Many computer graphics applications make use of virtual humans. Methods for modelling and rendering hair are needed so that hairstyles can be added to the virtual humans. Modelling and rendering hair is challenging due to the large number of hair strands and their geometric properties, the complex lighting effects that occur among the strands of hair, and the complexity and large variation of human hairstyles. While methods have been developed for generating hair, no methods exist for generating African hair, which differs from hair of other ethnic groups. This thesis presents methods for modelling and rendering African hair. Existing hair modelling and rendering techniques are investigated, and the knowledge gained from the investigation is used to develop or enhance hair modelling and rendering techniques to produce three different forms of hair commonly found in African hairstyles. The different forms of hair identified are natural curly hair, straightened hair, and braids or twists of hair. The hair modelling techniques developed are implemented as plug-ins for the graphics program LightWave 3D. The plug-ins developed not only model the three identified forms of hair, but also add the modelled hair to a model of a head, and can be used to create a variety of African hairstyles. The plug-ins significantly reduce the time spent on hair modelling. Tests performed show that increasing the number of polygons used to model hair increases the quality of the hair produced, but also increases the rendering time. However, there is usually an upper bound to the number of polygons needed to produce a reasonable hairstyle, making it feasible to add African hairstyles to virtual humans. The rendering aspects investigated include hair illumination, texturing, shadowing and antialiasing. An anisotropic illumination model is developed that considers the properties of African hair, including the colouring, opacity and narrow width of the hair strands. Texturing is used in several instances to create the effect of individual strands of hair. Results show that texturing is useful for representing many hair strands because the density of the hair in a texture map does not have an effect on the rendering time. The importance of including a shadowing technique and applying an anti-aliasing method when rendering hair is demonstrated. The rendering techniques are implemented using the RenderMan Interface and Shading Language. A number of complete African hairstyles are shown, demonstrating that the techniques can be used to model and render African hair successfully. / GNU Ghostscript 7.07

The master thesis explores consumer behaviour of young women on the hairdressing services market. It focuses on purchase motivation, perceived risks associated with this type of service and determines factors that influence the choice of a hairdressing salon. It also examines satisfaction of the research target group with hairdressing services. The first part of the thesis covers the specifics of service marketing and consumer behaviour in service context. That is followed by chapter summarizing the results of research on the topic from secondary sources. Practical part of the thesis is introduced with a chapter dedicated to the conducted individual interviews. Hypotheses are defined based on secondary data and the individual interviews. The last part of the thesis analyses the results of the questionnaire survey, verifies hypotheses defined in the previous chapter and summarizes the findings to make recommendations that can primarily serve hairdressers and hairdressing salons.

The aim of this Master's Thesis is to construct founding financial project of the hairdressing salon, which informs about the feasibility of the business project and its whole effect of the invested capital. The theoretical part defines the basic concepts associated with the establishment of the company and its activities, describes the basic procedures for founding a company and creating a founding financial project and the description of its parts. The practical part contains a basic description of the business plan, environment analysis in which the firm operates. It continues making the founding budget and the variant financial plan for the following years. The last part evaluates the business plan with the key financial indicators.

Intersectional analyses have made clear that Black women as a group fare far worse in employment outcomes than their race and gender counterparts. However, there is little research that examines differences among Black women. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how Black women are perceived intra-intersectionally, or within the intersection of race and gender. Black women are not monolithic and it is important to illuminate how they are perceived differently from one another. This dissertation explores the effects of differences in skin tone and hair texture among Black women seeking a management position. It was hypothesized that Black women with lighter skin and/or straight hair would be characterized more positively than Black women with darker skin and/or kinky hair; this hypothesis was not supported. However, for negative characteristics, the hypothesis that Black women with darker skin would be characterized more negatively than Black women with lighter skin was confirmed. Further, it was found that hair texture significantly interacts with skin tone such that darker-skinned Black women with kinky hair were characterized more negatively than light-skinned women with kinky hair. There were no significant differences found between the skin tone and hair texture of Black women on salary offers, but there was a marginally significant skin tone effect for perceptions of success in that lighter-skinned Black women are perceived to be more successful than darker-skinned Black women. This study sheds light on the need to look at the intersection of both skin tone and hair texture in order to fully understand how negative stereotypes apply to Black women.

