Magister Educationis - MEd / Hierdie studie handeloor die aanwending van 'n trilogie van aksienavorsingsprojekte in 'n skool wat daartoe gelei het dat 'n outokratiese bestuurstyl in 'n koëperatiewe skoolbestuurstelsel verander is. Gegee die feit dat skoolbesluitneming grotendeels in die persoon van die skoolhoof gesentreer was, is daadwerklike pogings aangewend om alle betrokkenes in die besluitnemingsproses by Betel Skool vir Epileptici , Kuilsrivier, te betrek. Hierdie pogings het daartoe gelei dat die skoolhoof, personeellede, die Raad van Bestuur en die ouergemeenskap gesamentlike bestuurders van die skool geword het. Die gevolglike koëperatiewe skoolbestuur en gesamentlike verantwoordelikheid vir besluitneming het duidelik in veral die betrokkenheid van bestaande personeellede in die aanstelling van nuwe personeellede by die skool gemanifesteer. Waar hierdie verantwoordelikheid voorheen slegs op die skouers van die skoolhoof en die Raad van Bestuur gerus het, is personeellede met behulp van aksienavorsing in hierdie benoemingsproses betrek en vind geen aanstelling van personeellede tans plaas sonder die insette van die huidige personeel nie. Hierdie tesis beskryf voorts hoe die skool 'n eis van die Departement van Onderwys en Kultuur (Raad van Verteenwoordigers) gehanteer het dat dertien onderwysers geïdentifiseer moet word wat op 7 Augustus 1991 aan 'n protesoptog deelgeneem het. Dié opdrag is geïgnoreer en die Departement is met 'n georkestreerde teenreaksie van die skoolhoof, die personeel en die Raad van Bestuur gekonfronteer. Aksienavorsing is weer eens aangewend om hierdie intimiderende en hooghandige opdrag van die Onderwysdepartement wat die potensiaal gehad het om die dertien onderwysers te isoleer en aan die moontlikheid van ernstige dissiplinêre stappe bloot te stel, ter syde gestel te kry Hierdie werk toon dat dit moontlik is om met behulp van aksienavorsing, fundamentele veranderings in die bestuur van In skool aan te bring, te help met die demokratisering van besluitnemingsprosesse, die verskillende betrokkenes by die skool te bemagtig en nuwe betekenis te gee aan wat in die kantoor en klaskamers van die skool plaasvind.

The Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) was used as the main investigation tool coupled with other conventional electrochemical methods to study the electrocatalytic properties of polycrystalline Pt electrodes, including two separate projects. The first project studied the early stage of oxide film formation on the Pt surfaces and the inhibition of the catalytic properties by the oxide film. The inhibition of the fast electrode reaction of small molecules by the growth of oxide film allows those molecules to be used as probes for the nature of the oxide film. The hydrogen oxidation current, jox calculated by differencing the cyclic voltammetry currents with and without H₂ present showed a characteristic plateau-to-plateau profile, which implies a transition from the free Pt surface to the Pt surface completely covered by oxide film. This method allows determination of the onset potential for oxide formation and also the critical potential where a full monolayer of oxide is formed. This method applies to other fast surface reactions such as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the results are enhanced by forced convection in the rotating disk electrode (RDE) experiments. The initial oxidation species was identified by charge and EQCM frequency analysis. Our results support the formation of a species with stoichiometry Pt₂O, for example, with an oxygen atom in the bridging position between two adjacent Pt atoms. In the second project, the stability of the Pt electrodes in acid media with Ag⁺ present was investigated. A substantial frequency drift (8.3 Hz cycle⁻¹, or 44 ng cm⁻² cycle⁻¹) was observed during Ag electrodeposition and stripping on the bare polycrystalline Pt surface. Cyclic voltammograms in pure HClO₄ solution showed nearly no frequency drift while the addition of 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ Ag⁺ resulted in an immediate and characteristic frequency drift. The frequency drift appeared to be consistent with loss of material from the electrode surface and the ICP-MS detected a maximum Pt concentration of 2.3×10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ in solution due to Pt dissolution. The Pt concentration calculated from the EQCM frequency drift matched the ICP-MS results. This allowed the EQCM for direct investigation of Pt dissolution at different system temperatures, sweep rates, and potential ranges. The much higher rate of dissolution with Ag present than that in pure HClO₄ solution can be explained by the formation of Pt-Ag alloy during Ag underpotential deposition and the co-dissolution of Pt and Ag.