Apparently the existence of deepgoing antinomies in our system of contracts is an experience too painful to rise to the full level of our consciousnes. In the current transformative milieu, the South African law of contract continues its attempts to convey an image of contract as a coherent system of clear and neutral rules. These attempts stem from the belief that the rule-book, in and of itself, can offer us determinate answers in all contractual disputes. This study was borne out of a concern that in its commitments to sustain this image, the South African law of contract is not sufficiently concerned with transformation and the ideal of justice. In the seventies, Kennedy exposed the ambivalence of the contract system and argued that private law vividly reflected the fundamental contradiction; the irresolvable tension in and among us between acting purely out of self-interest or allowing our actions to be informed, influenced and curtailed by others. Kennedy asserted that the fundamental contradiction could be construed as a continuum with two opposing ‘ideal typical’ positions on both the level of form and substance. On the substance level he referred to this warring engagement as individualism and altruism. On the form level, the ideal typical commitments prefer law either in the form of rules or as open-ended standards. Kennedy’s most provocative claim was that individualism preferred law in the form of rules whereas altruism favoured the open-ended standard form. This claim reflected the understanding that form and substance are interdependent because it is impossible not to ask: ‘Form of what?’ Dalton later added more explicitly that form and substance would politically always generate a hierarchy within a legal system. Following Kennedy, this study engages with the South African law of contract in a similar way. It argues that the South African law of contract not only reflects the fundamental contradiction profoundly, but also privileges and works to sustain the individualism/rule position. This position is not sufficiently concerned with the ethical element of contract (good faith) and with the ideal of contractual justice. I consider whether and how the transition from a totalitarian state to a constitutional democracy affected this hierarchy. I arrive at disappointing but nevertheless hopeful conclusions in the sense that the bias inculcated in the law of contract cannot take anything away from the fact that it operates in the penumbra of a Constitution which is committed to openness, equality, dignity and freedom in all human relationships, including those of a contractual nature. In resisting the traditional representations of contract and in support of the above, I propose a re-emphasis on good faith as the ethical element of contract. Good faith cannot be contained in a neat and tidy legal definition. It realises that we are, in the community of contracting persons, each responsible for the other’s well-being and that we should ultimately remain concerned with the constitutive values of the supreme law under which the subordinated but indispensable law of contract must continue to operate. The difficulty and complexity of this exercise provides no alibi. Copyright 2005, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Barnard, AJ 2005, A critical legal argument for contractual justice in the South African law of contract, LLD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06192006-083839/ > / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Jurisprudence / LLD / Unrestricted

In recent years the popularity of Islamic insurance policies has grown rapidly with many companies across the world providing this service. London is said to be the hub for Islamic finance. It is well known for welcoming innovative financial methods. The FSA have already authorised the insurance company Salaam Halal to provide policies based on Shariah principles. The FSA, however, announced that they must operate within the same legal framework as all other insurance policies. Consequently English law has to be applied in Islamic policies taken in this country. However, in many aspects, Shariah principles contradict English insurance law. This thesis aims to discover how they contradict and recommend how the Islamic insurance policies can be applied in English law without breaking Shariah principles. As Shariah principles merely provide a wide boundary within which any law can be applied, this thesis analyses English insurance law first, and then discusses how Islamic insurance policies can operate within the English framework. In many cases, English insurance law crosses the boundary of Shairah principles due to its unfair consequences. Consequently making English insurance law fairer could be the best solution to allow the use of Islamic insurance policies under English law. Pragmatically, the thesis focuses mainly on problems within current English insurance law and recommends possible solutions. In many cases, the solutions suggested by the Law Commission are found to be incapable of establishing fairness. The majority part of this thesis is spent trying to establish a fairer framework for English insurance law. This fairer English insurance law is found to be Shariah compliant in most cases. In some cases it is not complaint due to operational differences between the two legal systems. In these cases, the thesis recommends that the Islamic insurer should incorporate certain terms to make policies Shariah compliant without breaching English insurance law.

