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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

La bonne foi en droit d'auteur / Good faith in French copyright law

Groffe, Julie 19 November 2014 (has links)
La bonne foi, notion floue teintée de morale et issue du droit commun, a vocation à intervenir dans toutes les branches du droit. A ce titre, elle trouve naturellement à s’appliquer en droit d’auteur, c’est-à-dire au sein du droit qui organise la protection des rapports entre l’auteur et l’œuvre de l’esprit qu’il a créée, en reconnaissant à ce dernier des droits patrimoniaux et des droits extrapatrimoniaux. Notion duale, la bonne foi s’entend tantôt comme la croyance erronée dans une situation – c’est là la dimension subjective –, tantôt comme l’exigence de loyauté dans le comportement, ce qui renvoie à la dimension objective. Le choix est opéré, au sein de la présente étude, d’embrasser la notion dans sa globalité et non de se concentrer sur l’une ou l’autre des faces de la bonne foi. L’enjeu de la thèse étant d’analyser comment une notion de droit commun peut intervenir au sein d’un droit spécial, il semblait en effet judicieux de ne pas décomposer la notion mais au contraire d’accepter sa polymorphie. La difficulté tient au fait que la bonne foi – dans sa dimension subjective comme dans sa dimension objective – est bien souvent absente de la norme du droit d’auteur, de sorte qu’une première analyse pourrait laisser penser que la notion n’a pas de rôle à jouer en ce domaine. Cependant, il apparaît finalement que cette dernière est bien présente au sein de ce droit spécial, que son intervention soit d’ailleurs positive – auquel cas la notion est prise en compte et reconnue – ou, au contraire, négative (ce qui revient alors à l’exclure volontairement des solutions). Les manifestations de la bonne foi se présentent, en ce domaine, sous deux formes. D’une part, elles peuvent être propres au droit d’auteur : la notion intervient ainsi dans les raisonnements relatifs à la détermination du monopole, droit exclusif reconnu au titulaire de droits, mais également dans les règles applicables à la sanction des atteintes portées à ce droit exclusif. L’utilisation de la notion procède alors d’un choix du juge ou, plus rarement, du législateur et répond à un objectif interne au droit spécial, objectif qui sera bien souvent celui de la défense de l’auteur ou, plus largement, du titulaire de droits. D’autre part, les manifestations de la bonne foi peuvent être importées du droit commun. Si le lieu d’intervention privilégié de la notion en telle hypothèse est le contrat d’auteur (c’est-à-dire le contrat qui organise l’exploitation de l’œuvre) du fait de l’applicabilité de l’article 1134, alinéa 3, du Code civil – lequel impose une obligation de bonne foi dans l’exécution du contrat – aux droits spéciaux, la bonne foi peut aussi s’épanouir au-delà de ce contrat. Le recours à la notion est, dans ce cas, imposé au juge et au législateur spéciaux – lesquels doivent naturellement tenir compte de la norme générale dès lors que celle-ci n’est pas en contradiction avec le texte spécial – et l’objectif poursuivi est alors externe au droit d’auteur : il peut ainsi être question de protéger l’équilibre des relations ou encore de garantir la sécurité juridique des rapports. Plurielles, les interventions de la bonne foi en droit d’auteur invitent ainsi à s’interroger sur les interférences entre droit commun et droit spécial. / Good faith, vague notion which refers to morality and that is derived from common law, can occur in all branches of law. As such, it is naturally applicable in French copyright law, which is the special law that provides the protection of the relationship between the author and the work that he created and that recognizes moral rights and economic rights in favour of the author. Good faith has a double definition: it means both a misbelief in a situation – that is the subjective dimension – and a requirement of loyalty, which refers to its objective dimension. The choice has been made, in this study, to embrace the whole concept instead of focusing on one or the other side of good faith. Because the aim of this thesis is to analyze how a concept of common law can intervene in a special law, it seemed wise to accept its polymorphism instead of deconstructing the concept. The difficulty is that good faith – in its objective dimension as in its subjective dimension – is often absent from the special law: as a consequence, a first analysis might suggest that this concept has no role to play in this area. However, it finally appears that the notion does exist in French copyright law, whether its intervention is positive (and in that case good faith is taken into account and recognized) or negative (in which case the concept is deliberately excluded from the solutions). The expressions of good faith arise in two forms in this field. On one hand, they may be specific to French copyright law: the concept can be used to answer the questions related to the determination of the exclusive right that is granted to the holder of rights, or the questions related to the penalties for copyright infringement. In these hypotheses, the use of good faith is a choice made by the judge or, more rarely, by the legislator and it fulfills a specific objective, proper to French copyright law: this objective is often the defense of the author or, on a wider scale, the right holder. On the other hand, the expressions of good faith can be imported from common law. If the privileged place of intervention in that case is the author’s contract (which is the contract that organizes the exploitation of the work), due to the applicability of the article 1134, paragraph 3, of the French Civil code – which imposes a duty of good faith during the performance of the contract –, good faith also has a part to play beyond this contract. In these cases, the use of the concept is imposed to the judge and the legislator – because both must take into account the general rule when it is not in contradiction with the special one – and the aim is to fulfill a general objective, external to French copyright law: then the goal is to protect the balance of relationships or to guarantee legal certainty. As a consequence, the expressions of good faith in French copyright law are plural and call for questioning the interference between common law and special law.
222

