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Under 2018 betalade Sveriges myndigheter, kommuner och regioner ut totalt 847 miljarder kronor till privata företag och av dessa kan 800 miljarder kopplas till offentliga upphandlingar. Den summan uppgår till ca 20% av Sveriges Bruttonationalprodukt. Det innebär att den offentliga upphandlingen har förutsättningar att göra stor positiv inverkan på de globala hållbarhetsmålen, främst genom Agenda 2030s mål 12: Hållbar konsumtion och produktion, samt mål 13: Bekämpa klimatförändringarna. I den här rapporten har Sandviken kommuns upphandlingsprocess analyserats genom djupintervjuer med nyckelpersoner med expertis inom upphandling och hållbarhet. Syftet är att ge en fördjupad inblick i hur upphandlingsprocessen ser ut specifikt i Sandvikens kommun, samt presentera möjliga förbättringsförslag. Intervjuer genomfördes under april 2022 genom de digitala plattformarna Zoom och Microsoft Teams. Teori från vetenskapligt granskade artiklar (peer-reviewed) har sedan jämförts med upplevelser från de intervjuade nyckelpersonerna för att se var förbättringspotential finns. Analysen visade att nyckelpersonerna hos Sandvikens kommun till stor del är medvetna om den problematik som finns, men att arbete återstår innan optimala processer är implementerade. Författarna har efter analysen redovisat ett antal förbättringsförslag där bland annat framtagande av nya miljömål, förtydligande av arbetsuppgifter samt integrering av ekologiska och sociala hållbarhetsfrågor i upphandlingsprocessen anses vara en del av lösningen. För framtida studier anser författarna att ytterligare intervjuer med politiker och deltagare från referensgrupper bör genomföras. En jämförande undersökning av hållbarhetsarbetet mellan Sveriges kommuner anses också vara intressant för att se ytterligare förbättringspotential. / In 2018, Sweden's authorities, municipalities and regions paid out a total of SEK 847 billion to private companies, of which SEK 800 billion can be linked to public procurement. That sum amounts to about 20% of Sweden's Gross National Product. This means that public procurement has the potential to make a major positive impact on the global sustainability goals, primarily/mainly through Agenda 2030s goal 12: Sustainable consumption and production, and goal 13: Combating climate change.   In this thesis, Sandviken municipality's procurement process has been analyzed through in-depth interviews with key people with expertise in procurement and sustainability. The purpose is to provide an in-depth insight into what the procurement process looks like specifically in Sandviken municipality, and to present possible improvement proposals. Interviews were conducted in April 2022 through the digital platforms Zoom and Microsoft Teams. Theory from scientifically peer-reviewed articles has then been compared with experiences from the interviewed key people to see where the potential for improvement lies.   The analysis shows that the key people in Sandviken municipality are largely aware of the problems that exist, but that work remains before optimal processes are implemented. After the analysis, the authors have presented a number of improvement proposals where, among other things, the development of new environmental goals, clarification of tasks and integration of ecological and social sustainability issues in the procurement process are considered part of the solution.   For future studies, the authors believe that further interviews with politicians and participants from reference groups should be conducted. A comparative study of the sustainability work between Sweden's municipalities is also considered interesting to see further potential for improvement.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Den offentliga upphandlingen kan med väl genomtänkta krav på varor och tjänster bli en stark drivkraft och en föregångare för hållbar utveckling. Trots en svag och oklar lagstiftning inom området finns det idag stora möjligheter att ställa krav både på socialt ansvarstagande och miljöhänsyn i samband med offentliga upphandlingar. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur Värnamo kommun gör för att inkludera hållbarhet med inriktning på miljö i sina avtal med utvalda livsmedelsleverantörer. Vidare undersöks hur Värnamo kommun säkerställer att upphandlade varor och tjänster lever upp till avtalad kvalitet samt hur det faktiska tillvägagångssättet stämmer överens med den teori som finns. Metod: Uppsatsen är av kvalitativ art och har utförts genom en fallstudie. Utgångspunkten är ett positivistiskt synsätt och uppsatsen använder sig av ett deduktivt angreppssätt. Slutsats: I Värnamo kommun finns det en tillsatt kompetensgrupp som arbetar enbart med upphandling av livsmedel, denna grupp har kunskap och kännedom om hur marknaden och upphandlingsprocessen ser ut. Vid upphandling läggs i princip allt fokus kring avtalet, både när det gäller vilka krav som ställs och vad som ska följas upp. Trots att det inte är enkelt för offentliga verksamheter att göra inköp och kvalitetssäkringar enligt teorin finns det delar av teorin som redan idag uppfylls och det finns också en bas för vidare utveckling. Kvalitetssäkring sker i störst utsträckning innan avtalet signeras, vilket ur en tidsaspekt är en liten del av processen. Enligt teorin skall kvalitetssäkring ske kontinuerligt flera gånger per år. Det blir tydligt att teorin lämpar sig bättre för privat sektor eftersom det inom den offentliga sektorn finns mindre incitament för att hjälpas åt att utvecklas då nästa upphandling kan innebära att samarbetet ha nått vägs ände. / Background: Public procurement can with well thought through demands on goods and services become a strong driving force for sustainable development. Even with a weak and uncertain legislation within the field there are grand opportunities to demand both social responsibility and environmental accountability in public procurement. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how Värnamo municipality do to include sustainability with focus on the environment in their agreements with chosen grocery suppliers. Further it is investigated how Värnamo municipality make sure their procured goods and services are to terms with agreed standard, and if the actual approach is in line with theory on the subject. Method: The essay is of qualitative nature and has been performed in the way of a case study. The standpoint of the essay is a positivistic point of view and is performed with a deductive approach. Conclusion: In Värnamo municipality there is an appointed group with special competence that is working solely with the procurement of groceries, this group have knowledge about how the market and the procurement process works. In the time of procurement nearly all the focus is in the documented agreements, both regarding demands put and what is to be followed up. Even though it is not simple for a government controlled business to make procurements and quality assurances according to theory there are parts of theory that today are fulfilled and there is a foundation for further development. Quality assurance is by the most part done before the agreement is signed, which compared to the entire process is a small portion. According to theory quality assurance should happen multiple times yearly. It is apparent that theory is better suited for the private sector since in the public sector there are fewer incentives to help the other party improve where the next procurement can mean the cooperation has come to an end.

