The aim od this thesis is to describe and to analyse the position of headlines in relation to their articles in French contemporary newpapers. The thesis is divide into two parts - theoretic part and practical part. The theoretic part describes particularities of the journalistic-style writing and his norms. Then the thesis focuses on headlines iself- their creation and functions. The last chapter is devoted to the textual linguistics, especially to explanation of basic terms for textual analysis purpose (theme, rheme, thematic successions). In the practical part, the corpus of newspaper articles is elaborated and thi corpus is analysed.

An unprecedented 65.6 million people around the world have been forcibly displaced from their homes; 22.5 million of these individuals are refugees and 10 million are considered stateless (UNHCR, 2016a). Although, the conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic and the large arrival of asylum-seekers at the European borders in 2015 and 2016 gained significant global media attention, the frequently interchangeable use of the terms “migrant” and “refugee” to describe population within news headlines imposes significant implications on the legal protections entitled to each label. Conflating refugees and migrants can undermine public support for refugees and the asylum system at a time when there are more refugees than at any previously recorded time (UNHCR, 2016a). To better understand, two electronic databases CBCA Reference and Current Events and Canadian Periodical Index were searched for headlines containing the key term “refugee(s)” in Canadian English language newspapers. A total of 94 words were identified that offered an indication of the portrayal of refugees in the news media. Fourteen words were categorized as positive, 56 words were negative and 25 words were identified as neutral In addition, a literature review was conducted mirroring the five-stage Arksey and O’Malley (2005) scoping review framework and a data charting form was used to extract descriptive themes. Seven electronic databases (Sociology, Social Sciences Abstract, Web of Science, Communication Source, JSTOR and Social Work) were searched.. A total of 32 studies were selected for the literature review (16 through the database search and 16 through reference list search). From the included literature, five descriptive themes were found: securitization, immigration, legitimacy, economic considerations and othering. Both analyses indicated a dominant securitized discourse that portrays refugees negatively as a threat to the state and revealed a decrease in humanitarian dialogue within news media coverage. Positive representations of refugees were limited to the narrative of a passive victim or contributors to the economy. In addition, refugee voices within news media were restricted to their expression of gratitude towards the state and their compassion. The lack of refugee perspective and the use of journalistic semantic strategies perpetuate a one-sided negative portrayal of refugees. A more balanced media narrative is required to ensure that refugees are being portrayed accurately and their voices are heard. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The paper focuses on the analyses of stylistic peculiarities in newspaper headlines. It provides an overview of stylistics, functional styles (newspaper style in more detail), and features of headlines. Also stylistic devices are reviewed and classified. In the empirical part 150 headlines are analyzed while 56 of them are provided as illustrative examples and analyzed in greater detail. Stylistic devices found in the newspaper headlines are allocated to the group they belong to and where it is possible classification of a stylistic devices is provided. / Darbo paskirtis - stilistinių ypatybių analizė laikrščių antraštėse. Yra pateikiama teorinė medžiaga apie stilistiką, funkcinius stilius (laikraštinis stilius aptariamas smulkiau) ir antraščių savybės. Taip pat apžvelgtos stilistinės priemonės ir pateikta jų klasifikacija. Empirinėje dalyje yra išanalizuota 150 antraščių ir 56 pateiktos kaip pavyzdžiai ir išanalizuoti detaliau. Stilistinės priemonės rastos laikraščių antraštėse priskirtos grupei kuriai jos priklauso ir kur yra įmanoma, pateikiama stilistinės priemonės klasifikacija.