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:20:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EmmanuelSC_DISSERT.pdf: 1320670 bytes, checksum: 45f0ac5d53704afd77216d735f95b522 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / From the importance that the political science and the social sciences began to give the electoral programs on TV, were examined in that work academic the effects of research in electoral marketing strategies in Gratuitous Timetable of the Electoral Publicity of the marketing year the candidate Micarla de Sousa (PV) in 2008 for the prefecture of Natal. To analyze the marketing strategies of electoral candidate Micarla de Sousa were used three sources of data: the HGPE on the first part, The interview with the coordinator's marketing campaign of Micarla de Sousa, Jos? Ivan and the quantitative research carried out by the Office IBOPE before and during the period of HGPE. In the analysis of electoral programs, was used the qualitative and quantitative approach, taking as objective to verify whether there was some change in marketing strategy in the candidate Micarla HGPE. So the electoral programs that candidate were transcribed and analyzed and then faced with the results of researches electoral IBOPE carried out in the same period. The interview with the coordinator's marketing campaign the candidate Micarla de Sousa brought relevant information on the construction of public image at the time pre-electoral and electoral. In search of IBOPE, socioeconomic variables were regarded assex, age, education and income. With the collection of this data, there was an intersection of information about the voting intentions of Micarla candidate for mayor of Natal and it was checked how his candidacy has increased or decreased within the surveyed segments and how these oscillations marketing strategies directed at the candidate's HGPE for any specific audience. Also, do not forget that the electoral process is influenced by various factors, because this process is dynamic / A partir da relev?ncia que a ci?ncia pol?tica e as ci?ncias sociais come?aram a dar aos programas eleitorais na TV, foram examinados nesse trabalho acad?mico os efeitos das pesquisas eleitorais nas estrat?gias de marketing no Hor?rio Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral da campanha da candidata Micarla de Sousa (PV) em 2008 para a prefeitura de Natal. Para analisar as estrat?gias de marketing eleitoral da candidata Micarla de Sousa foram utilizadas tr?s fontes de dados: o HGPE referente ao primeiro turno, a entrevista com o coordenador de marketing da campanha de Micarla de Sousa, Jos? Ivan e as pesquisas quantitativas realizadas pelo Instituto IBOPE antes e durante o per?odo do HGPE. Na an?lise dos programas eleitorais foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, tendo como objetivo verificar se houve alguma mudan?a na estrat?gia de marketing da candidata Micarla no HGPE. Assim os programas eleitorais dessa candidata foram transcritos e analisados e depois confrontados com os resultados das pesquisas eleitorais do IBOPE realizadas no mesmo per?odo. A entrevista com o coordenador de marketing da campanha da candidata Micarla de Sousa trouxe informa??es relevantes sobre a constru??o da imagem p?blica no momento pr?-eleitoral e eleitoral. Na pesquisa do IBOPE foram consideradas as vari?veis socioecon?micas como: sexo; idade; escolaridade e renda. Com a coleta destes dados, houve um cruzamento das informa??es sobre a inten??o de voto da candidata Micarla ? prefeitura de Natal e foi verificado o quanto sua candidatura cresceu ou caiu dentro dos segmentos pesquisados e como essas oscila??es direcionaram as estrat?gias de marketing no HGPE da candidata para algum p?blico-alvo espec?fico. Al?m disso, n?o se pode esquecer que no processo eleitoral h? a influ?ncia de diversos fatores, pois esse processo ? din?mico