Contexte - Concernant l'histoire naturelle de l'asthme professionnel (AP), les évidences s'accumulent sur le fait que le processus inflammatoire menant à l'asthme clinique se développe tôt dans le cursus des travailleurs. L'étude ABCD - Asthme en Boulangerie et Coiffure Débutant - poursuit deux objectifs : 1) décrire l'évolution temporelle de l'incidence de l'AP au cours des premières années d'exposition de boulangers/pâtissiers (BP) et coiffeurs - secteurs reconnus à risque d'AP - et 2) identifier les facteurs de risque personnels, professionnels et nutritionnels influençant cette incidence. Méthode - L'étude ABCD repose sur deux facettes intriquées : (i) une cohorte longitudinale rétrospective d'anciens apprentis d'ancienneté croissante permettant l'estimation de l'incidence précoce de l'AP, et (ii) une étude de type cas-témoin nichée dans la cohorte explorant certains facteurs de risque de l'AP. Résultats - 866 sujets participèrent à l'étude qui mit en évidence une incidence cumulée de l'AP élevée lors des 4 premières années d'exposition chez les BP, et dans un moindre degré chez les coiffeurs. Le risque d'AP dépend du statut atopique chez les BP ; il est positivement associé, chez les coiffeurs, à l'intensité de l'exposition et, dans une moindre mesure, à l'indice de masse corporelle et à certains facteurs nutritionnels. Conclusions - Cette étude a permis de produire des données originales sur l'incidence précoce de l'asthme professionnel. Ces données constituent un support pour le développement de campagnes de prévention, notamment pour la détection précoce de la maladie dès les premières années d'exposition. / Context - Regarding the natural history of occupational asthma (OA), there is increasing evidence that the inflammatory process leading to clinical asthma appears early after inception of exposure. The ABCD study (French acronym for early asthma in bakery and hairdressing) aims to answer two objectives: 1) describe the temporal evolution of the OA incidence in the early years of exposure of bakers/pastry-makers (BP) and hairdressers - occupations known at risk of OA - and 2) identify personal, occupational and nutritional risk factors. Method - The ABCD study has two intertwined facets: (i) a retrospective longitudinal cohort of past apprentices of increasing seniority allowing to estimate the early incidence of OA, and (ii) a nested case-control study allowing to explore some risk factors of OA. Results - 866 subjects participated to the study. The ABCD study shows a high cumulative incidence of OA during the first 4 years of exposure among BP, and in a lesser extent, among hairdressers. While the OA risk depends on atopic status for BP, it is positively associated, for hairdressers, with exposure intensity and, to a lesser extent, to body mass index and with a variety of nutritioal factors. Conclusions - This study produced original data on early incidence of OA. These data may provide support for the development of preventive action, in particular for the detection of OA in the early years of exposure.

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur skisser och dokumentation kan integreras i undervisningen på frisörprogrammet, samt undersöka om kreativt skapande med hjälp av skissen kan överbrygga inlärnings- och förståelsesvårigheter i de praktiska momenten. En kvalitativ undersökning med hjälp av intervjuer gjordes. Två lärare och fyra elever deltog i studien och besvarade frågorna om kreativt skapande, skisser och dokumentationens betydelse för inlärning och i undervisning. I ett undervisningsförsök genomfört av mig, fick eleverna skapa frisyrer kreativt utifrån egna förutsättningar. Skissen användes av eleverna för att utveckla tankar och idéer. Dokumentationen användes medvetet för att eleverna ska kunna gå tillbaka i sina arbeten och reflektera över metoder och resultat vid ett senare tillfälle. I min litteraturgenomgång belyses exempel på hur inlärning sker i samspel med andra människor. Resultatet från intervjuer, undervisningsförsök och litteraturgenomgången visar att inlärningsoch förståelsesvårigheter ofta kan överbryggas med hjälp av skisser och dokumentation av kreativt skapande.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to examine how sketching and documentation can be integrated into the hairdressing programme. Besides this, the study explores whether developing creativity by means of sketching can bridge learning and understanding difficulties when working with practical items. A qualitative study based on interviews was carried out. Two teachers and four students participated in the study answering questions about creating with creativity, sketching and documentation and their importance for learning and overall in hairdressing education. In an educational trial set up by myself, the students developed creative hairstyles, from their own ideas. Sketching was used by the students to elaborate thoughts and ideas. Documentation was consciously used so that the students could have a retrospective look at their work and reflect over methods and results later on. In my literature study there are illustrative examples of how learning takes place through interaction with other people. The result of interviews, educational trial and exposition of literature shows that learning and understanding difficulties often can be bridged by means of sketching and documentation of creative work.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur skisser och dokumentation kan integreras i undervisningen på frisörprogrammet, samt undersöka om kreativt skapande med hjälp av skissen kan överbrygga inlärnings- och förståelsesvårigheter i de praktiska momenten. En kvalitativ undersökning med hjälp av intervjuer gjordes. Två lärare och fyra elever deltog i studien och besvarade frågorna om kreativt skapande, skisser och dokumentationens betydelse för inlärning och i undervisning. I ett undervisningsförsök genomfört av mig, fick eleverna skapa frisyrer kreativt utifrån egna förutsättningar. Skissen användes av eleverna för att utveckla tankar och idéer. Dokumentationen användes medvetet för att eleverna ska kunna gå tillbaka i sina arbeten och reflektera över metoder och resultat vid ett senare tillfälle. I min litteraturgenomgång belyses exempel på hur inlärning sker i samspel med andra människor. Resultatet från intervjuer, undervisningsförsök och litteraturgenomgången visar att inlärningsoch förståelsesvårigheter ofta kan överbryggas med hjälp av skisser och dokumentation av kreativt skapande. / The purpose of this study was to examine how sketching and documentation can be integrated into the hairdressing programme. Besides this, the study explores whether developing creativity by means of sketching can bridge learning and understanding difficulties when working with practical items. A qualitative study based on interviews was carried out. Two teachers and four students participated in the study answering questions about creating with creativity, sketching and documentation and their importance for learning and overall in hairdressing education. In an educational trial set up by myself, the students developed creative hairstyles, from their own ideas. Sketching was used by the students to elaborate thoughts and ideas. Documentation was consciously used so that the students could have a retrospective look at their work and reflect over methods and results later on. In my literature study there are illustrative examples of how learning takes place through interaction with other people. The result of interviews, educational trial and exposition of literature shows that learning and understanding difficulties often can be bridged by means of sketching and documentation of creative work.

