Resumo: O Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos (CEVAP) foi criado em 1989 por um grupo de pesquisadores da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, com a finalidade de promover a pesquisa básica, aplicada e tecnológica das peçonhas ofídicas. Esse estudo teve como objetivo elaborar uma proposta para a implantação de um programa de manutenção em cativeiro mais eficiente, visando à sobrevida das serpentes e a independência de animais provenientes da natureza. Para tanto, foi necessária a construção de um sistema de cadastro de serpentes, a avaliação da infra estrutura e manejo utilizados, e a análise microbiológica de cada regime adotado. Foi observado que o Banco de Dados on line possibilita a organização dos dados e permite a rastreabilidade da peçonha. Ocativeiro intensivo apesar de proporcionar facilidade na vistoria dos animais necessita de modificações na infra estrutura e manejo. No cativeiro semi-extensivo, foi observado que as instalações facilitam o manejo dos animais, necessitando apenas de adequações nos aquecedores. No biotério de roedores são necessárias diversas mudanças estruturais, controle de temperatura, umidade, tratamento da ração, maravalha e água oferecida aos animais. Na análise microbiológica, não foi observada diferença na freqüência de bactérias entre as espécies, mas ocorreram diferenças entre os diferentes regimes de cativeiro utilizados, com destaque para o cativeiro intensivo. O isolamento de potencial patógenos nas amostras das serpentes estudadas apesar de não ser sinônimo de doença, foi considerado importante no processo de avaliação do tipo de manejo utilizado, considerando as numerosas condições estressantes proporcionadas pelo ambiente do cativeiro e o caráter oportunista desses agentes. Os resultados sugerem que o tipo de manejo adotado influencia na contaminação do ambiente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP) was founded in 1989 by a group of researchers from the Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, with the objective of promoting basic, applied, and technological research of snake venoms. The purpose of the present study was to develop a implementation program proposal for a more efficient captivity maintenance, aiming to extend the snakes' life expectancy and the independence of animals brought from the wild. Therefore, it w as necessary to build a snake registry system, an infrastructure and handling procedures evaluation, as well as a microbiological profile evaluation of each captivity environment adopted. It was observed that an on line data bank allow s arrangement of the data as well as the traceability of the venom. Although intensive captivity enables easy check of the animal, it demands modifications in the infrastructure and handling. In semiextensive captivity it was observed that the facilities meet all the structure and safety requirements in addition to making the animals' handling easier. In the rodents' the biotery, several structural changes are needed besides temperature and humidity control, feed treatment, saw dust and water. In the microbiological analysis, it was observed a difference in the frequency of bacteria betw een the species, but also between the distinct captivity environments used, w ith special remark to the intensive captivity. Even though the presence of pathogens does not mean illness, the isolation of potential pathogens in the snakes' samples analyzed was considered important in the evaluation process of the type of handling used, considering the numerous stressing conditions promoted by the captivity environment and the opportunistic character of these agents. Results suggest that the type of captivity adopted influences in the contamination of the environment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Benedito Barravieira / Coorientador: Rui Seabra Ferreira Junior / Banca: Augusto Abe / Banca: Anibal Melgarejo / Banca: Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco / Banca: José Carlos Cogo / Doutor

A dor encontra-se inerente aos procedimentos de tratamento intensivo dos recém-nascidos pré-termo em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. As experiências precoces e repetidas de dor podem ter efeitos a longo prazo para os recém-nascidos vulneráveis. A Academia Americana de Pediatria e a Sociedade Pediátrica Canadense recomendam o uso da solução de sacarose como rotina para alívio da dor em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, durante os procedimentos invasivos e dolorosos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as reações de dor de neonatos pré-termo durante procedimento de coleta de sangue, analisando o momento da punção, assim como os efeitos do manuseio dos neonatos para a anti-sepsia e o curativo e avaliar a eficácia da intervenção com solução de sacarose a 25% no alívio da dor administrando-a em dose única de 0,5ml/Kg. Trinta e três neonatos foram distribuídos randomicamente em dois grupos: Grupo Sacarose (n=17) e Grupo Água (n=16). Os neonatos foram avaliados durante dois dias consecutivos. Na