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-13T12:57:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JaneCarlaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 8909183 bytes, checksum: d160d84e2f5763cbbab1b91a5604e5a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elisangela Moura (lilaalves@gmail.com) on 2016-01-15T14:53:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JaneCarlaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 8909183 bytes, checksum: d160d84e2f5763cbbab1b91a5604e5a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-15T14:53:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JaneCarlaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 8909183 bytes, checksum: d160d84e2f5763cbbab1b91a5604e5a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / A profiss?o docente est? muitas vezes associada ? extensa jornada de trabalho, dentro e fora da sala de aula, a condi??es prec?rias de ensino, entre outros desafios que podem acarretar problemas de sono. Estes problemas podem ser ainda maiores nas mulheres, devido ? dupla jornada de trabalho e a maior necessidade de sono. Considerando que problemas de sono podem ser decorrentes da pr?tica de maus h?bitos de sono, programas educacionais sobre o sono s?o realizados com o objetivo de diminuir a priva??o e a irregularidade nos hor?rios de sono, a sonol?ncia diurna e melhorar a qualidade de sono. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo ? avaliar a influ?ncia do hor?rio de trabalho, do g?nero e de um programa de educa??o sobre o sono nos h?bitos e qualidade de sono, na sonol?ncia diurna, e no n?vel de estresse em professores do ensino fundamental e m?dio. Para isso os professores responderam aos question?rios que avaliavam: 1. H?bitos de sono (A Sa?de & Sono), 2. Cronotipo (Horne & Ostberg), 3. Sonol?ncia diurna (Escala de Sonol?ncia de Epworth), 4. Qualidade de sono (?ndice de qualidade do sono de Pittsburgh) 5. N?vel de estresse (Invernt?rio de Estresse para adultos de LIPP) e 6. Padr?o di?rio do ciclo sono/vig?lia (Di?rio do sono). O preenchimento dos question?rios (1, 4, 5 e 6) foi repetido 3 semanas ap?s a realiza??o do programa de educa??o sobre o sono. Os professores que iniciam o trabalho pela manh? (7:11 ? 0:11 h) acordam mais cedo na semana e frequentemente apresentam m? qualidade de sono quando comparados aqueles que iniciam ? tarde (13:04 ? 0:12 h). Dentre os que iniciam o trabalho pela manh?, os intermedi?rios e com tend?ncia ? vespertinidade s?o mais irregulares nos hor?rios de acordar em rela??o aos matutinos e aumentam a dura??o do sono no fim de semana. Quanto ao g?nero, ?s mulheres tiveram maior dura??o de sono em rela??o aos homens, embora a maioria apresente sonol?ncia diurna excessiva e m? qualidade de sono. Contudo, quando o hor?rio de trabalho docente e a idade s?o semelhantes entre os g?neros, a diferen?a na dura??o do sono se apresenta como uma tend?ncia e a diferen?a na porcentagem de sonol?ncia diurna excessiva desaparece, por?m persiste a m? qualidade de sono nas mulheres. Com rela??o ?s professoras que passaram pelo programa de educa??o sobre o sono, houve um aumento no conhecimento sobre o assunto, que pode ter contribu?do para a redu??o na frequ?ncia do consumo de caf? pr?ximo ao hor?rio de dormir e para a qualidade de sono melhorar em 18% das participantes. No grupo controle, houve diferen?as no conhecimento na 3? etapa de forma aleat?ria, e melhora na qualidade do sono em apenas 8% das professoras. A participa??o no programa de educa??o n?o foi suficiente para mudar os hor?rios de sono e diminuir o estresse das professoras. Portanto, o hor?rio de in?cio da escola pela manh? foi preponderante na determina??o dos hor?rios de acordar dos professores, principalmente para os intermedi?rios e ?queles com tend?ncia ? vespertinidade. Al?m disso, a m? qualidade de sono foi mais frequente nas mulheres, e o programa de educa??o contribuiu para o aumento do conhecimento sobre o assunto e melhora na qualidade de sono. / The teaching profession is often associated with extensive workload inside and outside the classroom, poor teaching conditions, among other challenges that can cause sleep problems. These problems may be even greater in women, due to the professional and domestic work hours and to the major sleep necessity. Considering that sleeping problems may result from the practice of poor sleep habits, sleep education programs are conducted with the aim to reduce sleep deprivation, irregularity on sleep schedules, daytime sleepiness and