified and advanced) represents a risk to fire safety in case of using the values of char rate for Brazilian wood species determined from the calculation methods.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Maria Silva Brito.pdf: 1958233 bytes, checksum: 19806ba42f2c6acb72b77967069c2d99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar as características anatômicas e físicas do bambu in natura , analisar os efeitos da termorretificação nas propriedades tecnológicas do bambu laminado colado termorretificado (BLCTR) e na sua durabilidade natural. Foram coletados quatro colmos em idade adulta e cortados a cada 2,0 m, divididos em quatro secções no sentido longitudinal sendo imersas em água durante 10 dias e secas ao ar. As secções foram transformadas em taliscas com dimensões de 0,5 x 3,5 x 45 cm (espessura x largura x comprimento) e tratadas termicamente a 100, 140, 160, 180 e 200°C, durante uma hora para cada temperatura. Os adesivos utilizados foram o Cascophen RS-216-M , à base de resorcinol - formaldeído, Cascamite PL-2030 , à base de uréia - formaldeído, ambos termofixos e um termoplástico à base de acetato de polivinila, Cascorez 2500 . As taliscas termorretificadas foram dimensionadas conforme cada ensaio realizado. Observou-se que os colmos de bambu possuem uma frequência de vasos de 0 a 4 vasos.mm-2 com média de 2 vasos.mm-², fibras longas e estreitas com comprimento médio de 2,72 mm. A massa específica básica de 0,66 g.cm-3 e a retratibilidade volumétrica de 15,41%. Os teores de extrativos e lignina total aumentaram, conforme o incremento da temperatura, e o teor de holocelulose foi reduzido. A partir da temperatura de 160 °C ocorreu um ganho na durabilidade natural do bambu e na estabilidade dimensional do BLCTR aderido com RF, porém houve uma queda nos valores da massa específica básica e na resistência mecânica do material / This work aimed to evaluate the physical and anatomical characteristics of bamboo "in natura", analysing the effects of thermal treatment on the technological properties of glued laminated bamboo thermo-modified (GLBT) and in your natural durability. A total of four culms were collected in age adulthood and cut every to 2.0 m and divided into four lengthwise sections that were immersed in water for 10 days and air-dried. The sections were transformed into flights with dimensions of 0.5 x 3,5 x 45 cm (thickness x width x length) and thermal treated to 100, 140, 160, 180 and 200 °C for one hour for each temperature. T he adhesives used were Cascophen RS-216-M , based resorcinol formaldehyde, Cascamite PL-2030 , based on urea - formaldehyde, both thermoset and thermoplastic based on one polyvinylacetate, Cascorez 2500 . The flights thermal treated were scaled according to each proposed test. It was observed that the bamboo culms have a frequency of 0 to 4 vessels.mm-2, whith mean of vessels.mm-2, with long and narrow fibres with length average of 2.72 mm. The basic specific gravity was of 0.66 g.cm-3 and volumetric shrinkage of 15.41%. The total extractives and lignin contents increased as the temperature increase, and holocellulose content has been reduced. Since the temperature of 160 °C was a gain in durability natural bamboo and the dimensional stability of GLBT adhered to RF, but there was a decrease in the values of specific gravity and mechanicalproperties of the material

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Amorim Rosa.pdf: 6622589 bytes, checksum: e040fc81e3368d400ce9a5c89180edbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / Este trabalho teve como objetivos verificar as propriedades tecnológicas dos bambus Dendrocalamus gigateus e Bambusa vulgaris; avaliar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos bambus laminados colados (BLC) de acordo com as espécies, os adesivos e os tratamentos preservativos utilizados e; correlacionar tanto o módulo de ruptura MOR quanto o módulo de elasticidade MOE dos BLCs obtidos por meio dos métodos não destrutivos com o método destrutivo. Para isto, foram produzidas taliscas com dimensões de 0,5 x 3,0 x 70,0 cm (espessura x largura x comprimento) com os bambus das espécies D. gigateus e B.vulgaris com idade superior a três. Uma parte destas taliscas foi imersa em água e a outra em Timbor, com duração de 15 dias para ambos os tratamentos. Os