O resseguro no Direito Internacional / O resseguro no Direito Internacional / Reinsurance in International Law / Reinsurance in International Law

Eduardo Santos Rente 27 August 2012 (has links)
O estudo descreve o resseguro no âmbito do Direito Internacional, partindo da constatação da pulverização dos riscos através do mercado global para abordar temas relevantes, tais como: a diferenciação entre resseguro internacional e contrato internacional de resseguro, os usos e costumes internacionalmente aceitos e a autonomia da vontade das partes como fundamento aos contratos de resseguro. São perquiridas também as fontes do direito ressecuritário no âmbito internacional. As relações jurídicas entre Estado e resseguradores e as relações contratuais entre seguradores e resseguradores devem ser regidos pela máxima boa-fé. Essa abordagem reporta-se a princípios consagrados no Direito Internacional do Investimento como padrão de referência para a regulação da atividade ressecuritária e como limite à intervenção dos Estados Descreve-se ainda o resseguro no Brasil, traçando um histórico evolutivo do monopólio à abertura do mercado e constatando algumas iniciativas nacionais do uso do seguro e do resseguro como ferramenta de atração e proteção de investimentos. / The study describes the reinsurance under international law, starting from the fact of the risks of spraying through the global market to approach relevant issues such as: the difference between international reinsurance and international reinsurance contract, international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law and part autonomy as a base to reinsurance contracts. It is also investigated the sources of international Reinsurance law. The legal relations between the state and reinsurers and contractual relations between insurers and reinsurers should be governed by the utmost good faith. This approach refers to the principles enshrined in International Law Investment as a reference standard for regulating the reinsurance activity and to limit the intervention of the States. It is also described the reinsurance in Brazil, an evolution from monopoly to open market and noting some national initiatives in the use of insurance and reinsurance as a tool for attraction and protection of investments.
223

Abuso de situações jurídicas processuais no Código de Processo Civil / Abuse of procedural rights in the Brazilian civil procedure code

Carradita, André Luís Santoro 04 June 2013 (has links)
Este trabalho visa a realizar uma análise sistemática das diversas normas do Código de Processo Civil que tratam do abuso de situações jurídicas processuais. O tratamento desse tema é dividido em quatro partes. Em primeiro lugar, analisa-se a teoria geral do abuso do processo, que abrange a evolução histórica do abuso processual, a adoção da teoria do abuso do direito oriunda do Direito privado, os fundamentos da prevenção e da repressão dos comportamentos abusivos, os elementos essenciais que caracterizam o abuso do processo (objeto, sujeitos e requisitos do ato processual abusivo) e a discussão acerca da ilicitude do ato processual abusivo. Em seguida, considerando os elementos caracterizadores do abuso do processo, são identificadas e estudadas as hipóteses de abuso de situações jurídicas processuais previstas no Código de Processo Civil brasileiro. A terceira seção deste trabalho é dedicada às consequências jurídicas do abuso do processo e a algumas questões referentes à aplicação de sanções. Finalmente, na quarta parte, procede-se ao exame dos mecanismos destinados a prevenir o abuso de situações jurídicas processuais. / This work aims to do a systematic analysis of the different norms of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code that deals with the abuse of procedural rights. The treatment of this subject is divided into four sections. In the first place, it analyses the general theory of abuse of process, which includes the historical evolution of abuse of process, the adoption of the theory of abuse of rights from civil law, the foundations of prevention and repression of abusive behaviors, the essential elements that characterize the abuse of process (its object, its subjects and the requisites of the abusive procedural act) and the discussion about the unlawfulness of the abusive procedural act. Subsequently, considering the distinguishing elements of abuse of process, it identifies and studies the fattispecies of abuse of procedural rights contained in the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code. The third section of this work is dedicated to the legal consequences of abuse of process and to some questions related to the application of sanctions. Finally, in the fourth section, it examines the legal devices aimed at preventing abuse of procedural rights.
224

Les droits potestatifs dans le contrat de travail / Potestatives rights in the employment contract