improve sleep quality. In this sense, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of working hours, gender and a sleep education program on sleeping habits, quality of sleep, daytime sleepiness and the level of stress in teachers of elementary and secondary education. For that, teachers filled the questionnaires that assessed: 1. Sleeping habits (Sleep & Health), 2. Chronotype (Horne & Ostberg), 3. Daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), 4. Sleep Quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), 5. Level of stress (The Inventory of Stress for Adults of Lipp) and 6. Daily pattern of sleep/wake cycle (Sleep Diary). The questionnaires 1, 4, 5 and 6 were repeated 3 weeks after the sleep education program. Teachers who begin work in the morning (7:11 ? 0:11 h) wake up earlier in the week and often have poor sleep quality compared to those who start in the afternoon (13:04 ? 00:12 h). Among those who begin work in the morning, the intermediate types and those with an evening tendency were more irregular in the wake up time than morning types and increased sleep duration on weekend. In relation to gender, women had longer sleep duration than men, although the majority presented excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality. However, when work schedule and age are similar between genders, the difference in sleep duration becomes a tendency and the difference in the percentage of excessive daytime sleepiness disappears, but the poor sleep quality persists in women. With respect to teachers who have gone through the sleep education program, there was an increase in knowledge about the subject, which may have contributed to the reduction in the frequency of coffee consumption close to bedtime and to the sleep quality improved in 18 % of participants. In the control group, there were random differences in knowledge in 3rd stage, and sleep quality improved in only 9% of teachers. The participation in the sleep education program was not enough to change the hours of sleep and decrease stress of teachers. Therefore, the start time school in the morning was preponderant in determining the wake up time of teachers, especially for intermediates types and those with an evening tendency. Furthermore, the poor quality of sleep was more common in women, and the sleep education program contributed to increase knowledge on the subject and to improve sleep quality.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JaneCS_DISSERT.pdf: 1336075 bytes, checksum: c5f6533c7142c09470c15e67f89d8cd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / In the school environment is fundamental the knowledge about the sleep-wake cycle (SWC), because we find children and adolescents with excessive sleepiness and learning difficulties. Furthermore, teachers with high demand and with different work schedule, which may contribute to changes in SWC. The aim of this study was to describe the SWC of high school teachers in Natal/RN. Habits and knowledge about sleep, chronotype, SWC, daytime sleepiness, sleep quality and job satisfaction were described in 98 high school teachers from public and private school. These parameters were compared according to the characteristics of work, family structure and gender. Data collection was performed with the use of questionnaires in two stages: 1) "health and sleep" (general characterization of sleep habits), Horne & Ostberg questionnaire (characterization of chronotype), Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Index of Pittsburg Sleep Quality, 2) The sleep diary for 14 days. From the results, we observe that the teachers woke up and went to bed earlier in the week and showed a reduction of time in bed around 42min comparing to weekend. This reduction in time in bed during the week was accompanied by an increase in nap duration on weekend. In addition the teachers woke up earlier on Saturdays than on Sundays, probably due to housework and leisure. The teachers' knowledge about sleep was low in relation to individual differences and effect of alcoholic beverages on sleep, and high in the consequences of sleep deprivation. The differences found in comparisons on the characteristics of work, family structure and gender were punctual, except concerning the work schedule. The teacher who started work in the morning and finished in the night, woke up earlier, went to bed later and had