This thesis deals with green public procurement as an instrument for integrating environmental considerations info public procurment. It focuses on legislative framework for public procurement in Czech republic and in the world, the assessment of environmental and economic effectiveness of green public procurement. It deals with the history of green public procurement and potential benefits of the environmental performance of public administration on the environment. The practical part is based on interviews with qualified primarily purchasing department selected organizations, which should follow the Government Resolution of 14 June 2010 Rules for application of the requirements for the award of public contracts and purchases of state and local governments, as described in the theoretical part.

Environmental awareness among public authorities and governmental institutions has been a priority initiative for countries in the EU over the last years. The public sector is a major consumer of products and services, while their environmental policies are also at a top. Many EU Member Countries have already implemented EU legislation for greener purchasing in the public sector, while others are now preparing their National Action Plan. However, conscious acceptance of National Policy objectives and adoption of green environmental behavior in all scales of the public sector is a challenge. Researchers are concerned that public authorities and especially those of a small size are still focused on the lowest price as a leading factor in public tenders. Many studies have shown that lack of knowledge is a key determinant for the scarce environmental requirements in public procurements. Under this framework, this thesis explores the determinants that affect the implementation of environmental requirements in public procurements and consequently the environmental awareness of small sized public organizations. This thesis is based on a review of policy documents and a single case study investigation. The single case study was conducted on the Technical Department of a municipality in North Greece and the data sources were engineering projects’ public procurements and interviews from the local authority’s officers.

Growing concerns regarding sustainability have led the construction sector to adopt various policy instruments for reducing the impacts caused by construction activities. One such policy instrument includes impact assessment, which enables the construction sector to evaluate the environmental consequences of proposed developments at project (environmental impact assessment) and strategic (strategic environmental assessment) level. In recent years, the construction sector has also adopted green public procurement, which is a process whereby contracting authorities aim to procure services and products that meet environmental requirements. In certain contexts, green public procurement has extended to sustainable public procurement, which involves the incorporation of both environmental and social considerations in the procurement of services and products. Promoting sustainability in the constructor sector is a significant challenge. This challenge is primarily due to the requirement of high levels of cooperation among project stakeholders, on the one hand, and a lack of coordination between project planning and implementation on the other hand. Therefore, procurement plays a significant role as it establishes the tone for the interaction between contracting authorities and contractors. The overall aim of this thesis is to bolster the knowledge of promoting sustainability in the construction sector, with the specific aim of analysing the ways in which policy instruments such as environmental impact assessment and green public procurement can be reinforced to improve the coordination between planning and the implementation of sustainability considerations. This thesis conceptualises an inter-link between impact assessment and green public procurement, and identifies the opportunities to develop the inter-link. It is appropriate to plan for green public procurement at the pre-decision phase of an environmental impact assessment. The inter-link can be strengthened by involving contractors in planning for green and sustainable public procurement. One way to involve contractors is with the aid of competitive dialogue procedure, which is a procurement procedure that allows contracting authorities to hold discussions with contractors regarding the authority’s requirements. This study strengthens the conceptualisation that competitive dialogue procedure can facilitate green and sustainable public procurement. The various elements in a competitive dialogue procedure can enable the contracting authorities to ensure the consistency between the weight for environmental considerations in contract award criteria and the relevant preferences. This thesis also discusses key concerns for progress towards sustainable public procurement, which includes among others the incorporation of sustainability values in procurement decisions. In addition, this study identified certain discourses on future trends for green and sustainable public procurement. The discourses provide an opportunity for reflection, and thereby indicate that analytical support is required to develop criteria in a way that enables the evaluation of sustainable public procurement against the background of sustainability and justice regarding natural capital. Innovation must be promoted with a focus on sustainability values. Moreover, green or sustainable public procurement must be discussed between contracting authorities and contractors in light of its contribution to sustainability. / <p>QC 20140509</p>