primeira avaliação, os neonatos de ambos os grupos não receberam nenhuma substância antes do procedimento doloroso. Na segunda avaliação, o Grupo Sacarose recebeu sacarose oral e o Grupo Água recebeu água estéril, dois minutos antes do procedimento invasivo e doloroso de punção para coleta de sangue. Cada avaliação foi dividida em cinco fases: Linha de Base, Preparação para Punção (anti-sepsia), Punção, Recuperação com Manuseio (curativo) e Recuperação sem Manuseio. O indicador de dor foi avaliado pela atividade facial, que foi mensurada pelo Neonatal Facial Coding System. O nível de ativação dos neonatos foi medido pelo estado de vigília e sono e pela freqüência cardíaca. A análise entre grupos e intra-grupo dos dados revelou que no primeiro dia de avaliação os neonatos anteciparam a reação ao estímulo doloroso de punção, apresentando elevação significativa dos indicadores atividade facial, estado de vigília e sono e freqüência cardíaca avaliados na Preparação para Punção. Ambos os grupos mostraram alta reatividade comportamental e fisiológica na fase de Punção, em comparação à Linha de Base. Durante a recuperação, o indicador fisiológico de freqüência cardíaca continuou elevado. No segundo dia de avaliação os neonatos que receberam 0,5ml/Kg de solução de sacarose a 25% apresentaram menores escores de atividade facial, indicativo de menos dor, em comparação aos neonatos que receberam água estéril, antes, durante e após o procedimento de punção para coleta de sangue. Entretanto, o indicador fisiológico de freqüência cardíaca não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos. Conclui-se que a dose de 0,5ml/Kg de solução de sacarose a 25%, recomendada para a administração da substância em doses repetidas, foi eficaz no alívio de dor, avaliada por meio da redução de indicadores comportamentais. Entretanto, o indicador fisiológico continuou elevado, sugerindo a necessidade de outras medidas de conforto associadas à sacarose, com a finalidade de atenuação do estado de ativação e irritabilidade do sistema nervoso central. / Pain is inherent to the intensive treatment procedures offered to preterm neonates in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. The early and repeated experiences of pain may have a long-term effects for the vulnerable neonates. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Canadian Pediatric Society recommend using a sucrose solution for pain relief in NICU during invasive and painful procedures. The present study had the purpose to assess the pain reactions of preterm neonates during a procedure for blood collection, evaluating the moment of puncture as well as the effects of handling the neonates for antisepsis and for bandages, and evaluating the efficacy of the intervention with the sucrose solution at 25% for pain relief by administering a single dose of 0.5 ml/Kg. Thirty-three neonates were randomly assigned to two groups: Sucrose Group (n=17) and Water Group (n=16). The neonates were evaluated during two consecutive days. In the first assessment, the neonates from both groups did not receive the solution before the painful procedure. In the second assessment, the Sucrose Group received oral sucrose and the Water Group received sterile water, two minutes before the invasive painful procedure of puncture for blood collection. Each evaluation was divided into five phases: Baseline, Preparation for Puncture (antisepsis), Puncture, Recovery with Handling (bandage), and Recovery without Handling. The indicators of pain were evaluated by the facial activity, measured by the Neonatal Facial Coding System. The level of activation of the neonates was measured by their sleep-awake state and heart rate. The between and within-group data analysis revealed that, on the first day of evaluation, the neonates anticipated their reaction to the painful puncture stimulus, and showed a significant increase in the behavioral indicators of facial activity, sleep-awake state, and heart rate evaluated at the Preparation for Puncture. Both groups showed a high behavioral and physiological reactivity in the Puncture phase, in comparison to the Baseline. During recovery, the physiological indicator of heart rate continued high. In the second day of evaluation, the neonates who received 0.5 ml/Kg of the sucrose solution at 25% showed lower scores of facial activity, which indicates they experienced less pain in comparison to the neonates who received sterile water before, during, and after the procedure of puncture for blood collection. However, there were no significant differences in terms of the physiological indicator of heart rate. It is concluded that the dose of 0.5 ml/kg of sucrose solution at 25%, recommended for the administration in repeated doses, was efficient for pain relief, evaluated by means of the reduction of behavioral indicators. However, the physiological indicator remained high, which suggests there is a need for other comfort manegement associated to sucrose, with the aim to diminish the state of activation and irritability of the central nervous system.

