Greenwashing means the advertisement of goods and services that are alleged to be of benefit to the environment, and is a phenomenon that persists as an advertising tactic in corporate marketing. Research has found that consumers are distrustful of greenwashing, as many claims of eco-friendly products have been shown to be false. This crisis of confidence recalls scandals of the past decade related to insider trading, price fixing, and lack of corporate social responsibility placing the brand equity of major corporations at risk. Given a limited understanding among corporate leaders of consumers' experiences with greenwashing, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore and describe the essence of these experiences. Research questions explored the phenomenon of greenwashing, informed by stakeholder theory, social identity theory, consumer culture theory, and the theory of corporate social responsibility. Interview questions were distributed to a purposeful, convenience sample of 20 research participants at a U.S. Military base in Germany. Interview data were collected via e-mail, transcribed, coded using open techniques, and analyzed to identify themes or patterns. Key themes included feelings of distrust in green advertising, indifference (business as usual), betrayal, and concern for the environment. Consumers also expressed a conscious awareness that educating themselves and exercising prudence when purchasing such goods and services is the best defense against greenwashing. The findings underscored the need for theorists of consumer culture and social identity to make trust a central topic when discussing consumers' identification with brands and products. The findings of this study may contribute to positive social change by educating consumers about greenwashing, which could help empower them to demand better environmental conduct from corporations.

Abstract The purpose of this cumulative dissertation is to introduce service, conceptualized by service-dominant logic, as a new explanatory framework to improve the understanding of sustainable development. Sustainability is a megatrend that challenges business and marketers to act upon and respond to global social and environmental problems. Even after over more than five decades of research related to sustainability there is a gap in the transformation to sustainable development of firms and society in large. Specifically, there appears to be a significant gap between sustainable awareness and the actual sustainable behavior of actors and organizations. A systematic approach to the topic of greenwashing is provided, including relevant approaches for its avoidance. Furthermore, the dissertation urges the need of a systematic and more general theoretic framework to connect marketing as a social science with sustainable development instead of fragmenting marketing in sub-disciplines (e.g., sustainable marketing, societal marketing, marketing ethics, etc.). S-D logic is proposed as model of marketing covering three dichotomies: (1) micro/macro, (2) positive (questioning what is?) / normative (questioning what ought to be), and (3) profit sector/nonprofit sector. S-D logic´s narrative is the continuing story of actors interacting, resource integrating and exchanging service, and co-creating value through service ecosystems, governed and evaluated through their institutional arrangements. Though with regards to sustainable development the reflection on conceptualizing value co-destruction is critical. For instance, through the value co-creation process negative value might be created for one actor, both actors, third parties, society, or nature. A strong conceptual link between the process of co-creation of value and the process of value co destruction is ascertainable in the sense of contra indication. In addition, the findings of a literature review indicate that further attention should be paid to imbalance, conflict and power relations between actors and the service ecosystem. Furthermore, the concept of service is extended beyond the human-created phenomenon, by observing that ecosystem services exist in the natural world. A change of perspective on nature is proposed to see nature no longer as a source of resource or a simple resource but as a services provider. Thus, the underlying human-nature relationships may improve.:Abstract III I Table of contents IV II List of Publications: VI III List of Figures VII IV List of Tables VIII 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose and scope 1 1.2 Theoretical introduction 3 1.2.1 Reason for a new theoretical framework for sustainable development 4 1.2.2 Service as the underlying process for sustainable development 7 1.2.3 S-D logic´s evolvement to a concept of service ecosystem 9 1.2.4 Conceptualizing value co-destruction 11 1.3 Structure of the dissertation 22 1.4 General Summary 24 1.4.1 Summarizing the implications of S-D logic and sustainable development 24 1.4.2 Outlook on general future research for evolving S-D logic in the field of sustainable development 26 1.4.2.1 Creation of value and well-being through fast, sacrifice, or renouncement 27 1.4.2.2 Improve the understanding for micro-macro paradox 27 1.4.2.3 Extension of the human-centric S-D logic to a more general service concept 28 1.4.2.4 Conceptualization of power relations in a service ecosystem 28 1.4.2.5 Pursuing the idea of destructive co-creation of value 30 2 Die normative Ordnung der service-dominierten Logik für ein komplexes Wertnetzwerk–ein innovativer Weg zu mehr Nachhaltigkeit? 32 2.1 Einführung 32 2.2 Das Triple-Bottom-Line-Konzept 34 2.3 Die S-D Logik und die Chance zur normativen Ordnung eines komplexen Wertnetzwerks für mehr Nachhaltigkeit 40 2.3.1 Verbesserung der normativen Ordnung für ein innovatives Nachhaltigkeitskonzept 40 2.3.2 Normative Ordnung im sozialen Raum 42 2.3.3 Einführung in die S-D Logik 44 2.3.4 S-D Logik und nachhaltige Entwicklung 49 2.4 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 53 3 Avoiding Greenwashing in Event Marketing: An Exploration of Concepts, Literature and Methods 56 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Literature review 59 3.2.1 Characteristics of greenwashing in event marketing 59 3.2.2 Current approaches to avoid greenwashing in event marketing 61 3.2.2.1 Identifying greenwashing and its impacts through measurement 63 3.2.2.2 Developing and applying internal rules 65 3.2.2.3 Creating a (multi-)stakeholder approach 66 3.2.2.4 Realignment according to laws and statutory regulations 68 3.2.2.5 Applying eco-labelling 69 3.3 Discussion, implications and further research 73 3.3.1 Discussion 73 3.3.2 Theoretical contributions and practical implications 75 3.3.3 Limitations and future research 78 4 Service Dominant Logic as a New Fundamental Framework for Analyzing Event Sustainability: A Case Study from the German Meetings Industry 80 4.1 Introduction 80 4.2 Literature review 84 4.2.1 S-D Logic as a new approach for the sustainable development of events 84 4.2.2 Events and the Service Dominant logic 84 4.3 S-D Logic and (event) sustainability 89 4.4 Case study 92 4.4.1 Case study context 92 4.4.2 Data collection 93 4.4.3 Data analysis 94 4.4.4 Findings 95 4.4.4.1 Micro level 96 4.4.4.2 Meso level 99 4.4.4.3 Macro level 102 4.5 Discussion 106 4.5.1 Theoretical contributions 109 4.5.2 Practical implications 110 4.5.3 Limitations and future research 111 References 114 Darstellung des wissenschaftlichen Werdegangs 137 Selbständigkeitserklärung 139 Bibliographische Darstellung 140