Lefer, Camille 01 July 2016 (has links)
Le droit potestatif permet à son titulaire de créer, modifier ou éteindre la situation juridique d’autrui. La relation de travail, quant à elle, est empreinte d’une logique de pouvoir(s). Comment intégrer dans ces conditions le concept de droit potestatif au contrat de travail ? Comment ce dernier réceptionne-t-il la potestativité ? À quel prix la figure du droit potestatif s’adapte-t-elle ? Si les droits potestatifs sont acceptés dans le contrat de travail, ce n’est que de manière encadrée, dirigée, limitée. Les droits potestatifs sont alors contrôlés et sanctionnés par une jurisprudence qui entend en faire respecter l’esprit et les limites. Mais, parce que le droit potestatif s’exerce au moyen d’un acte unilatéral, parce qu’il s’agit de la faculté d’imposer sa volonté à autrui, les intérêts du destinataire ne doivent-ils pas a minima être préservés ? L’objet du contrat de travail, la subordination du salarié, pose ainsi notamment la question de la place à accorder aux droits et libertés fondamentaux du salarié. / A potestative right allows his holder to create, modify or extinguish another’s legal situation. The employment relation, as for it, is marked by a logic of power(s). How, in these conditions, does the concept of potestative right enter the employment contract? How does the latter receive the potestative right ? What sacrifices should be made by the potestative rights ?If potestative rights are accepted in the employment contract, it is only in a framed, supervised and limited way. Potestative rights are then controlled and sanctioned by judges willing to enforce both its spirit and limits.However, since the potestative right is applied through a unilateral act, because it concerns the ability to impose one’s will upon others, shouldn’t the interests of the recipient be preserved, at the very least? The object of the employment contract, the subordination of the employee, therefore leads towards the question of the place to begiven to the employee’s fundamental rights and freedoms.
225

Les obligations du franchiseur : étude du droit civil et du guide d'Unidroit sur les accords internationaux de franchise principale