Extended shelf-life cook-chill meals can pose a potential risk of botulism if they are subjected to a temperature abuse. Spores of group II non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum can survive the mild heat treatment typically given to these products and can grow at refrigeration temperatures. To circumvent this safety issue, existing preservation methods can either affect the sensory properties of these foods or damage their image. Therefore, additional natural preservation hurdles are needed. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a novel bio-preservation method based on the principle of antibiosis between protective cultures (PCs) and C. botulinum. Consequently, the objectives were to select effective anti-botulinal cultures and study their inhibition pattern in microbiological media and foods, identify the conditions for effective inhibition and the nature of the antibiosis. This research demonstrates for the first time that the bacteriocinogenic protective cultures inoculated at high levels had an anti-botulinal effect in a range of commercial cook-chill products, which supported active growth of non-proteolytic C. botulinum. The protocol for commercial application of the protective cultures was developed. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>Jag har utfört en kvalitativ studie i form av djupintervjuer som ämnar ge en djupare inblick i en familjs vardagsliv då en familjemedlem medvetet skadar sig själv. Syftet med min studie är att undersöka hur en självskadande ungdoms omgivning uppfattar individens handlande och hur individen i fråga upplever responsen kring detta handlande. Jag har använt mig av följande frågeställningar: Hur påverkar en självskadande individ sin familj, partner och</p><p>vänner? Hur reagerar omgivningen och vilka åsikter har de kring individens handlande? Hur uppfattar och påverkas individen av omgivningen reaktioner och åsikter?</p><p>I mitt teoriavsnitt kommer jag att gå igenom fem olika teorier: symbolisk interaktionism,</p><p>identitet och identitetsskapande, Giddens kroppsliga kontroll-perspektiv, Brun Hansens</p><p>begrepp serviceföräldrar samt Mills sociologiska vision.</p><p>Jag har i arbetet med min analys kommit fram till att mina frågeställningar kan besvaras</p><p>genom ett begrepp som jag vill benämna ”den onda cirkeln”, som innebär att Carolines</p><p>omgivning hade en negativ påverkan på Caroline oavsett hur de handlade. Om Caroline fick för mycket uppmärksamhet kände hon sig trängd och skadade sig själv samtidigt som brist på uppmärksamhet ledde till att hon kände sig åsidosatt vilket också resulterade i självskadande handlingar.</p>

<p><strong>I detta examensarbete har jag undersökt elevers beteenden och handlingar i en trä- och metallslöjdssal i en 6-9 skola utifrån James J. Gibsons affordansteori, <em>The theory of affordances, </em>vilken inriktar sig på de handlingserbjudanden - <em>affordanser</em> - en viss miljö erbjuder individen. Studien har grundats på antagandet att trä- och metallslöjdssalen är en miljö vars särpräglade karaktär, full av virke, verktyg, maskiner och slöjdföremål, har en särskilt stark inverkan på eleverna och i detta tenderar att inbjuda till handlingar som kan resultera i konflikter vilka kan utgöra säkerhetsrisker. Syftet har därmed varit att försöka identifiera och analysera för slöjdsalen typiska handlingar, som ur ett lärar- och säkerhetsperspektiv kan betraktas som oönskade. Jag har huvudsakligen tagit stöd i forskning kring miljöpsykologi med inriktning mot lärandemiljöer, samt forskning kring skolans slöjdverksamhet. Metoden för insamling av empiriskt material har varit en kombination av direkt observation och observation med videokamera. Min slutsats är att många av de handlingar som direkt kan relateras till slöjdsalen bör ses i ett större perspektiv där de är delar i beteenden som är allmäna i  alla skolans miljöer. Beteenden som härstammar ur interaktioner och kommunikation mellan elever som kan antas vara tämligen normal för åldern, oavsett miljö. Genom att analysera handlingarna har nyanser och aspekter framträtt som antyder att det sannolikt finns goda skäl att som lärare omvärdera sina åsikter och reflektera över sina förutfattade meningar om vad som är acceptabelt och inte, avseende elevers beteenden. Det har åtminstone jag gjort. </strong></p><p> </p>