Responsible investing is a growing concept as sustainability is becoming a much more apparent problem. Thus, the EU implemented a new regulation in 2021, the SFDR 2019/2088, to decrease information asymmetry between institutional investors and end investors regarding sustainable risks associated with funds’ investments. This thesis aims to study whether Swedish mutual funds are greenwashing in terms of funds that are classified as Article 9 funds and invest in firms with low ESG scores. I find that greenwashing occurs among some Swedish mutual funds classified as Article 9 funds, urging further actions to be taken by scholars, practitioners, and regulators given the complexity of the studied research field.

This is a degree project made by three students at the Linnéuniversity in Kalmar with thequalitative method. The work discusses the topic of casino- and betting company´s socialsustainability and builds on previous research. The project attempts to cover the gaps thathave occurred after a study from Ekström, Hultgren and Johansson (2021) “Gamblingcompanies are digging for gold at the same time as sustainability requirements areincreasing”. The core of the work is to analyze how young private savers between the ages of20 to 24 relate to casino- and betting companies when it comes to investing using commoneconomic- and philosophical theories. The study's research question is: “how do youngprivate savers relate to casino- and betting companies, and how do young private savers thinkin their decision-making processes about socially sustainable investments?”. The workdiscusses how the decision process behind the decisions and how ethics and morality comeinto play. The legitimacy of the study is that in today's society, sustainability has become anincreasingly important part of our lifestyle. But social sustainability can easily beovershadowed by ecological sustainability, which in turn can lead to ignorance and that socialsustainability gets neglected. From there, it is important to do academic studies in the subject.The study concludes that 20-24 year olds have no problem navigating their decisions basedon their ethics and morals. However, they have difficulties to describe it in theoretical termsin the aspects of social sustainability. Furthermore the young private savers have anunderstanding of the underlying topic and have no issues discussing it. For them, thedimension of social sustainability falls into the concept of sustainability. The study alsoconcludes that 20-24 year old young private savers think that it is the savers responsibility forsocially sustainable investments and everyone should take responsibility for what they investin.