Mrabet, Zoubeir 08 1900 (has links)
La franchise: une recette magique que chacun aimerait maîtriser pour s'assurer la réussite dans le monde des affaires. Or, le secret de cette recette revient à appliquer un simple postulat: réitérer, par un franchisé, la réussite du concept d'un franchiseur qui a déjà fait ses preuves. Mais, auparavant, il est essentiel que le franchiseur transmette au franchisé les éléments qui lui ont valu cette même réussite, quitte à ce que ce dernier s'engage à les mettre en oeuvre selon les prescriptions de son initiateur et sous son contrôle. Une telle mise en ouvre appelle, cependant, que les deux protagonistes empruntent une avenue basée sur la coopération, la confiance, la loyauté et la bonne foi. Néanmoins, une telle démarche n'est pas évidente en pratique en ce que les deux partenaires sont animés par des intérêts divergents, conflictuels et antimoniques. Dès lors, le rapport contractuel né du contrat de franchise se verra empreint par un déséquilibre manifeste entre les prestations réciproques des parties issu de la position économiquement dominante du franchiseur. Ce dernier, sera à même de fixer unilatéralement le contenu contractuel, de sorte à diminuer ses obligations tout en élargissant le champ de ses droits. Surgit alors tout un pan de comportements opportunistes du franchiseur se traduisant, notamment, par des abus au détriment du franchisé qui ne peut qu'acquiescer à la volonté de son partenaire. En effet, l'étude du droit civil révèle que les systèmes civilistes reposent sur une conception libérale du contrat permettant de présumer que les parties sont capables de défendre leurs intérêts. En vertu de la théorie de l'autonomie de la volonté, le contrat est présumé être conforme aux intérêts respectifs des parties. À défaut de tout vice de consentement, le contrat ne peut qu'être équilibré. Cependant, s'il se trouve que le contrat est malgré tout déséquilibré, le droit civil, à moins de circonstances exceptionnelles, n y pourra rien en pareil cas. La lésion ne vicie pas les conventions conclues entre majeurs non protégés, et la théorie de l'imprévision est rejetée par la plupart des systèmes civilistes. L'indifférence du droit civil face à ce déséquilibre se justifie essentiellement par deux impératifs: la liberté contractuelle et la sécurité juridique. Le principe de la force obligatoire du contrat s'impose aux parties autant qu'au juge et, partant, exclut toute tentative du juge de réviser un contrat déséquilibré. Toutefois, devant cette indifférence et cet immobilisme de la loi, le droit a, depuis, énormément évolué dans le sens d'apporter une protection plus accrue à la partie la plus faible au contrat. À ce titre, nous assistons aujourd'hui à une double intervention plus réaliste: l'intervention du juge et celle du législateur (particulièrement dans les contrats d'adhésion). D'abord, le juge manifeste une volonté accrue de corriger des déséquilibres contractuels choquants, notamment en présence de clauses contractuelles manifestement abusives, et ce au regard des exigences d'une justice contractuelle basée sur la bonne foi des parties et l'exigence d'agir raisonnablement. Ensuite, le législateur à travers l'élaboration de droits spéciaux ayant pour finalité la protection de la partie la plus faible, instaure des règles impératives destinées à condamner les éventuels déséquilibres contractuels. Ce souci de protection justifie l'atteinte ainsi portée au principe de la force obligatoire du contrat. Aussi, le postulat de Fouillée se voit inversé par Lacordaire qui souligne pertinemment que « entre le fort et le faible, c'est la liberté qui asservit et la loi qui libère ». En somme, la protection du franchisé appelle au glissement du rapport contractuel d'un rapport conflictuel vers un rapport de coopération et notamment par la reconnaissance du concept de solidarisme contractuel. Néanmoins, une telle démarche n'est pas sans troubler l'ordre normal de l'idée classique du contrat. D'une part, l'introduction d'obligations implicites au contrat renie en quelque sorte l'idée traditionnelle qu'on a des obligations contractuelles basée sur la commune intention des parties, et d'autre part, elle appelle à la reconsidération, par les systèmes civilistes, de la théorie de l'imprévision comme le suggère le droit uniforme et notamment le Guide d'UNIDROIT sur les accords internationaux de franchise principale, mais aussi les Principes relatifS aux contrats du commerce international. / The Franchise: a magic formula that each individual would like to possess to be able to ensure success in the business world. The secret of this formula exists in the shape of a simple postulate: for the franchisee to reiterate success of the franchised concept, which has already proven itself successful. But first, it is essential that the franchisor transmit the essential elements ofthat success to the franchisee, so that the latter may put into practice those prescribed elements as per the created by the initiators concept and control. This kind of transaction requires that both protagonists enter into their dealing in a manner that is based on cooperation, trust, loyalty and goodfaith. Nevertheless, this process is not easy to establish. In deed, both parties may have divergent interests, causing conflicts and antipathies. Thus, the contractual relationship born ofthe franchise concept, will have at its core a manifest imbalance created by the dominant financial status ofthe franchisor. The latter, is in a position to unilaterally stipulate the contractual contents, in such a manner as to diminish his own obligations while enlarging the scope of his rights. From this, a plethora of opportunistic behaviours from the franchisor translating into varied kinds of abuse to the detriment of the franchisee whom has not choice but to acquiesce to the franchisors wishes. In truth, the study of civil law reveals that the civil systems are founded on a liberal conception of the contract, presuming that both parties are capable of defending their interests. By virtue of the theory of autonomy of the will, the contract is presumed to respect each partie 's interests. Without any vice of consent, the contract can only be balanced. However, if the contract proves to be imbalanced, civil law, unless there are no exceptional circumstances, will have no effect, in such a case. Lesion don't vice conventions concluded between unprotected parties, and the imprevision theory is rejected by most civil systems. The indifference of civil law to the contractual imbalance is justified by two imperatives: contractual liberty and judicial security. The principal of the obligatory force of a contract imposes on both parties, as well as to the judge, and, in that way, excludes all attempts by judge to revise the imbalanced contract. Nonetheless, in spite of the laws indifference and opposition to change, the law has since evolved enormously in supplying more protection to the weakest party of a contract. Thus, we are now witness to a double, more realistic intervention: the intervention of the judge and the legislator (particularly in contracts of adhesions). First, the judge manifests a will to correct the more obviously imbalanced aspects of the contract, most notably with regards to the presence of abusive contractual clauses, taking into account the requirements of a contractual justice based on the goodfaith of both parties and the obligation to act in a reasonable manner. Furthermore, the legislator through the use of special rights for the purpose of protecting the weakest party within the contract, implements imperative rules to restore the balance and fairness of the contract. This worry of protection is justified by the undermine as so imposed to the obligatory force of the contract. Also, the postulate of Fouillée is here revoked by Lacordaire which underlines that between the strong and the weak, it is freedom that enslaves and the law that liberates. To summarize, the protection of the franchisee calls for the modification of the contractual obligation from one of conflict to one of cooperation and notably by the recognition of the contractual solidarity concept. Nevertheless, such a measure does not take place without disturbing the classic concept of the contract. On the one hand, the introduction of the implied terms into the contract denies the traditional idea of the contractual obligations based on the common intention of both parties, and also, it calls for the reconsideration, by the civil systems, of the theory of imprevision as is suggested by the uniform law and especially the Guide to international master franchise arrangements, but also the Unidroit Principles of international commercial contracts. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 15% des mémoires de la discipline.
226