Social media is a significant factor in information distribution today, and this information landscape contains a lot of different posts that compete for the user’s attention. Different factors can help catch the interest of the user, and one of them is the headline of the message. The headline can be more or less eye-catching, which can make the reader more or less interested in interacting with the post. The theme of this study is the automatized creation of eye-catching headlines that stay truthful to the content of the articles using Automatic Text Summarization. The exact method used consisted of fine-tuning the BART model, which is an existing model for Text Summarization. Other papers have been written using different models to solve this problem with more or less success, however, none have used this method. It was deemed an interesting method as it is less time- and energy-consuming than creating and training a new model entirely from scratch and therefore could be easily replicated if the results were positive. The BartForConditionalGeneration model implemented by the HuggingFace library was fine-tuned, using the Popular News Articles by Web.io. This method showed positive results. The resulting headlines were deemed faithful to the original ones, with a ROUGE-2 recall score of 0.541. They were comparably eye-catching to the human-written headlines, with the human respondents ranking them almost the same, with an average rank of 1.692 for the human-written headlines, and 1.821 for fine-tuned BART, and also getting an average score of 3.31 on a 1 to 5 attractiveness score scale. They were also deemed very comprehensible, with an average score of 0.95 on a scale from 0 to 1. / Sociala medier är idag en viktig faktor i distributionen av information. Detta nya landskap innehåller många olika inlägg som tävlar om användarens uppmärksamhet. Olika faktorer kan hjälpa till att fånga användarens blick till specifika inlägg eller artiklar, och en av dessa faktorer är rubriken. Rubriken kan vara mer eller mindre fängslande, och göra läsaren mer eller mindre intresserad av att interagera med inlägget. Temat för denna studie är att automatiskt skapa iögonfallande och intressanta rubriker, som beskriver innehå llet i artiklarna på ett korrekt sätt. Den valda metoden är automatisk textsamman fattning, och mer specifikt finjusterades BART-modellen, som är en existerande modell för textsammanfattning. Andra metoder har använts tidigare för att lösa denna problematik med mer eller mindre framgång, men ingen studie hade använt den här. Den ansågs vara intressant eftersom den är mindre tids- och energikrävande än vad det skulle vara att skapa en ny modell från grunden, och därför skulle den lätt kunna replikeras om resultatet var positivt. BartForConditionalGeneration-modellen implementerad av HuggingFace-bib lioteket finjusterades därför med hjälp av artiklar och rubriker från datasetet ’Popular News Articles’ av Web.io. Metoden visade positiva resultat. De resulterande rubrikerna ansågs trogna de ursprungliga, med en ROUGE-2 recall score på 0,541. De var jämförbart iögonfallande gentemot de mänskligt skrivna rubrikerna, då respondenterna rankade dem nästan likadant, med en genomsnittlig rankning på 1,692 för de mänskligt skrivna rubrikerna och 1,821 för rubrikerna som finjusterade BART genererade. De fick också ett genomsnittligt betyg av 3,31 på en poängskala från 1 till 5. De ansågs dessutom vara mycket lättbegripliga, med ett medelpoäng på 0,95 på en skala från 0 till 1.

Corporate managers often pursue voluntary non-GAAP reporting when mandatory reporting is limited, although regulators are concerned with how this reporting is utilized. While the level of flexibility external auditors exhibit during discussions over subjective GAAP reporting choices can influence management's GAAP reporting decisions, it is important to determine if this behavior affects subsequent non-GAAP reporting decisions. Additionally, recent calls for increased audit committee questioning of non-GAAP disclosures may also cause audit committees to influence non-GAAP reporting. In this dissertation, I conduct an experiment to examine how auditor flexibility and audit committee questioning influence non-GAAP preparation and earnings release disclosure choices of senior executives. I predict less flexible auditor behavior will enhance managers' psychological feeling of constraint, while audit committee questioning focused on non-GAAP measures can increase managers' self-assessment of reporting decisions, both of which will translate into more conservative non-GAAP reporting. However, given prior research indicating that corporate governance mechanisms can combine in complex ways, I predict a greater impact of audit committee questioning absent auditor constraint. Results indicate managers make less conservative non-GAAP preparation decisions and disclose more non-GAAP measures in the absence of constraint from inflexible auditors. However, absent this constraint, managers make more conservative non-GAAP preparation choices and present non-GAAP measures less prominently in earnings press releases when the audit committee questions non-GAAP disclosures. These results are driven by a thorough self-assessment of reporting decisions by managers expecting audit committee questioning. This study provides evidence on how external auditors and audit committees influence various voluntary reporting decisions. / Doctor of Philosophy / Corporate managers