This research analyzes the motives and future of the Nordic green bond market from an underwriter perspective. Threefold motives for being active in the Nordic green bond market are found. There are monetary gains, corporate social responsibility, and an opportunity to receive and maintain legitimacy. Several important factors for the future of the Nordic green bond market are identified. The EU Taxonomy will have a major impact on this market, and is the most important factor for the future of it. Further, sustainability-linked bonds enable the transition of various sectors towards sustainability and are an important factor for the development of the Nordic bond market in general. Experts that possess roles within green bond underwriting and green bond investing have been interviewed. Stakeholder theory, corporate social responsibility and legitimacy theory have been implemented in this research with the aim of analyzing the motives and future of the Nordic green bond market. By doing that, this research contributes to a broader theoretical discussion in the area of sustainable finance.

This thesis investigates through focus groups the effect of greenwashing from theenvironmentally conscious consumer perspective. The study deepens the understanding of attitudes and purchase intentions before and after the revealing that the marketing campaignwere criticized as greenwashing. The respondents' thoughts, perceived credibility andpurchase intention contributed to the fact that patterns regarding attitude and purchase intention could be distinguished. Through Rausch and Kopplin's green extension of Ajzen's Theory of Reasoned Action and the theory of The Green Gap, the respondents' attitudes and purchase intentions could be interpreted. Before revealing the information of greenwashing, the respondents were already critical of the messages in all shown cases. Despite an interpreted negative attitude, the respondents pointed out that they could consider buying the products. After the revealing of greenwashing, a sense of affirmation was perceived in the focus groups. The credibility of the marketing is thus considered to have been negatively damaged, but the respondents justify future purchases based on other positive sustainable attributes that the products or companies have. A revealing of greenwashing in a generally environmentally conscious consumer segment is thusinterpreted to be of less importance, where other factors justify that the purchase intention remains.

Det ökade fokuset på hållbarhet i stort har resulterat i att allt fler företag efterfrågar en extern granskning av sina hållbarhetsrapporter. En lagstadgad hållbarhetsrapport har krav på sig att granskas av en extern part, men granskningen sker på en begränsad nivå där revisorn endast lämnar ett yttrande om att rapporten har upprättats enligt årsredovisningslagen. För frivilligt upprättade hållbarhetsrapporter kan företagen välja att anlita en extern part för en översiktlig granskning, som är mer omfattande än den lagstadgade granskningen. I juni 2022 godkände EU ett nytt direktiv gällande hållbarhetsrapportering som kommer att implementeras från och med räkenskapsåret 2024. Direktivet kommer att omfatta fler företag än tidigare lagkrav och syftar till att ge hållbarhetsrapporteringen samma status som den finansiella rapporteringen. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka vilka utmaningar som är förknippade med hållbarhetsgranskningen, och vad granskare tror att det nya direktivet kan bidra med för lösningar på de utmaningar som finns i dagsläget. För att undersöka detta utgår studien från legitimitetsteorin, regleringar och standarder som berör området, och tidigare forskning kring granskarens roll. Empirin samlas in genom kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter som arbetar med hållbarhetsgranskning. Studiens resultat visar att de utmaningar som är kopplade till hållbarhetsgranskningen idag framförallt grundar sig i att befintliga regelverk och standarder inte är tillräckligt omfattande, och att samtliga respondenter ser CSRD som en lösning på flera av de befintliga utmaningarna.