less time in bed, when compared to teachers who work only in two shifts. In addition, teachers with late chronotypes who begin the work in the morning had a greater irregularity in the wake up time compared to teachers with earlier and intermediate chronotypes. Half of teachers have excessive sleepiness, which was positive correlated with work dissatisfaction. In general, teachers showed IPSQ averages equivalent to poor sleep quality and the women showed worst averages. From the results, it is suggested that the SWC of teachers varies according to work schedule, leading to irregularity and partial sleep deprivation in the week, although these responses vary according to chronotype. These changes are accompanied by excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality. However, it is necessary to expand the sample to clarify the influence of variables related to work, family structure and gender together / No ambiente escolar ? de fundamental import?ncia o conhecimento sobre o ciclo sono e vig?lia (CSV), pois encontramos crian?as e adolescentes com sonol?ncia excessiva e dificuldades de aprendizagem, al?m de professores com alta demanda e hor?rio diferenciado de trabalho, o que pode contribuir para o surgimento de altera??es no CSV. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o CSV de professores do ensino m?dio de Natal/RN. Participaram da pesquisa 98 professores de escolas p?blicas e privadas, dos quais, foram descritos os h?bitos e conhecimentos sobre o sono, cronotipo, padr?o do CSV, n?veis de sonol?ncia diurna, qualidade do sono e satisfa??o profissional, comparando estas vari?veis quanto ?s caracter?sticas de trabalho, estrutura familiar e g?nero. A coleta de dados foi realizada com a aplica??o de question?rios em duas etapas: 1) sa?de e o sono (caracteriza??o geral dos h?bitos de sono); question?rio de Horne & Ostberg (caracteriza??o do cronotipo); Escala de Sonol?ncia de Epworth e o ?ndice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburg; 2) O di?rio de sono durante 14 dias. A partir dos resultados, observamos que os professores levantaram e deitaram mais cedo e apresentaram uma redu??o do tempo na cama em torno de 42min na semana quando comparada ao fim de semana. Esta redu??o no tempo na cama na semana foi acompanhada por uma maior dura??o do cochilo no fim de semana. Al?m disso, os professores levantaram aos s?bados mais cedo que aos domingos, provavelmente devido aos afazeres dom?sticos e lazer. O conhecimento dos professores sobre o sono foi baixo com rela??o ?s diferen?as individuais e o efeito de bebidas alco?licas sobre o sono e alto em rela??o ?s consequ?ncias da priva??o do sono. As diferen?as encontradas nas compara??es quanto ?s caracter?sticas de trabalho, estrutura familiar e g?nero foram pontuais, exceto com rela??o ao hor?rio de trabalho. Os professores que iniciavam o trabalho pela manh? e finalizavam ? noite levantaram mais cedo, dormiram mais tarde e apresentaram menor tempo na cama, em rela??o aos que trabalhavam apenas em dois turnos. Al?m disso, entre os professores que iniciavam o trabalho pela manh? e que foram classificados como vespertinos houve uma maior irregularidade no hor?rio de levantar em rela??o aos matutinos e intermedi?rios. Metade dos professores apresentou sonol?ncia excessiva, que teve correla??o positiva com a insatisfa??o com o trabalho. Em geral, os professores apresentaram m?dias do IQSP equivalentes ? m? qualidade de sono, tendo as mulheres piores m?dias. A partir dos resultados, sugere-se que o CSV dos professores varia de acordo com o hor?rio de trabalho, acarretando em irregularidade no CSV e priva??o de sono durante a semana, embora o efeito sobre irregularidade varie em fun??o do cronotipo. Estas altera??es s?o acompanhadas de sonol?ncia excessiva diurna e m? qualidade de sono. Por?m, faz-se necess?rio ampliar a amostra para esclarecer a influ?ncia das vari?veis relacionadas ao trabalho, ? estrutura familiar e g?nero em conjunto