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Miljökrav vid upphandling av busstrafik är ett effektivt styrmedel för att nå Sveriges uppsatta klimatmål. Enligt tidigare forskning är andelen förnybart drivmedel för busstrafiken i Sverige olika beroende på vilken region.  Upphandlingsförfarandet kan enligt Lagen om miljökrav vid upphandling (2011:846) se olika ut beroende på framförandet av miljökraven. Uppsatsen behandlar region Hallands, Kalmar läns och region Skånes upphandlingsförfarande. Uppsatsen innehåller även ett antal mindre aktörer inom upphandling av busstrafik per region för att identifiera eventuella skillnader gällande upphandlingsförfarandet. Syfte med uppsatsen är att identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av drivmedel och hur anbudsprövningen ser ut när offentliga myndigheter upphandlar busstrafik. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att identifiera eventuella skillnader gällande upphandlingsförfarandet mellan kommun och region samt vad det i så fall beror på. Uppsatsens metodansats är i huvudsak induktiv med en kvalitativ insamlingsmetod då syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa den empiriska verkligheten.  Den insamlade empirin analyserades med teorin för att komma fram till uppsatsens slutsats. Faktorer som påverkar valet av drivmedel är politiska mål, pris, miljöpåverkan, resurser, infrastruktur samt organisatoriska strategier. I huvudsak används tekniska krav- och specifikationer av de studerade aktörerna vid framförandet av miljökrav vid upphandling. Författarna har fått indikationen att uppsatsens valda regioner kommer att använda sig utav tilldelningskriterium vid nästa upphandling. Skillnaden mellan region, kommun och universitet kan härledas till pris, mål, strategier, teknikutveckling samt ramavtalens olika utformning.

Grön offentlig upphandling är enligt studier och statliga rapporter ett kraftfullt bidragande verktyg i arbetet för en bättre miljö och hållbar framtid. Då det har möjligheten att direkt påverka en stor del av det aktiva flödet av miljövänliga produkter på marknaden. Trots dess betydelse så går arbetet långsamt. Flera studier undersöker de bakomliggande orsakerna till detta och lyfter fram flera barriärer och lösningar. Denna studie ämnar undersöka hur dessa barriärer ser ut hos sex kommunala upphandlare i fem olika Svenska kommuner, samt ställa det i förhållande till tidigare forskning. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med en intervjuguide som baseras på föregående studier. Utifrån svaren från respondenterna kunde det noterades skiftningar mellan barriärerna idag och de tidigare studierna. I denna studie diskuteras sju olika barriärer där kunskap spelar en central roll. Green public procurement is according to studies and official reports a powerful tool in the work for a better environment and sustainable future. This is because it has the ability to influence a big part of the flow of environmentally friendly products on the market. But the work goes slow despite its importance. Several studies have been done on the subject, where they present several barriers and solutions. This study will take a look at how these barriers is perceived by six different municipality procurement workers in five different Swedish municipalities today, as well as put this in perspective to previous studies. Qualitative interviews were performed with an interview guide based on previous studies. From the answers of the respondents a shift between barriers today and previous studies could be identified. This study discusses seven different barriers where knowledge play a central role.

Large volumes of excavated soil and rock are generated in building- and construction projects. These materials need to be transported longer and longer distances due to the densifications of cities. The transportation affects the environment in terms of noise and emissions, but also makes high demands on road infrastructure. To reduce the transport distances an increased responsibility for the excavated rock generated needs to be taken. Responsibility can be increased through an introduction of means of control. Previous studies describe public procurement as an effective tool to increase the responsibility taken by public authorities. Public procurement is regulated by law but the inclusive of environmental requirements is optional, which makes procurement as a tool flexible. The aim of this thesis is to examine public procurement as a tool to control and reduce the environmental impacts from handling, and specifically transporting excavated rock generated in municipal construction projects. The study consists of a case study conducted in Södertörns eight municipalities and a wider analysis that has been carried out in the regions of Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Skåne. The two studies showed that municipal officials generally do not believe that the handling of excavated rock is a municipal responsibility, it lies in the entrepreneurs self-interest to implement regional mass balances. Entrepreneurs instead, consider it to be a municipal problem that can be resolved only when the municipality begins to take responsibility for the excavated rock generated, by example through developing regional plans. As in previous studies, the result indicates that the supplier and purchaser consider the environmental requirements in the procurement process differently. The thesis identify four different factors, which limits the municipalities ability and willingness to take more responsibility in the procurement process regarding the matter excavated rock from construction. These factors are different political position, short term planning, centralization of the procurement units and lack of national and municipal regulations. The study presents that the knowledge in municipal procurement entities is low when it comes to the handling of excavated rock from municipal construction projects. The major knowledge gaps are probably due to the fact that excavated rock for a long time has been seen as an unwanted issue and interest in managing their materials has therefore been low. The knowledge gap must be decreased before the municipalities are able to develop an ethical maturity and take more responsibility in the management of excavated rock. Increased dialogue between different municipal sections and other stakeholders may increase the knowledge. / OptiMass