美國法上標售公司義務(Revlon Duty)之內涵─兼論在我國法下適用之可能 / Analyzing the Concept of Revlon Duty

吳亞儒 Unknown Date (has links)
判斷目標公司董事出售公司或控制權的決策是否符合受任人義務是一個困難且重要的問題,因為此種類型的決策董事有可能是出於自身利益也可能是為全體股東利益而為,在此種利益衝突屬於晦暗不明的情況,法院應該要採取怎樣的審查態度一方面可以尊重董事決策的空間,另一方面又可以確保股東的利益被保全,成為本論文最關心的問題。 以我國為例,近年公股銀行民營化或是私募基金收購案例屢見不鮮,共同引發的擔憂就是目標公司董事同意此項併購案到底是因為併購條件有利於全體股東,還是嘉惠特定合作對象而決定?我國企業併購法第5條及第6條要求目標公司董事為併購決議時應盡其注意義務及忠實義務,然董事到底是為「公司」還是「股東」盡其義務似乎仍有疑義;再者,法院似乎亦尚未發展出在個案中判斷董事具體行為是否符合受任人義務的標準,因此本文擬參考美國法上的相關規範,以期解決我國現狀的困境。 德拉瓦州法院在1980年代提出一項標準,當目標公司董事決定要出售公司或控制權時,董事有義務要為股東爭取最好的價格,又稱為「露華濃義務(Revlon Duty)」或「標售公司義務」,有兩個重點值得關注:第一,目標公司董事同意何種併購交易會觸發露華濃義務?此即露華濃適用範圍的討論;第二,目標公司董事一旦觸發露華濃義務,董事應該要採取何種具體措施以符合要求?此即露華濃義務內涵的討論。對應到我國現況,應不應該在特定的併購交易中限縮董事的裁量空間?或提出可供法院參考之指標?
227