can report their company's financial information to investors and other stakeholders in various ways. Some financial information is required to be reported in accordance with a set of formal accounting standards called United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Beyond this mandatory reporting, other financial information is disclosed voluntarily when company management believes this extra information is beneficial to investors. These voluntary disclosures— called non-GAAP measures— do not follow a set of accounting standards and can be disclosed with more discretion by company management than GAAP measures. The variation in how non-GAAP measures are prepared and disclosed concerns regulators, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Mandatory GAAP financial reporting is overseen by external auditors from public accounting firms, but auditors typically have very little formal oversight over non-GAAP reporting. Although company management ultimately decides how to disclose GAAP information, external auditors influence these reporting decisions by recommending choices during discussions over subjective GAAP issues. Sometimes auditors exhibit inflexible behavior during these discussions by being unwilling to consider management's reporting choices. This inflexibility limits or constrains the GAAP reporting choices of managers. However, prior research has not studied how this constraint impacts how managers make non-GAAP reporting choices. Further, GAAP reporting choices can also be influenced by the audit committee, which is a subgroup of members of the board of directors that is in charge of overseeing financial reporting and disclosure. Recent calls from regulators have asked for increased audit committee questioning of non-GAAP disclosures, which may also cause audit committees to influence non-GAAP reporting. Non-GAAP measures are often presented in earnings press releases, which are public announcements by a company that disclose information regarding results of operations or financial condition for a given period. Managers can make strategic decisions regarding the preparation of non-GAAP measures and the presentation of this information in earnings releases, both of which can influence investors' decision-making. In this dissertation, I conduct an experiment utilizing senior executives to examine how auditor flexibility and audit committee questioning influence these two types of non-GAAP reporting decisions: how to prepare non-GAAP measures and how to disclose them in earnings press releases. I predict less flexible auditor behavior will enhance managers' psychological feeling of constraint, while audit committee questioning focused on non-GAAP measures will increase managers' self-assessment of reporting decisions, both of which will translate into more conservative non-GAAP reporting. However, prior research indicates that corporate governance mechanisms, which are factors intended to help direct and monitor company management (such as auditors and audit committees), can combine in complex ways. Therefore, I predict a greater impact of audit committee questioning absent auditor constraint. The results indicate managers make less conservative non-GAAP preparation decisions (i.e. are more likely to calculate non-GAAP earnings figures that deviate from their GAAP counterparts) and disclose more non-GAAP measures in the absence of constraint from inflexible auditors. However, absent this constraint, managers make more conservative non-GAAP preparation choices and present non-GAAP measures less prominently in earnings press releases when the audit committee questions non-GAAP disclosures. These results are driven by a thorough self-assessment of reporting decisions by managers expecting audit committee questioning. This study provides evidence on how external auditors and audit committees influence various voluntary reporting decisions. Given the ubiquity of non-GAAP reporting in recent years, this dissertation can provide valuable insights to regulators, investors, and other stakeholders on factors that influence managerial decision-making related to non-GAAP disclosures.

The aim of this study was trace the general tendence in the produce of headlines in the tabloid and serious press and their internet versions. The basis for this work was a sample of twelve newspaper headlines that came out in January and February 2013. There were drawn following conclusions on the basis of stylistic and pragmatic analysis and comparison of these titles. Analyzed subtitles are different designs and used language tools. The tabloid media is trying to attract potential readers, especially graphic design titles, while serious media put more accent on the content of the title message. The tabloid headlines have characteristic color caps and overhang headling to other cell components. Headlines of serious media are printed in black and stands on the site separately. One of the differences between tabloid headlines and serious media is their length - tabloid usually decide for shortes ones than the serious media. Basis subtitles should form a neutral literary language, yet there are presented present colloquial expressions in the headlines of tabloids and media. Tabloid headlines include expressive sign unlike the serious media headlines. Statements in the headlines are assertive and have interrogative and directive use. The tabloid media uses interrogative function in headlins more than the...