Ear piercing performed in hairdressing salons and jewellery shops using a piercing gun has been set aside from the obligation to notify the local environmental and public health authorities, due to the use of disposable cassette with the piercing gun. According to the Swedish environmental code each practitioner are required to prevent any health hazards arisen from the operation. Local bacterial infection is the most frequent complication associated with the ear piercing procedure and to prevent the potential risk of such an event, hygiene conditions in both the premises and in procedures are essential. The purpose of the report was to examine the presence of ear piercing practitioners in Umeå and their current hygiene conditions. The study consisted of interviews with employees and managers on site whose answers was evaluated and compared to the general recommendations of The National Board of Health and Welfare. The study indicates that most of the shops had appropriate premises and proper hygiene methods. However merely half of the shops never seemed to clean nor disinfect the ear piercing gun, which may be considered to be non negligible deficiency in current methods. One salon had questionable methods which may require a follow-up. The conclusion of this study is that more information within the various practitioners is required in most cases to increase consciousness of proper and safe course of action.

隨著這幾年大環境趨勢的變動下，台灣美髮業的產業結構正逐漸轉變中。 首先，民眾在美髮產業的消費型態正產生變化，未來的消費者只會愈來愈趨向 兩種極端的消費模式，意即高單價與低單價的消費型態。這種現象對於採取以 中價位為定價策略的店家而言，顯而易見地，將會是一大威脅。除此之外，在 大環境變遷下，現代消費者對於服務品質的要求已愈來愈挑惕。因此，以服務 為導向的美髮業正是處於一種服務競爭的時代，如何改善消費者服務體驗過程 以提升消費者的感知是現在台灣美髮業者所需致力的方向。 為因應上述大環境下所造成的美髮消費型態改變，本研究將選取現正以中 間路線為發展策略的 L 美髮公司為研究個案。為能深入分析 L 美髮公司目前運 行現況，並提供 L 公司改善方案以有效解決所面臨的顧客價值和服務創新之瓶 頸，本文採用「個案研究法」進行研究探討。藉由「服務創新」與「顧客價值」 文獻並結合 L 公司的經營現狀分析，以擬定出 L 公司基於顧客價值為導向的服 務創新策略，重新挖掘其競爭優勢。 透過本研究針對 L 美髮公司所處的產業環境分析與消費者間的價值落差分 析後，本研究提出「建立個人化服務網站」以及「顧客關係管理系統」來解決 現存的價值落差議題。前者可提供消費者「一對一的個人化服務」；後者利用 資訊科技技術建構顧客關係管理系統，達到顧客及商情收集分析。藉由這兩項 解決方案將可推動 L 公司美髮消費者的個人化服務，以提供差異化的服務提升 顧客價值並達到滿足美髮消費者需求之效，而增進顧客滿意度與忠誠度，建立 「以顧客為中心」的經營模式。

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. William T. Lhamon, Jr., Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of American and Florida Studies. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 8, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 35 pages. Includes bibliographical references.