Facsimile No. 3 of the Book of Abraham contains parallels to other Egyptian throne scenes found elsewhere, which fact has led many to pass Facsimile No. 3 off as commonplace. However, the lack of a broad comparative study examining these types of scenes in their varying contexts has rendered most conclusions regarding Facsimile No. 3 superficial at best. Hugh Nibley was perhaps the first to notice this problem, arguing that "The great abundance of pictures of the Facsimile No. 3 variety calls for the widest possible comparative study. In a case like this the student's first obligation is to compare, as widely and as carefully as possible." This thesis takes a critical step in solving this problem by looking at both the textual and iconographic elements found in Facsimile No.3 and comparing them with the larger corpus of Egyptian texts, temples, tombs, and stelae. Significantly, this study compares Facsimile No. 3 with the throne scenes from every other publicly known copy of the Book of Breathings, the ancient Egyptian document on which Facsimile No. 3 was found.In this thesis, I argue that Facsimile No. 3 is not as commonplace as some scholars have argued in the past. I begin this thesis with an introduction which presents some of the main issues surrounding Facsimile No. 3, including some of the likely reasons as to why it has remained the least studied of the three Facsimiles of the Book of Abraham. The first chapter contains a literature review of the published writings and theories that deal with Facsimile No. 3. Chapter Two gives a closer look at the hieroglyphs of Facsimile No. 3 and discusses some of the challenges relating to the translations that have been offered for them. The iconography of Facsimile No. 3 is discussed in the third chapter, where it is compared with the larger corpus of Book of Breathings vignettes. This discussion is especially important, as it is the first study to date which compares Facsimile No. 3 with the vignettes from all other extant copies of the Book of Breathings. In Chapter Four, this comparative study broadens, and parallels to Facsimile No. 3 are looked for in Ptolemaic copies of the Book of the Dead, Temples, Tombs, and funerary stelae.

This graduation theses describes walk, cyclist, ski-ing and waterman{\crq}s tourist roads and educational trails in the Novohradské Mountains, its highlands and in part of the Třeboňská basin {--} in the territory demarked by tourist map {\clqq}Novohradské Mountains``, from edition Club of czech tourists, in ratio scale 1:50 000. Particular roads are described in text and in general tables, whereby is possible easy reproach the character of mentioned tourist roads. Methodology of work, which was taken over from D. Bobrová (2002) and description of particular tourist roads, is a substantial part of graduation theses. Introductory chapters specify the respective area from physical-geographic and social-geographic point of view. The appendix is formed by gazetteer, which processed D. Bobrová (2002) and by graphic part, formed by photographies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaPLM.pdf: 607381 bytes, checksum: 38ed8ff61bb80d4aa7e083e73b98e3f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The sleep onset and offset delay at adolescence in relation to childhood. Besides biological causes, some external factors as academic obligations and socialization contributes, increasing the burden of school and socialization. However, morning school schedules reduce sleep duration. Besides light strong effect, studies in humans have indicated that exercise influence circadian synchronization. To evaluate the effect of the morning exercise under sunlight on sleep-wake cycle (SWC) of adolescents, 160 high school students (11th year) were exposed to the following conditions: lesson in usual classroom (Group C), lesson in swimming pool exposed to sunlight (Group E), half of them carrying through physical activity (EE) and the other resting (EL). Each experimental group met two stages: assessment of SWC 1 week before and 1 week during the intervention, which was held in Monday and Wednesday between 7:45 and 8:30 am. In the baseline, there were applied the questionnaires "Health and Sleep" and cronotype evaluation (H & O). In addition, students were evaluated before and during the intervention by "Sleep Diary", "Karolinska Sleepiness Scale" (KSS), Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) and actimetry. During the intervention, there was a delay in wake-up time on the weekend and a trend to greater sleep duration on week for the three groups. At the weekend, only the groups EE and EL increased sleep duration. There was no difference in bedtime, irregularity of sleep schedules and nap variables. The sleepiness showed a circadian pattern characterized by higher alertness levels at 11:30 