Le contrat peut se présenter comme un ensemble de clauses contractuelles. Pour autant, le tout est plus que la somme des parties. La réunion des clauses autour du contrat donne naissance à une entité qui peut prétendre acquérir une vie propre, autonome détachée de ses éléments constitutifs originels. En tant que notion fonctionnelle, le contrat assure intellectuellement sa propre unicité. Le contrat est l’élément fédérateur qui cimente la relation contractuelle au point de dépasser la singularité des clauses qui le composent. En vertu d’une analyse traditionnelle, le contrat a toujours été appréhendé de manière globale, il est analysé comme une compilation de clauses. Il a toujours fait l’objet d’études d’ensemble. La clause n’est alors que l’un des éléments du contrat qui se décompose en clauses. Cependant, chaque partie est plus qu’un élément du tout. Les clauses contractuelles gagnent donc en autonomie. L’éclatement du centre du contrat conduit à favoriser les clauses comme centre d’intérêt. À travers le contrat, il s’agit de voir ses clauses. Le contrat met en corrélation des clauses dont certaines peuvent vivre sans lui. Une clause peut donc se voir privée d’effets indépendamment du sort du contrat ou survivre après l’anéantissement du contrat. On s’intéresse alors aux stipulations d’un acte juridique pour en définir le régime juridique et non plus seulement au contrat dans son ensemble. Le contrat a toujours par le passé été appréhendé dans une analyse globale, c’est-à-dire comme un tout produisant des obligations. Désormais, les contrats sont disséqués. Ce que l’on analyse ce sont ses stipulations, car ce qui importe c’est l’inclusion ou l’exclusion d’un certain nombre de clauses. Il convient à présent de doter la clause d’un statut juridique général. La conception globalisante du contrat est critiquée. Le contrat doit être disséqué, dépecé, atomisé pour découvrir sous l’ensemble composite du contrat ses clauses. Le contrat produit des sous-ensembles composés par les clauses contractuelles. La clause contractuelle et le contrat sont en relation d’interdépendance. / Contract can be presented like a whole clauses. For all that, all is more that the sum of parties. Bringing together many clauses round contract give rise to a entity which can assert a life particular, autonomous detached of his elements constituent original. In so far as notion functional, contract ensure intellectually your own uniqueness. Contract is the element federative which consolidate the relation until pass the peculiarity of clauses which her compose. Under this analysis traditional, contract had always been apprehended globally, it’s like a compilation of clauses. It’s had always did the purpose of investigations globally. Clause is at that time that one of elements of contract which decompose to clauses. However, each party is more than element of all. Clauses earn therefore autonomy. Dispersal of center contract lead to favour clauses like centre of interest. Throught contract, it comes to see clauses. Contract is related clauses which somme can live whitout it. Clause can be seen deprive effects independently of situation of contract ou survive after destruction of contract. It interest then legal transaction to define legal juridical and no more only contract on the whole. Contract had always by past apprenhended in analysis global that is like a all producing obligations. In future, contracts are dissected. What it analyse those stipulations because that what signify it is inclusion or exclusion of many clauses. It is agreed at present to dower clause of status general. The conception global is criticized. Contract must be dissected, dismembered, atomized to discover under unity composite contract his clauses. Contract produce subset compose by clauses. Contract and clause are in relation interdependence.

The acceptance of the theory of the duties of protection isstrongly conditioned by systemic features of each legal order. if the premise and the scope of the doctrine are overlooked, and its historical and dogmatic location is dissociated from it, eventually it will be created a wasteful duplication of compensatory systems, in a legal order where the same result is obtained using the tort law. Nevertheless, it does not mean that creditor’s person or property will not be relevant with respect to contractual relationship. it is enough just to understand that this will only happen in a few situations in which the possibility to affect the rights of obligee falls within the specific contractual obligation. Out of these situations, any effort to turn tort damage into contractual damage will nothave otherwise forced and unsustainable consequences. / El acogimiento de la teoría de los deberes de protección y de la relación obligatoria compleja, está estrechamente condicionado por las características sistémicas de cada ordenamiento jurídico. si se desconocen tanto la premisa como el objetivo de dicha doctrina, y se la disocia de su ubicación histórico-dogmática, se terminará por crear una duplicación inútil de las tutelas resarcitorias en un sistema en donde el mismo resultado se obtiene recurriendo a la responsabilidad aquiliana. sin embargo, esto no quiere decir que la persona y el patrimonio del acreedor no asuman relevancia dentro de la relación obligatoria. será suficiente con comprender que esto sólo ocurrirá en determinadas hipótesis en las que la posibilidad de afectar la esfera jurídica del acreedor quede comprendida dentro de la prestación deducida en obligación. Fuera de estas, todo esfuerzo por convertir el daño aquiliano en contractual no tendrá si no consecuencias forzadas e insostenibles.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dicertacao_joaquim_jose.pdf: 970043 bytes, checksum: e40a5131fe40e22d4611350b80746f88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-18 / Sem Abstract / A presente pesquisa aborda as alterações ocorridas no modo sobre o qual se desenvolve o processo civil brasileiro, na perspectiva de superar os estigmas de uma jurisdição omissa e recheada de concepções privatistas e enveredar pelo caminho que se orienta por uma concepção de ser o processo um mecanismo apto a dar mais efetividade ao direito e à promoção da justiça, quando realizado em sintonia com os valores constitucionais. Trabalha-se sob o paradigma da superação da visão individualista do direito processual e da elevação de sua expressão social, atento às disposições do Estado Constitucional, a partir do marco teórico do formalismovalorativo, a ser realizado por meio de uma legislação menos casuística e atrelada aos princípios fundamentais, que permitem a construção de um processo cooperativo, desenvolvido a partir do princípio do contraditório e da observância a padrões de boa-fé estabelecidos objetivamente