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Consumer demand for green products in the market is increasing. This has led to green marketing becoming more common, however, the line between green marketing and greenwashing is not entirely clear. This study aims to investigate what consumers' confidence in organic certification and eco-labeling of food looks like, and how greenwashing can affect this. The method used is both quantitative and qualitative survey where data has been collected from 47 respondents who have an interest in the environment, consumption or sustainable lifestyle. The answers have been analyzed on the basis of a thematic content analysis for the open answers and descriptive statistical analysis of closed answers. The theories Theory of Planned Behavior and Action value gap theory have been applied to investigate what consumer behavior can look like, and to explain what influences individual’s behavior from a psychosocial perspective. The results show that confidence in certification is higher than in environmental claims and labeling, which indicates that consumers demand control of products that are marketed as environmentally sound choices. The results also show that it is perceived as difficult to make good choices as it places demands on the consumer to be critical and question environmental statements in marketing. / Konsumenters efterfrågan av gröna produkter på marknaden ökar, vilket har lett till att grön marknadsföring blir allt vanligare. Gränsen mellan grön marknadsföring och greenwashing är dock inte helt tydlig. Denna studien syftar till att undersöka hur konsumenters förtroende till ekologisk certifiering samt miljömärkning av livsmedel ser ut, samt hur detta kan påverkas av greenwashing. Metoden som används är kvantitativ och kvalitativ enkätundersökning, där data har samlats in från 47 respondenter med intresse av miljö, konsumtion eller hållbar livsstil. Svaren har analyserats utifrån en tematisk innehållsanalys för de öppna svaren och deskriptiv statistisk analys av de slutna svaren. Teorierna Theory of Planned Behaviuor och Action Value Gap har tillämpats för att undersöka hur konsumentbeteendet kan se ut, samt att förklara vad som påverkar individers beteende utifrån ett psykosocialt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att förtroendet till certifieringar är högre än till miljömärkningar och miljöpåståenden vilket indikerar att konsumenter efterfrågar kontroll av produkter som marknadsförs som miljömässigt bra val. Resultatet visar även att det upplevs som svårt att göra bra val då det ställs krav på konsumenten att vara kritisk och ifrågasättande till miljöpåståenden inom marknadsföringen.

Corporate environmental social and governance (ESG) reporting is becoming subject to increased scrutiny by regulators, investors and public. This dissertation will contribute to several research streams in the extant literature. This dissertation is the first to show the impact of employee environmental values and attitudes on reporting and whistleblowing decisions, making contributions to accounting, management, whistleblowing and environmental psychology literatures. Next, it is among the first to examine the role of the identity of ESG assurance provider in ESG reporting context. Further, it is among the first to examine the impact of SEC assurance mandate and the value of assurance over ESG information, thus contributing to audit literature. Using experimental methodology, I examine how ESG report assurance, ESG report assurance provider, ESG issue type, and environmentalism as a personality factor influence employee decisions to accede to a supervisory request to misrepresent ESG information, to report management's actions to a corporate hotline, to post information about management wrongdoing on social media, to switch jobs, and to judge ESG misreporting actions as unethical. The results indicate that (1) employee personality factor environmentalism impacts their ESG reporting decisions; (2) pro-environmental employees are more likely to whistleblow when assurance is not mandated, and they judge management actions to be more unethical when assurance is required; (3) under pressure to misreport ESG information, employees are more likely to switch jobs and judge management actions significantly more unethical, when they are dealing with quantitative data (as opposed to qualitative data), and when ESG assurance is provided by a consultant (versus an auditor); (4) pro-environmental employees do not differentiate between the issues impacting financial statements or ESG report only, whereas, employees with low-level environmentalism judge management actions to be more unethical when facing ESG issue with immediate impact to financial statements as opposed to an issue impacting ESG report only; (5) older employees (over 35) with low-level environmentalism are more likely to post information on social media when dealing with an environmental issue as opposed to a social issue; and (6) majority of participants (57%) perceive ESG misreporting to be a widespread phenomenon.