am and sleepiness levels at bedtime and wake-up time on week. On weekends there were higher levels of alertness in these times. In the days of intervention, there was an increase of sleepiness at 11:30 am for groups EL and EE, which may have been caused by a relaxing effect of contact with the water of the pool. In addition, the group EE showed higher alert levels at 14:30 pm on Monday and at 8:30 am in the Wednesday, possibly caused by exercise arousal effect. The reaction time assessed through the TPV did not vary between the stages. The sleep quality improved in the three groups in the second stage, making impossible the evaluation of intervention effect. However, the sleep quality increased on Monday and Tuesday only on the group EE. From the results, it is suggested that the intervention promoted effects on the sleepiness at some day hours. In other SWC variables there were no effects, possibly due to a large SWC irregularity on weekends. Thus, the evaluation of higher weekly frequency EF is necessary, since only two days were insufficient to promote greater effect on adolescents SWC / Na adolesc?ncia h? uma tend?ncia a dormir e acordar mais tarde em rela??o ? inf?ncia. Embora esta caracter?stica tenha causas biol?gicas, alguns fatores externos podem favorec?-la: como o aumento da carga escolar e da socializa??o. No sentido contr?rio os hor?rios escolares matutinos representam um dos grandes fatores respons?veis pela priva??o parcial de sono. Ainda que a exposi??o ? luz seja considerada o regulador mais importante do sistema circadiano em mam?feros, estudos em seres humanos indicaram que o exerc?cio f?sico influencia a sincroniza??o circadiana. Por isso, o objetivo do nosso trabalho ? avaliar o efeito do exerc?cio f?sico matinal sob luz solar no ciclo vig?lia-sono (CVS) de adolescentes. O estudo contou com a participa??o de 160 alunos do ensino m?dio (1? e 2? ano), expostos ?s seguintes condi??es: aula na sala habitual (Grupo C), aula na piscina exposto ? luz solar (Grupo E), metade em exerc?cio f?sico (EE) e outra em repouso (EL). Cada grupo experimental cumpriu duas etapas: avalia??o do CVS 1 semana antes e 1 semana durante a interven??o, que foi realizada na 2? e 4? feira entre 7:45 e 8:30 h. Na linha de base foram aplicados os question?rios Sa?de e Sono e de avalia??o do cronotipo (H&O). Al?m disso, os alunos foram avaliados antes e durante a interven??o pelo Di?rio de sono , Escala de Sonol?ncia de Karolinska (ESK), Teste de vigil?ncia psicomotora (TPV) e actimetria. Durante a interven??o, houve atraso no hor?rio de acordar no fim de semana e tend?ncia a maior dura??o do sono na semana nos tr?s grupos. No fim de semana, apenas os grupos EE e EL passaram a dormir mais. N?o houve diferen?a no hor?rio de dormir, na irregularidade dos hor?rios de sono e nas vari?veis do cochilo. A sonol?ncia apresentou um padr?o circadiano caracterizado por maior alerta ?s 11:30 h e maior sonol?ncia nos hor?rios de acordar e dormir na semana, e menor sonol?ncia nos finais de semana. Nos dias de interven??o, houve um aumento da sonol?ncia ?s 11:30 h para os grupos EE e EL, que pode ter sido decorrente de um efeito relaxante do contato com a ?gua da piscina. Al?m disso, o grupo EE apresentou maiores n?veis de alerta ?s 14:30 h na 2? feira e ?s 8:30 h na 4? feira, possivelmente decorrentes de um efeito ativacional do exerc?cio. O tempo de rea??o avaliado por meio do TPV n?o variou entre as etapas. A qualidade do sono melhorou nos tr?s grupos na 2? etapa, impossibilitando avaliar o efeito da interven??o. Entretanto, houve melhora na qualidade do sono na 2? e 3? feira apenas para o grupo EE. A partir dos resultados, sugere-se que a interven??o promoveu efeitos sobre a sonol?ncia em alguns hor?rios. Nas outras vari?veis n?o foram observados efeitos, possivelmente devido a uma grande irregularidade no CVS nos finais de semana. Faz- se necess?rio ampliar o estudo com a realiza??o de exerc?cio f?sico numa freq??ncia semanal maior, visto que apenas dois dias foram insuficientes para promover maiores efeitos no CVS dos adolescentes