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alana_gemara_lopes_nunes_menezes.pdf: 1149608 bytes, checksum: 89ef2833dc55d1491a4f7657427503fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-26 / This study deals with the question of the tax planning, more specifically, on the use by the Treasury of good faith and the theory of abuse of rights as grounds for barring the tax planning prepared by the taxpayer. This is because in the absence of specific legislation to regulate the issue, raised the hypothesis of good faith being used by the Treasury, as a criterion to be evaluated when it chooses to characterize as abusive the act or business prepared by the taxpayer with the intention to pay less tax. For this, initially drew up a history of good faith, since its inception, with the bona-fides, considered the origin of the principle, through its relationship with the theory of abuse of rights to its application to public law. Complementing the study analyzes the institute of tax planning, its concept, its phases, as well as its relation to comparative law, discussing how such orders have been fighting the plan considered abusive. Delimited these respects, treated the CARF, the second instance organ, responsible for the administrative trial on federal tax harvest, discussing various aspects of this, including administrative activism today, the issue of Provisional Measure No. 685 and finally the analysis of five judgments delivered by this body, aiming thus offer through an academic contribution, a better understanding of the legal phenomenon, making it possible to check whether there is coherence and uniformity in the decisions of this body, thus contributing, for greater security in relationships, enabling the protection of the rights of taxpayers. Evaluating decisions, we can see that the need for a tax extra motivation to perform the act or business becomes, in fact, the criteria chosen by CARF to approve or consider abusive planning presented by the taxpayer and not the analysis of the presence or not of good faith when performing the act or business. / O presente estudo versa sobre a questão relativa ao planejamento tributário, mais especificamente, sobre a utilização pelo Fisco da boa-fé e da teoria do abuso de direito como fundamentos para barrar o planejamento tributário elaborado pelo contribuinte. Isto porque, na falta de uma legislação específica que regule o tema, levanta-se a hipótese de a boa-fé estar sendo usada pela Fazenda como um critério a ser avaliado quando esta opta por caracterizar como abusivo o ato ou negócio elaborado pelo contribuinte, com a intenção de pagar menos tributo. Busca-se verificar se haveria uma uniformidade e coerência, por parte do CARF, no manejo destes institutos, que, sendo de Direito Civil, estariam sendo transpostos para a seara tributária. Para isso, inicialmente, traçou-se um histórico sobre a boa-fé, desde seu início, com a bona fides, considerada a origem do princípio, passando pela sua relação com a teoria do abuso de direito, até a sua aplicação ao Direito Público. Complementando o estudo, analisa-se o instituto do planejamento tributário, seu conceito, suas fases, assim como sua relação com o Direito Internacional, discutindo-se como tais ordenamentos vêm combatendo o planejamento considerado abusivo. Delimitados estes aspectos, tratou-se, mais especificamente, do CARF, órgão recursal de segunda instância, responsável pelos litígios na seara administrativa tributária federal, discutindo diversos aspectos relacionados a este, incluindo o ativismo administrativo na atualidade, a edição da Medida Provisória n° 685 e, por fim, a análise de cinco acórdãos proferidos por este órgão, objetivando oferecer, por meio de uma contribuição acadêmica, uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno jurídico, contribuindo, assim, para uma maior segurança nas relações, possibilitando a tutela dos direitos dos contribuintes. Os acórdãos utilizados na pesquisa foram retirados do site oficial deste tribunal, e os termos boa-fé e abuso de direito, usados como critério de busca. Avaliando as decisões, percebe-se que a necessidade de uma motivação extra tributária para a realização do ato ou negócio passa a ser, na verdade, o critério escolhido pelo CARF, para aprovar ou considerar abusivo o planejamento apresentado pelo contribuinte, e não a análise da presença ou não da boa-fé quando da realização do ato ou negócio.