Das Ziel der qualitativen und quantitativen Analyse in der vorliegenden Magisterarbeit ist es deutsche und litauische Überschriftenarten zu vergleichen, die Tendenz der Ellipsenverwendung zu präsentieren, sowie Zitate und Metaphern in Überschriften zu untersuchen. Es wurden 200 Überschriften aus der Süddeutschen Zeitung und 200 Überschriften aus Lietuvos rytas ausgesucht. Die Analyse hat gezeigt, dass die Überschriften in der deutschen und der litauischen Zeitung Unterschiede in ihrer Struktur aufweisen, aber sie dienen primär demselben Ziel – das Thema des Artikels darzustellen. Die Syntaxanalyse hat ergeben, dass die Ellipse eine häufige Erscheinung in Überschriften ist, trotzdem kommen elliptische Konstruktionen in der deutschen Zeitung öfter vor als in der litauischen. Das dritte Untersuchungsobjekt war das Zitieren: In der deutschen Zeitung wird lieber zitiert als in der litauischen. Als Letztes wurden Metaphern untersucht: Die Analyse hat gezeigt, dass 18,7% deutscher Überschriften metaphorisch sind. Im Litauischen beträgt ihr Anteil 27,3%. Am häufigsten kommen Gewächs-Metaphern im Bereich Wirtschaft und Kampf/Krieg-Metaphern im Bereich Sport vor. / Nepaisant didelės antraščių reikšmės laikraščiuose, jos yra viena mažiausiai tyrinėtų temų lingvistikoje. Antraštės perteikia pagrindinę straipsnio temą ir padeda skaitytojui išsirinkti jam įdomiausias temas. Magistriniame darbe analizuojamos ir lyginamos vokiškos ir lietuviškos antraštės. Analizei pasirinkti laikraščiai: die Süddeutsche Zeitung ir Lietuvos rytas. Iš kiekvieno laikraščio išrinkta po 200 antraščių – 100 antraščių iš ekonomikos ir 100 antraščių iš sporto skilčių. Darbo tikslas analizuoti ir palyginti antraščių tipus, aptarti elipsės vartojimo tendencijas, citatų naudojimą ir metaforų rūšis vokiškose ir lietuviškose antraštėse. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad vokiškos ir lietuviškos antraštės skiriasi savo struktūrine sandara, tačiau jos tarnauja bendram tikslui – formuluoti pagrindinę straipsnio temą. Sintaksės analizė paneigė Burger (2005) prognozes - elipsės vartojimas yra vis dar dažnas reiškinys tiek vokiškose, tiek lietuviškose antraštėse, nors pastarosiose jos sutinkamos rečiau. Citatų analizė parodė, kad vokiškuose laikraščiuose cituojama dažniau, nei lietuviškuose. Be to, vokiškos citatos pasižymėjo platesniu pakeitimų spektru. Paskutinis tyrimo objektas – metaforos. Analizė atskleidė, kad 18,73% vokiškų antraščių yra metaforinės, lietuviškame laikraštyje jų dalis didesnė - 27,31%. Abiejuose laikraščiuose vyrauja tos pačios tematikos metaforos – ekonomikos skiltyje dažniausia yra augalo metafora, tuo tarpu sporto – kovos/karo. / The purpose of the qualitative and quantitative analysis is to compare the German and Lithuanian headline types, to present the tendency of the ellipsis use in headlines and to analyse quotations and metaphors in headlines. 200 headlines from Süddeutsche Zeitung and Lietuvos rytas were chosen for the analysis. The analysis showed that the structure of the headlines in the German newspaper is different than in the Lithuanian newspaper, but they have the same intention – to inform about the subject of the article. The syntax analysis showed that ellipsis is an usual phenomenon in the headlines, but it comes in the German headlines more often than in the Lithuanian headlines. The third topic of the analysis was the quotations: there are more quotations in the German headlines than in the Lithuanian headlines. The last subject of the analysis were metaphors: 18,7% of the German and 27,3% of the Lithuanian headlines are metaphorical. In the economy column comes mostly the plant-metaphor and in the sport column comes mostly the war-metaphor.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-01-06T14:43:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8408932 bytes, checksum: e752214ea89428a2060146387108c6cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-06T14:43:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8408932 bytes, checksum: e752214ea89428a2060146387108c6cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-18 / This study began in the discussion, based on Bakhtin (2003), Marcuschi (2005) and Bronckart (2003), about the terminology regarding the genres, expanding the question towards the genre newspaper cover, culminating, finally, in the focus of this research, the newspaper headline, in a compositional approach to the structure and discursive stylistic - our main goal - so we could move towards the specific objectives to expand and document the Portuguese research at the printed newspaper in Paraíba (on the raising of a corpus of 15 obituary themed headlines, published in the journal A União in the period related to the twentieth century to the present day), analyze the same corpus in graphic-compositional and stylistic aspects (in this discursive perspective) and watch – and register – changes that have occurred in this genre, as well as stays in order to verify whether the journalistic headline gender is a discursive tradition, pointing to confirm this hypothesis, given the verified stays