最大誠信原則於海上保險契約之適用 / Studies on utmost good faith in marine insurance contract

羅俊瑋, Lo, Chun-Wei Unknown Date (has links)
誠信原則(bona fides, good faith)之法律意義,源於羅馬法善意衡平及一般惡意抗辯原則,後成為現代大陸法系國家之帝王條款。誠信原則以其特殊具體性、補充性、限制性與修正性之功能,可作為調整智識與交易實力不對等當事人間利益之最佳方式,其適用可使雙方當事人之利益獲得平衡。於普通法系國家,美國法已接受誠信原則,英國普通法未明文承認誠信原則之適用,但其有相當多制度顯現出誠信原則之概念,於特定法律之領域亦承認誠信原則,其著名之1906年海上保險法即早已承認最大誠信原則之適用。 保險制度發始於海上保險,其發展進程係「先海上保險,後陸上保險;先財產保險,後人身保險」。海上保險於有文字記載之保險歷史,先以共同海損之危險分担,繼則為以數理統計之危險分散與轉嫁。保險具射倖性,從海上保險發展時起,保險人即受資訊不對稱之影響。當時科技、通訊設備不足,保險人欲獲得足夠資訊決定是否承保與計算保險費率,進而預測經營成本,實際係難以達成。當時被保險人掌握有關保險標的之相關資訊,而保險人卻一無所知。資訊不對稱對保險人產生逆選擇與道德危險等危害,為解決此問題,保險人遂要求被保險人就保險標的之相關資訊,依據誠信原則為主動告知,或以擔保條款等方式控制風險。如被保險人未按誠信原則盡告知義務,無須探究其主觀意圖為何、是否有因果關係,賦予保險人得解除契約之嚴厲效果。 現代保險制度始於歐陸義大利之城邦國家,其後輾轉流傳至英國,並於英國成長茁壯而成為現今之保險制度。英國自十七世紀承襲形成於義大利城邦海上保險之慣例,及拿破崙法典之規定,於1906年完成海上保險之立法。至今百餘年間雖時易勢遷、物換星移,其絕大部分條文不僅成為海上保險之鐵則,且為世界各國廣泛接受運用於保險法制。其至今未曾有所更易,並為世界各保險先進國家奉為圭臬。聯合國貿易暨發展委員會於1982年曾稱英國海上保險法及保險條款為實際之國際法,足見其高度權威性及深遠之影響力。 十八世紀當時,保險尚屬初發展階段,當時科學技術並未發達,為使保險人得就其所承保風險與收取保險費達到對價平衡,英國自1766年Carter v. Boehm案,即確立誠信原則於海上保險之適用,要求被保險人為主動告知保險標的之風險。其指出保險契約為射倖性契約,賴以估算危險發生機率之各特定事項,唯被保險人知之最稔,保險人於決定承保與否時,有賴被保險人之告知。被保險人故意隱匿,將導致保險人對危險之錯誤估計,是被保險人之故意隱匿構成對保險人之詐欺,應使契約歸於無效。某事項之不為告知或可能出於錯誤,被保險人亦不具任何詐欺之意圖,但對保險人而言,仍屬受有欺罔,與故意隱匿並無二致,保險契約於此情形不應認為有效。誠信原則對所有契約均應適用,於保險契約尤甚於其他契約。於此原則下,保險契約當事人任何一方就其個人所知有關危險之事項,不被容許對其有所隱匿。誠信原則其後經英國司法實務之運作轉變為最大誠信原則(uberrima fidei, utmost good faith),於英國1906年上保險法第17條規定。英國海上保險法之最大誠信原則,其本即源於歐陸法律體系之誠信原則。然因英國普通法並未承認誠信原則,且海上保險原為商人間之保險,其遂借用於中世紀所演化出之商人應具有高度誠信原則之概念於海上保險之領域。誠信原則於英國海上保險法百餘年運作後,成為最大誠信原則並發展出各種具體之制度,然英國實務運作僅偏向對被保險人之嚴格適用。然按Mansfield大法官之見解與英國海上保險法之規定,保險契約雙方當事人均應有此原則之適用。 保險制度經過長期發展後,保險人經由豐富統計資料為基礎之精算技術,先進之科學設備,完善且充足之人力資源,對於各種風險加以了解,甚而其可較被保險人更清楚保險標的之風險。又保險之運作高度、複雜、專業發展後,除少數大型企業有能力與保險人洽商保險契約條款之內容外,大部分仍使用定型化契約作為保險交易之內容,被保險人對於保險契約之條款內容難以了解。保險產業已從過往對於保險人資訊不對稱,轉為對被保險人資訊不對稱之情形。因此過往法律對於嚴格要求被保險人為告知且賦與嚴厲法律效果,現已使保險契約雙方當事人利益失衡之局面,且最大誠信原則已成為海上保險人藉以逃避責任之最佳利器。 時序進入二十世紀後,各國有關保險之立法,已開始著重對被保險人之保障,尤其對消費者而言更應如此。美國Robert Keeton教授於上世紀六十年代提出之合理期待原則,德國於1976年之標準契約條款解釋之法律(後已整編至德國民法規定)、2008年修正之保險契約法,法國保險契約法、澳洲1984年制定之一般保險契約法、北歐各國保險契約法、歐洲2009年8月由學者所擬就之保險契約法重述、中國2009年10月新修正之保險法等,均朝向保障被保險人之權益,減輕其負擔,加重保險人於最大誠信原則下之義務為規範。本文認為其雖係對一般保險契約法之修正,但對於海上保險契約,尤其無能力與保險人協商保險契約條款之當事人,應可加以參酌適用。英國自上世紀中葉起,開始就該國海上保險與一般保險之法制加以檢討,並提出各種討論報告。於2009年12月已就消費者保險之改革提出草案,對於消費者保險採詢問回答之方式,其適用於訂約前與續約之時,消費者需以客觀合理之注意避免為不實之說明。過往海上保險之最大誠信原則於所有保險之訂約前適用,現於所提出之草案就消費者保險改採合理注意之義務,並應注意及各種實際之情況決定,藉以改善過往對消費者過於嚴苛之情況。本草案就訂約後最大誠信原則之適用則未有影響,而對其他種類保險之討論則尚未定案。 英國海上保險法之最大誠信原則經百餘年之實務運作、學者詮釋及各國之立法擴張後,已成為對整體保險契約條款是否公平合理之判斷準據。然最大誠信原則之嚴苛應用與法律效果,因時易變遷各國均予以緩和,並加強保護被保險人。因而被保險人除有故意詐欺或重大過失,而未盡告知義務,得由保險人主張解除契約外,於無可歸責或過失之情況,則分別規定其法律效果。且於消費者保險採取詢問回答之方式,並採用比例補償原則。於海上保險等有能力與保險人洽商保險契約條款之商人保險,則仍維持主動告知義務。然如其因不可歸責之原因而未盡告知義務,保險人不得主張解除契約。而商人保險因有諸多變動之風險因素,採用比例補償之原則尚有困難。 我國海商法規定之海上保險,就被保險人告知義務未為規定。按同法之規定,其未規定者可準用保險法規定。我國學說及實務,均肯認保險契約為基於最大誠信原則之契約,並認為保險法第64條之規定為此原則之具體表現。然國內相關就最大誠信原則之討論亦如英國法制,著重於被保險人之適用範圍。對於最大誠信原則應用於保險人之部分,則似較少觸及。有學者早期已強調保險人應依據最大誠信原則盡調查義務,其後有學者於著述中略論及保險人於最大誠信原則下之告知義務,我國法律則對於此部分未加以規範。本篇論文對於最大誠信原則於保險人之應用,以專章加以論述。本文認為加強保險人於最大誠信原則之告知義務等,對於保障被保險人之權益將有所助益,且其與保險契約之特殊解釋規則適用有重要之關連。如保險人盡其告知義務,就保險契約之爭執將可大幅減少,並可降低該等特殊解釋規則之適用。我國保險法第64條規定就故意隱匿、過失遺漏或不實說明與危險發生無因果關係由被保險人負擔舉證責任,被保險人之負擔過重。本文建議應將舉證責任歸由保險人負擔,較符公平之原則。又實務中,海上船體保險或船東互保協會保險,保險人均先行要求被保險人就其所提供之問題回答,因此本文建議於海上保險可由保險人先以詢問回答之方式,要求被保險人就保險標的之資訊為告知。但被保險人知悉保險人所未詢問之重要事項者,亦應為主動告知。如保險人證明被保險人有故意隱匿或重大過失不為告知時,始得解除契約,並保有保險費。如無故意隱匿或重大過失時,如保險人證明危險發生係因該未告知之事實所致者,保險人不附補償責任。於非使用保險人所提供之定型化契約條款者,當事人間得就此另行約定。 本文以海上保險之最大誠信原則適用為主,對相關問題加以討論。第壹章說明研究動機、目的、方法與範圍,並對於海上保險之緣起、保險之特性、保險契約之解釋、保險契約交易之特性加以討論。第貳章對於誠信原則之發展、基本概念與功能及適用、於海上保險之發展加以說明。第参章就最大誠信原則於海上保險之適用加以論述,其中就英國現行法制之部分詳為討論。第肆章則對最大誠信原則於英國法之發展,並就該國之檢討報告詳細討論說明。於参、肆章之討論,均以英國海上保險法制之規定為主軸,並輔以其他國家法律之內容。第伍章就最大誠信原則於保險人之適用加以討論,著重於保險人依最大誠信原則之告知義務、理賠程序之告知義務、告知義務之限制與範圍、告知義務與特殊解釋規則之關聯、迅速理賠之義務等。英國海上保險法就此少有論及,美國與歐陸法律對此於非海上保險加以強調。本文認為保險人於理賠程序之告知與迅速理賠之義務,亦應於海上保險加以適用,方可顯現海上保險為基於最大誠信原則之本質。第六章則綜合前揭數章之討論,對於我國海上保險法制提出修法之建議,以供未來修法之參考。
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Good faith in the jurisprudence of the WTO : the protection of legitimate expectations, good faith interpretation and fair dispute settlement /