<p>Då taxeringsrevision är en relativt ingripande åtgärd för den enskilde företagaren, bör denna ha möjligheten att skydda känsliga handlingar. Skatteverket har vid taxeringsrevision rätt att ta del av samtliga handlingar som rör verksamheten. Det finns dock möjligheter att undanta handlingar från revisionen, men det är då främst för de grupper som berörs av 36 kap. 5 § RB, exempelvis advokater, läkare och tandläkare.</p><p>Vad det gäller revisorer så omfattas inte de av 36 kap. 5 § RB och har därmed inte den möjligheten till undantag, utan de kan enbart åberopa 3 kap. 13 § 1st 2 TL om de vill få handling undantagen vid revision.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att se om det borde finnas fler yrkesgrupper som ska kunna åberopa 27 kap. 2 § RB och 36 kap. 5 § RB vid undantag av handling. Och då på grund av sekretess förbindelser genom andra lagar eller regler, till exempel tystnadsplikten för revisorer i 9 kap. 41 § ABL.</p><p>Vi har valt att jämföra revisorer med advokater då båda dessa yrkesgrupper omfattas av lagreglerad tystnadsplikt, med tanke på detta så anser vi att även revisorer bör omfattas av möjligheten till undantag i likhet med det som finns i 27 kap. 2 § RB.</p><p>När vi studerat de rättsfall vi tagit upp i uppsatsen så framkom det att advokater inte med självklarhet kan få en handling undantagen, utan de måste åberopa speciella skäl för den specifika handlingen. Enligt en dom i Högsta domstolen, NJA 1990 s 537, så bör bevisbördan för dessa ligga på en låg nivå för att få handlingen undantagen till skillnad från revisorer som det ställs högre krav på.</p><p>Vad man kan se så finns det inte någon klar bild på hur domstolarna dömer i denna typ av mål, då de olika instanserna flera gånger kommer till olika domslut i samma mål. Detta gäller både mellan länsrätt – kammarrätt, som kammarrätt – Regeringsrätt, vilket inte är bra för förutsebarheten och rättsäkerheten för den skattskyldige.</p><p>Vi kom fram till den slutsatsen, för att skydda revisorernas klienter bör det till en lagändring, i och med denna kommer sekretess gälla för hela skatteprocessen. Det blir då bara parterna i målet som har rätt att ta del av materialet, och det finns då ingen risk att utomstående kan få del av känsligt material efter domen. Med denna lagändring skulle inte bara skyddet stärkas för revisorns klienter utan även för advokatens.</p>

The aim of the present project was to quantify and compare differences in impact performance and damping effectiveness among various off-road bicycle suspension systems. Two experiments were conducted to compare suspensions. Fork impact performance was tested by measuring peak antero-posterior braking forces and impulses during impact with bumps of 6- and 10-cm height for five mountain bike suspension systems. These results were compared to a rigid fork condition. Comparisons among suspension systems showed small but significant differences in performance. While only marginal differences in peak force were found for the suspension conditions, more substantial differences in braking impulse were observed. Air-Oil design forks had the lowest braking impulse for the range of speeds and impact characteristics of this experiment. In another setting, an analysis of acceleration signals over a range of frequencies on two surface conditions (gravel and trail) was conducted to assess the damping effectiveness of the five suspension systems. The mountain bike was equipped with accelerometers mounted at the axle and frame. A spectral analysis of the signal was performed for each signal to provide a measure of fork effectiveness. Results showed that accelerations ranged from -33 to +40 g at the axle and from -13 to +13 g at the frame, while spectral analyses of the acceleration signals revealed two distinct frequency regions from 0 to 100 Hz and from 300 to 400 Hz. The various suspension systems were all effective in attenuating vibration over the first region. Vibration amplitudes at the frame were considerably less than at the axle for the suspension conditions while similar axle-frame vibrations were observed with the rigid fork. Lower frequency vibration amplitudes were