adesivos utilizados foram à base de emulsão de isocianato polimérico (EPI); melamina ureia formaldeído - MUF; acetato de polivinílico cross PVAc e resorcinol formaldeído - RF. Os métodos não destrutivos utilizados para estimar o módulo de elasticidade dos BLCs foram o Stress Wave - SW, vibração longitudinal - vib. long. e vibração transversal - vib. trans. Observou-se que, os BLCs confeccionados com B. vulgaris demonstraram maior instabilidade dimensional que aqueles produzidos com o D. giganteus. Entretanto, os adesivos MUF e RF conferiram maior estabilidade dimensional aos BLCs produzidos com ambas as espécies. Tanto os BLCs de D. giganteus quanto o de B. vulgaris em relação aos dois tratamentos preservativos utilizados, tiveram a menor média de falhas no bambu quando aderidos com EPI e PVA. Para os BLCs produzidos com o bambu gigante, o Stress Wave demonstrou não ser indicado para estimar o módulo de elasticidade para os aderidos com EPI, MUF, PVA e RF. Os métodos de vib. long. e vib. trans. demonstraram boa possibilidade da estimação do MOE para os BLCs de D. giganteus para qualquer adesivo. Para os métodos não destrutivos realizados com os BLCs do bambu vulgar, a técnica do Stress Wave demonstrou ser indicado para os BLCs aderidos com MUF e com PVA. No método de vib. long. os BLCs B. vulgaris aderidos com MUF, PVA e RF tiveram alto erro de estimação. Já o método de vib. trans., proporcionou alto coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (R²), demonstrando ser o mais recomendado. O método de vib. trans. mostrou ser o melhor na estimação do módulo de elasticidade tanto para os BLCs confeccionados com D. giganteus quanto para os de B. vulgaris, proporcionando os menores erros e os maiores R². Em função dos resultados físicos e mecânicos obtidos, pode-se afirmar que os BLCs confeccionados tanto com a espécie de D. giganteus quanto de B. vulgaris podem ser indicados para a produção de móveis / This study aimed to verify the technological properties of the Dendrocalamus giganteus and Bambusa vulgaris bamboo; evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of glued laminated bamboo (BLC) according to the species, the adhesives and the preservant treatments; correlate both the module break and the modulus of elasticity - MOE of BLCs obtained by means of nondestructive methods with destructive method.. For this, were produced bamboo slivers with dimensions 0,5 x 3,0 x 70,0 cm (thickness, width and lenght) with B.vulgaris and D. giganteus species over three years old. One of these bamboo slivers were immersed in water and the other part in Timbor, lasting 15 days for both treatments. The adhesives used were based emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI), melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF); cross polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and resorcinol formaldehyde (RF). The non-destructive methods were used Stress Wave (SW), longitudinal vibration (vib. long.) and transverse vibration (vib. trans.). It was observed that the BLCs made from B. vulgaris demonstrated greater dimensional instability than those produced with the D. giganteus. However, MUF adhesive and RF conferred greater dimensional stability for the BLCs produced with both species. Both BLCs D. giganteus and B. vulgaris in relation to the two treatments had the lowest average failure in bamboo bonded with EPI and PVA. For BLCs produced from D. giganteus bamboo, the Stress Wave method proved not to be suitable for estimating the elastic modulus to BLCs adhered with EPI, MUF, PVA and RF. The vib. Long. and vib. trans. Methods demonstrated good possibility of estimating the MOE for BLCs of D. giganteus for any adhesive. For non-destructive methods performed with BLCs B. vulgaris bamboo, Stress Wave technique proved to be suitable for the BLCs bonded with MUF and PVA. In the vib. Long. Method, the BLCs made from B. vulgaris and bonded with MUF, PVA and RF had high estimation error. Already vib.trans.method provided high coefficient of Pearson correlation (R²), proving to be the most recommended. The vib.trans.method proved to be the best in the estimation of the modulus of elasticity for both BLCs made from D. giganteus and B. vulgaris, providing the smallest errors and the highest R². According to the physical and mechanical results obtained, it can be affirmed that BLCs made with both the species of D. giganteus or B. vulgaris may be employed for the furniture production