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o contrato de compra de energia no ambiente livre, diante da escassa doutrina existente na área, mormente no campo do Direito Privado. Trazem-se noções do setor elétrico brasileiro e dos seus dois ambientes de comercialização de energia, em razão de suas peculiaridades e relevância para a compreensão do tema. A energia como objeto singulariza o contrato, por tratar-se de uma commodity não estocável, do ponto de vista físico, e de bem móvel, do ponto de vista normativo. Em vista das características verificadas no bem energia, o instrumento apto a regrar as transferências de sua propriedade é a compra e venda. O contrato em exame é típico, pois previsto no Decreto n. 5.163/2004, o qual, além de ressaltar a liberdade de pactuação, elenca apenas dois elementos necessários para constarem na avença: volume e prazo. A Convenção de Comercialização da CCEE acresce mais dois elementos como indispensáveis: preço e garantia financeira. Dessa forma, coube ao mercado, com o fundamento jurídico nos princípios da autonomia privada e boa-fé objetiva, integrarem outros elementos necessários ao contrato, criando-lhe uma estrutura básica. Para o estudo dessa estrutura, foi realizada uma análise descritiva de cláusulas obtidas em amostra qualitativa de minutas do contrato em exame. Nesse sentido, verifica-se a existência de um padrão quanto ao conteúdo geral do contrato, gerando o mínimo de segurança e previsibilidade jurídica necessárias a tornar o ambiente livre atrativo. Observando-se, porém, disparidade quanto ao conteúdo semântico de cada cláusula, mantendo-se espaço à liberdade de pactuação das partes – fundada na autonomia privada e na boa-fé objetiva – para conformarem o detalhamento do contrato como lhes for mais conveniente. / This work aims to analyze the electrical energy purchase agreement in the open market environment, given the scarce doctrine in the area, especially in the field of Private Law. Notions of the Brazilian electric sector, and its two market environments of energy commercialization, are presented due to their peculiarities and relevance to the understanding of the theme. Energy as an object singles out the contract, since it is a non-stockable commodity, from the physical point of view, and a movable property, from the normative point of view. Because of the characteristics of the energy, the instrument able to regulate the transfers of its property is the purchase agreement. The contract under examination is typical, as provided for in Decree no. 5,163/2004, which, in addition to highlighting the freedom of agreement, lists only two required elements: volume and term. The CCEE Commercialization Convention adds two more indispensable elements for the contract: price and financial guarantee. Therefore, it was up to the market, with the legal basis in the principles of private autonomy and objective good faith, to bring other necessary elements to the agreement, creating a basic structure. For studding this structure, a descriptive analysis of clauses obtained in a qualitative sample of contract drafts was been carried out. There is a pattern of the general content of the contract, generating the minimum of legal security and predictability necessary to make the free market environment attractive. However, there is a disparity in the semantic content of each clause – resulting from private autonomy and objective good faith - maintaining the area of freedom of agreement of the parties.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de compreender o instituto denominado duty to mitigate the loss, desenvolvido no direito inglês e positivado no direito internacional privado pela Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre a Compra e Venda Internacional de Mercadorias (Convenção de Viena de 1980) e, posteriormente, incorporado ao ordenamento jurídico interno pelo Decreto Presidencial nº 8.327, de 16 de outubro de 2014, em razão da adesão do Estado brasileiro à referida convenção das Nações Unidas. Ao mesmo tempo, o presente estudo dirige-se à análise da compatibilidade desse instituto estrangeiro com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em especial com o direito do trabalho, o que se faz a partir da análise das decisões proferidas no âmbito da Justiça do Trabalho brasileira pelos Tribunais Regionais que compõem a jurisdição trabalhista de primeira instância e as decisões finais dadas pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho. / This research was developed in order to understand the institute called "duty to mitigate the loss", developed in English law and established in private international law by the United Nations Convention on the International Sale and Purchase of Goods (1980 Vienna Convention) And subsequently incorporated into the domestic legal system by Presidential Decree no. 8,327 of October 16, 2014, due to the adhesion of the Brazilian State to said United Nations convention. At the same time and mainly, the present study is directed to the analysis of the compatibility of this foreign institute with the Brazilian legal system and, in particular, its application in national labor law, which was done from its application in the field of labor justice by the regional courts that make up the labor jurisdiction of first instance, and the final word speak about by Superior Labor Court of Brazil.

C’est en s’appuyant sur des documents confidentiels de la vie des affaires que cette thèse analyse, de manière comparée (droits français et anglais), la bonne foi dans le contrat. L’auteur définit la bonne foi comme un outil de « fiabilité », c’est-à-dire une garantie de confiance qui fournit une protection contre les risques contractuels. C’est à cette définition qu’est consacrée la première partie de la thèse, tandis que la seconde s’intéresse aux modulations de la bonne foi selon ces risques. / This PhD thesis, which is based upon confidential business documents, is an analysis of good faith in contract from a comparative perspective (French law and English law). The author defines good faith as a “reliability” device that ensures trust to protect against contractual risks. While the first part of this thesis deals with the proposed definition of good faith, the second part applies this definition to a variety of risks.

El presente informe tiene como finalidad exponer los aspectos más relevantes del expediente 06465-2009-0-1801-JR-CI-07, el mismo que se generó por una demanda de nulidad de acto jurídico. / Trabajo de suficiencia profesional