under a diachronic perspective. The graphic-compositional analysis of the corpus is guided primarily by the theories of Gradim (2000) and Pellim (2009), while the stylistic analysis, as regards the persona management theory is based on Coupland (2001), as the stylization with the use of anaphora and “catáfora” in Kock (1991) and, about the management with the headlines in the case of the death theme, basically, this study is guided by Freud (2009), Cross (2008) Amaral (2007) and Timothy (2010). / Este estudo partiu da discussão, com base em Bakhtin (2003), Marcuschi (2005) e Bronckart (2003), acerca da terminologia quanto aos gêneros textuais (ou discursivos), ampliando o debate em direção ao gênero textual capa de jornal, culminando, finalmente, no foco da pesquisa, a manchete jornalística, numa abordagem quanto à estrutura composicional e à estilística discursiva – nosso objetivo principal –, de modo que pudéssemos evoluir para os objetivos específicos de ampliar e documentar a pesquisa do Português no jornal impresso paraibano (mediante o levantamento de um corpus composto por 15 manchetes de temática necrológica, publicadas no Jornal A União no período referente ao século XX aos dias atuais), analisar o citado corpus nos aspectos gráfico-composicional e estilístico (este na perspectiva discursiva) e observar – e registrar – mudanças que tenham ocorrido neste gênero, como também permanências, com o intuito de verificar se o gênero manchete jornalística consiste numa tradição discursiva, apontando para a confirmação dessa hipótese, diante das permanências verificadas sob um prisma diacrônico. A análise do corpus, quanto aos aspectos gráfico-composicionais, norteia-se, basicamente, pelas teorias de Gradim (2000) e Pellim (2009), enquanto a análise estilística, no que refere à teoria do manejo de personas, tem base em Coupland (2001), quanto à estilização com o uso da anáfora e da catáfora, em Kock (1991) e, quanto ao manejo com as manchetes em se tratando do tema da morte, basicamente, em Freud (2009), Cruz (2008), Amaral (2007) e Timóteo (2010).

Переводческие трансформации являются ключевым инструментом, позволяющим осуществить переход от сообщения на исходном языке к сообщению на переводящем языке. Вопросом разработки понятия, а также построения типологий данных преобразований занимались многие отечественные и зарубежные исследователи в области лингвистики. За XX век был сформулирован ряд подходов, помогающих классифицировать трансформации по разным критериям. Однако, теоретики переводоведения так и не пришли к единому мнению по вопросу типологизации трансформаций. В то же время существует довольно ограниченное число работ, рассматривающих их применение на примере публицистического функционального стиля. По этой причине дальнейшее развитие теорий переводческих трансформаций, а также их применение на практике и представляет особый исследовательский интерес. Данная работа посвящена выявлению особенностей, соответствий, достоинств и недостатков трансформационных типологий Ж. -П. Вине и Ж. Дарбельне и В. Н. Комиссарова при их применении для перевода заголовков новостной службы BBC на русский язык. / Translation transformations are the key tool to make the transition from the message in the source language to the message in the target language. The development of the concept, as well as the construction of typologies of transformations has been elaborated by many domestic and foreign researchers in the field of linguistics. During the 20th century, a number of approaches have been developed to help classify transformations according to different criteria. However, linguistic theorists have never come to a consensus on the typology of translation transformations. At the same time, there are quite a limited number of works that consider their application on the example of the publicistic functional style. For this reason, further development of the theories of translation transformations as well as their application in practice is of research interest. This paper is devoted to identifying the features, correlations, advantages and disadvantages of the transformational typologies of J.-P. Vinay, J. Darbelnet and V. N. Komissarov when applying them to the translation of BBC news headlines into Russian.

The main aim of this thesis are two Czech nationwide daily newspapers Hospodářské noviny and Mladá fronta Dnes. This thesis focuses on graphics relaunches which these newspapers passed in years 2009 and 2010. It deals with question, how the graphics changes influenced appearance of these newspapers, their content and the position on the media market. This composition responsibly took the opportunity to show the reader in detail, how these newspapers have changed the look of the headlines, elaboration of photos, colors and other graphics components. Along with it the thesis analyses the content changes, such as stylistics or the way of submitting information. Last but not least it gives the comparison of the earning power of these newspapers, position of their publishers Economia and Mafra as well as interviews with publishers representatives.