typically greater on the trail than on gravel. In the frequency region between 300-400 Hz, the signal was attenuated at the frame for all conditions including the rigid fork. The quantification and comparison process of the various suspension forks using impulse provided an objective marker for performance, and allowed differentiation between various suspension conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness analysis through the use of accelerometers provided insight into the range of frequencies dampened by a suspension. The lower frequency range dampening suggested that effectiveness of a suspension fork can be quantified even though the experiment did not conclusively differentiate between the forks. / Graduation date: 2001

In this thesis, A nonlinear methodology for the control of the highly maneuverable, high performance aircraft HARV (F-18) is studied by using sliding-mode control (SMC). This control law, which takes a continuous function when the input constraints are not considered, satisfies the reachability condition by which concerned states are driven to their sliding surfaces. Especially, this SMC is generalized for the so-called (square) uncoupled multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system by the use of error dynamics and applied directly to the nonlinear aircraft system without linearizing the system. For the practical application of the SMC to aircraft with input constraints, two control schemes are used, considering that variations of pitch rate q directly affect variations of the angle of attack. The first scheme consists of an ��-q control for the fast response. The second scheme consists an a-control for making the output approach its sliding surface slowly by setting boundary layers and adjusting reachable speeds to the sliding surface. Robustness to parameter uncertainties and disturbances is also studied for the SMC. Especially, when the effect of parameter uncertainties is severe, then multiple boundary layers are set in the neighborhood of sliding surface, in which different reachable speeds to the sliding surface are used to sustain the concerned state within the boundary layer and to reduce the effect of chattering. / Graduation date: 1994

Jag har utfört en kvalitativ studie i form av djupintervjuer som ämnar ge en djupare inblick i en familjs vardagsliv då en familjemedlem medvetet skadar sig själv. Syftet med min studie är att undersöka hur en självskadande ungdoms omgivning uppfattar individens handlande och hur individen i fråga upplever responsen kring detta handlande. Jag har använt mig av följande frågeställningar: Hur påverkar en självskadande individ sin familj, partner och vänner? Hur reagerar omgivningen och vilka åsikter har de kring individens handlande? Hur uppfattar och påverkas individen av omgivningen reaktioner och åsikter? I mitt teoriavsnitt kommer jag att gå igenom fem olika teorier: symbolisk interaktionism, identitet och identitetsskapande, Giddens kroppsliga kontroll-perspektiv, Brun Hansens begrepp serviceföräldrar samt Mills sociologiska vision. Jag har i arbetet med min analys kommit fram till att mina frågeställningar kan besvaras genom ett begrepp som jag vill benämna ”den onda cirkeln”, som innebär att Carolines omgivning hade en negativ påverkan på Caroline oavsett hur de handlade. Om Caroline fick för mycket uppmärksamhet kände hon sig trängd och skadade sig själv samtidigt som brist på uppmärksamhet ledde till att hon kände sig åsidosatt vilket också resulterade i självskadande handlingar.

The blended wing body (BWB) is a tailless aircraft with the potential to use 27% less fuel than a conventional aircraft with the same passenger capacity and range. The primary purpose of the current study was to determine the handling qualities of the BWB, using piloted-handling trials in a moving-base simulator. The secondary purpose was to determine the effect of simulator motion on handling-quality ratings. De Castro conducted piloted-handling trials in a fixed-base simulator. De Castro's tasks and flight model were modified in the current study. In the current study, three subjects rated the handling qualities as Level 1 or 2, depending on the task. Simulator motion did not have a significant effect on the results.