Elementos estruturais de Madeira Laminada Colada (MLC) têm sido muito utilizados na América do Norte e na Europa. Entretanto no Brasil há restrições quanto ao uso, principalmente, em razão da insegurança diante de potenciais riscos relacionados a incêndios. Este trabalho investigou o comportamento térmico e mecânico de elementos estruturais de MLC expostos à curva de incêndio-padrão ISO 834, preparados com duas espécies de madeira (Eucalyptus e Pinus) sem adição de tratamentos preservantes. Adicionalmente, elementos tratados com preservante ignífugo a base Borato de Cobre Cromatado (MOQ® OX 50CCBO) ou tratamento retardantes ao fogo (OSMOGUARD® FR100) também foram utilizados para analisar a influência na carbonização. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi analisar a resistência ao fogo de elementos de MLC, avaliando a influência da espécie de madeira, a influência da densidade, bem como os efeitos dos tratamentos preservantes. O programa experimental foi realizado no forno horizontal a gás instalado no Departamento de Engenhara das Estruturas - EESC/USP, com dimensões internas de 3m x 4m x 1,5m, e as análises numéricas foram implementadas no pacote computacional ABAQUS. O modelo numérico, com vistas ao monitoramento a deflexão no meio do vão e a avaliação da distribuição da temperatura ao longo da profundidade dos elementos, foram desenvolvidos e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os dados obtidos por meio das análises experimentais. Métodos de cálculo propostos por diferentes autores e regulamentações internacionais foram aplicados para verificação das propostas de dimensionamento em situação de incêndio. A comparação dos resultados mostrou que a utilização dos métodos de dimensionamento (simplificado ou avançado) representa risco à segurança contra incêndio caso utilize valores para a taxa de carbonização das espécies nacionais determinados a partir dos métodos de cálculo ou normas internacionais. / Structural elements of Glued Laminated Timber (glulam) have long been used in North America and Europe, but their use is still restricted in Brazil for safety reasons, especially related to potential risks in face of fire. The present work investigated the thermal and mechanical behavior of structural elements of glulam exposed to fire standard ISO 834. The glued laminated timber was produced from two wood species (Eucalyptus and Pinus) without any treatments. However, elements treated with wood treatments like Copper Chrome Boron (MOQ® OX 50 -CCB-O) or fire retardant treatment (OSMOGUARD® FR100) were also used to investigate their influence on charring. The main objective of this study was to assess the fire resistance of the glulam elements, evaluating the influence of wood species and, consequently, the influence of density, as well as the effects of preservative treatment. The experimental program was carried out in a gas oven, with internal dimensions of 3m x 4m x 1.5m, and the numerical analyses were performed by ABAQUS. The numerical analyses aimed to monitor the deflection in the middle of the span as well as the temperature distribution along the depth of the elements. The results obtained from both the experimental and numerical analyses were compared. Calculation methods proposed by different authors and international regulations have been applied for verification of the proposed design in fire. A comparison of the results show that the use of calculation methods (simplified and advanced) represents a risk to fire safety in case of using the values of char rate for Brazilian wood species determined from the calculation methods.

This work aims to the design of a carbon fiber bicycle frame with production technology suitable for piece production. The work summarizes the methods of production of composite frames and important parameters that must be respected when designing the frame. A Gravel frame was chosen for the design. The frame was designed for production using stainless steel printed lugs with glued composite tubes. The proposed solution was strength tested. The work also contains a design of a production jig for the construction of bicycle frames.