Panizzon, Marion. January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Univ., Diss. 2004--Bern, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [375] - 388.
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Os contratos que viabilizam o processo de distribuição e os efeitos de sua denúncia unilateral / The contracts types that enable the economic process distribution and the effects of the unilateral termination

André Brandão Nery Costa 02 September 2014 (has links)
Trata-se de dissertação elaborada com o escopo de identificar os efeitos da denúncia unilateral exercida no âmbito dos tipos contratuais instrumentalizados ao processo de distribuição de bens e serviços, a partir do exame das diferenças tipológicas entre cada um deles. Aludidos tipos contratuais correspondem ao de agência, de representação comercial autônoma, de concessão comercial e de franquia, cujos contornos ainda são frutos de intenso debate doutrinário. No ordenamento pátrio, enquanto alguns tipos contratuais não sofreram regulamentação legal, outros tais como o de agência, de representação comercial autônoma, de concessão comercial de veículos autores e de franquia são regulados legislativamente, em fenômeno a que não se assiste em nenhum outro ordenamento da família romano-germânica. A construção da disciplina de tais consequências jurídicas transpassa pela delimitação do âmbito de incidência de cada um desses regimes legais, os quais podem atribuir consequências jurídicas próprias. Os tipos de agência e de representação comercial são equivalentes, o que permite tratá-lo de maneira conjunta, enquanto aqueles de concessão comercial e de franquia, a despeito de apresentarem diferenças relevantes, também podem ser examinados em conjunto pela similar estruturação dos interesses, a despeito de apresentarem peculiares leis regulando-os. Após realizado o exame legislativo e tipológico, examinou-se o impacto do princípio da boa-fé objetiva na determinação dos efeitos desencadeados pela resilição unilateral exercida pelo produtor nos contratos por tempo indeterminado, assim como a influência da previsão do parágrafo único do art. 473 do Código Civil na delimitação desses corolários jurídicos no que tange aos tipos contratuais analisados. Realizado essa investigação, constatou-se que, conquanto existam inúmeros fatores que distanciem, de um lado, os tipos de agência e de representação comercial autônoma e, de outro, de concessão comercial e de franquia, os efeitos desencadeados pela denúncia unilateral são semelhantes, próximos àqueles das relações de duração e nas quais existe estreita confiança. / This dissertation aims to identify the effects of unilateral termination of contractual types exploited under the economic process of distribution of goods and services, from the examination of typological differences between each of these contracts. Alluded contractual types correspond to the agência, representação comercial autônoma, concessão comercial and franquia, which contours are still fruit of intense doctrinal debate. In the Brazilian legal system, while some contractual types suffered no legal regulation, others such as agência, representação comercial autônoma, concessão comercial de veículos automotores and franquia are regulated legislatively, in a phenomenon that it is not witnessed in any other roman-germanic legal system. The construction of the discipline of such legal consequences pierces the scoping incidence of each of these statutory schemes, which may assign legal consequences of their own. It was found that the types of agência and concessão comercial are equivalent, allowing to treat them jointly, while those of concessão comercial and franquia, despite presenting relevant differences, can also be examined jointly as they present a similar structure of interests, despite presenting peculiar laws regulating them. After the legislation and typological examination, it was examined the impact of the principle of good faith in determining the effects triggered by the notice to quit of the producer in contracts for an indefinite period, as well as the determining influence of the sole paragraph of article 473 of the Brazilian Civil Code in the legal definition of these corollaries with respect to the contractual types analyzed. It was found that while there are numerous factors that distance themselves the effects triggered by unilateral withdrawal are similar and close to those of the contracts relational contracts.
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Le juge et le contrat de travail : essai sur la relecture judiciaire d'un contrat / The judge and the labor contract : essay on the judicial rereading of a contract