Silicon technologyhas been seekingfor a monolithic solution for a chip where data processing and data communication is performed in the CMOS part and the photonic component, respectively. Traditionally, silicon has been widely considered for electronic applications but not for photonic applications due to its indirect bandgap nature. However, band structure engineering and manipulation through alloying Si with Ge and Sn has opened new possibilities. Theoretical calculations show that it is possible to achieve direct transitions from Ge ifit is alloyed with Sn. Therefore, a GeSn system is a choice to get a direct bandgap. Extending to ternary GeSnSi and quaternary GeSnSiCstructures grown on Si wafers not only makes the bandgap engineering possible but also allowsgrowing lattice matched systems with different strain and bandgaps located in the infrared region. Different heterostructures can be designed and fabricated for detecting lightas photonic sensing oremitting the light as lasers. Alloying not only makes engineering possible but it also induces strain which plays an important role for electronic applications. Theoretical and experimental works show that tensile strain could increase the mobility, which is promising for electronic devices where high mobility channels for high performance MOSFETs is needed to speed up the switching rate. On the other hand, high n-doping in tensile strains in p-i-n structures makesΓ band transitions most probable which is promising for detection and emission of the light. As another benefit of tensile strain, the direct bandgap part shrinks faster than the indirect one if the strain amount is increased. To get both electronic and photonic applications of GeSn-based structures, two heterostructures (Ge/GeSn(Si)/GeSi/Ge/Si and Ge/GeSn/Si systems), including relaxed and compressive strained layers used to produce tensile strained layers, were designed in this thesis. The low temperature growth is of key importance in this work because the synthesis of GeSn-based hetrostructures on Si wafers requires low thermal conditions due tothe large lattice mismatch which makes them metastable. RPCVD was used to synthesize theseheterostructures because not only it offers a low temperature growth but also because it is compatible with CMOS technology. For utilization of these structures in devices, n-type and p-type doping of relaxed and compressive strained layers were developed. HRRLMs, HRTEM, RBS, SIMS, and FPP techniques were employed to evaluatestrain, quality, Sn content and composition profile of the heterostructures. The application of GeSn-based heterostructures is not restricted to electronics and photonics. Another application investigated in this work is photovoltaics. In competition with Si-based solar cells, which have, or areexpected to have,high stability and efficiency, thirdgeneration solar cells offer the use of low cost materials and production and can therefore be an alternative for future light energy conversion technology. Particularly, quantum dot sensitized solar cells are associated with favorable properties such as high extrinsic coefficients, size dependent bandgaps and multiple exciton generation and with a theoretical efficiencyof 44%. In this work, two categories of QDs, Cd-free and Cd-based QDs were employed as sensitizers in quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Cd-based QDs have attracted large interest due to high quantum yield,however, toxicityremains still totheir disadvantage. Mn doping as a bandgap engineering tool for Cd-based type IIZnSe/CdS QDs wasemployed to boostthe solar cell efficiency. Theoretical and experimental investigations show that compared to single coreQDSSCs,typeII core-shells offer higher electron-hole separation due to efficient band alignment where the photogenerated electrons and holes are located in the conduction band of the shell and valence band of the core, respectively. This electron-hole separation suppresses recombination and by carefully designing the band alignment in the deviceit can increase the electron injection and consequently the power conversion efficiency of the device. Considering eco-friendly and commercialization aspects, three different “green” colloidal nanostructures having special band alignments, which are compatible for sensitized solar cells, were designed and fabricated by the hot injection method. Cu2GeS3-InP QDs not only can harvest light energy up to the infraredregion but can also be usedastypeII QDs. ZnS-coating was employed as a strategy to passivate the surface of InP QDs from interaction with air and electrolyte. In addition, ZnS-coating and hybrid passivation was applied for CuInS2QDs to eliminate surface traps. / <p>QC 20151125</p>