Rouspide-Katchadourian, Marie-Noëlle 15 June 2013 (has links)
Selon l’article 5 du code civil, les juges ne peuvent « se prononcer par voie de disposition générale et règlementaire sur les causes qui leur sont soumises ». L’article 1134, alinéa 1er, du même code pose le principe de la force obligatoire du contrat. Or, la jurisprudence de la chambre sociale de la Cour de cassation est normative ; son immixtion dans le contrat de travail est patente. Déséquilibré, soumis à un ordre public spécifique, source d’un conflit de droits et de libertés, le contrat de travail présente certaines spécificités. Ces dernières paraissent guider l’action du juge. L’adaptation du contrat constitue l’une des principales manifestations de son intervention. Elle se caractérise par l’enrichissement de l’accord de volontés ou, à l’inverse, par son amputation. De nombreuses obligations sont ajoutées au contrat. Si le fondement avancé par le juge varie, les articles 1134, alinéa 3 et 1135 du code civil justifient, en réalité, cette addition. La soustraction revêt diverses formes. Elle est parfois la source d’un pouvoir créateur ; celui-ci n’est pas toujours susceptible d’être rattaché à la protection des libertés et droits fondamentaux. Au-delà, la réfection conduit le juge à rebâtir et réécrire le contrat. Ce dernier est rebâti sur le fondement de l’article 1134, alinéa 2, du code civil. La volonté des parties est objectivée ; leur volonté réelle n’est pas nécessairement respectée. La réécriture du contrat découle, notamment, de l’application de l’article 1152 du code civil. Mais elle s’étend au-delà de ce texte. Originale et audacieuse, la relecture judiciaire du contrat de travail est liée au particularisme de cet accord. / According to article 5 of the French civil code, the judges cannot « decide through the mean of general and statutory rules on the causes they are submitted with ». Article 1134 al.1 of the same civil code provides for the principle of the binding effect of the contract. Yet, the jurisprudence of the labor chamber of the French High Court (Cour de cassation) is normative ; its interference in the labor contract is obvious. Unbalanced, subject to a specific public order, source of conflict of rights and freedoms, the labor contract has certain particularities. These appear to guide the judge’s action. The adaptation of the contract is one of the principle manifestations of the judge’s intervention. It is characterized by the improvement of the agreement of the wills or, on the contrary, by its amputation. Many obligations are added to the contract. If the reasons exposed by the judge vary, actually, article 1134 al.3 and article 1135 of the French civil code justify these additions. This subtraction has different forms. It is the source of a creative power ; such creative power is not always linked to the protection of freedoms and fundamental rights. Besides, the rework leads the judge to the rebuilding and redrafting of the contract. Said contract is rebuilt in accordance with article 1134 al.2 of the French civil code. The willingness of the parties becomes objective ; their real willingness is not necessary complied with. The redrafting of the contract is the result of, in particular, article 1152 of the French civil code. However it can be extended beyond this article. Original and audacious, the judicial way to read the labor contract is linked to the sense of the identity of such labor contract.

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