Background: The concept of alexithymia is characterized by difficulties identifying and describing one’s emotions. Alexithymic individuals are impaired in the recognition of others’ emotional facial expressions. Alexithymia is quite common in patients suffering from major depressive disorder. The face-in-the-crowd task is a visual search paradigm that assesses processing of multiple facial emotions. In the present eye-tracking study, the relationship between alexithymia and visual processing of facial emotions was examined in clinical depression. Materials and Methods: Gaze behavior and manual response times of 20 alexithymic and 19 non-alexithymic depressed patients were compared in a face-in-the-crowd task. Alexithymia was empirically measured via the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia-Scale. Angry, happy, and neutral facial expressions of different individuals were shown as target and distractor stimuli. Our analyses of gaze behavior focused on latency to the target face, number of distractor faces fixated before fixating the target, number of target fixations, and number of distractor faces fixated after fixating the target. Results: Alexithymic patients exhibited in general slower decision latencies compared to non-alexithymic patients in the face-in-the-crowd task. Patient groups did not differ in latency to target, number of target fixations, and number of distractors fixated prior to target fixation. However, after having looked at the target, alexithymic patients fixated more distractors than non-alexithymic patients, regardless of expression condition. Discussion: According to our results, alexithymia goes along with impairments in visual processing of multiple facial emotions in clinical depression. Alexithymia appears to be associated with delayed manual reaction times and prolonged scanning after the first target fixation in depression, but it might have no impact on the early search phase. The observed deficits could indicate difficulties in target identification and/or decision-making when processing multiple emotional facial expressions. Impairments of alexithymic depressed patients in processing emotions in crowds of faces seem not limited to a specific affective valence. In group situations, alexithymic depressed patients might be slowed in processing interindividual differences in emotional expressions compared with non-alexithymic depressed patients. This could represent a disadvantage in understanding non-verbal communication in groups.

This paper aims to examine further how and when the phenomenon of humour is used in the workplace and how it leads to inclusion and exclusion. Since the middle of the 20th century, research has repeatedly shown the positive impact of humour on individuals' health and performance at work. Humour has a dual function as both an including and excluding practice, and it has the potential to both maintain and challenge relationships and group cohesion. The findings suggest that humour has a central and essential role in the workplace. With the help of humour, one can approach challenging situations, whether it is about the first meeting with strangers or dealing with conflicts. The findings also suggest how humour can make social structures and norms visible that strive to preserve the group culture and the social order. This paper concludes that when group members become aware of those standards, they could re-evaluate if it appears offensive and exclusive. With this study, we want to make organizations in Sweden aware of the positive effects of humour on working life and its prominent place on the organizational management's agenda.

Sociala relationer är grundläggande för upplevelsen av lycka och sociala medier är utformade för att underlätta dessa. Paradoxalt nog ökar inte användandet av sociala medier alltid upplevelsen av lycka. Syftet med studien har därför varit att undersöka och öka förståelsen för hur kvinnor födda under 70- och 80-talet upplever att deras lycka påverkas av användandet av sociala medier. Sex kvinnor, mellan 35 och 51 år, som använder sociala medier dagligen, rekryterades via sociala medier. Data insamlades via semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades genom Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Fyra övergripande teman identifierades - Social tillhörighet, Ändlöst scrollande, Social jämförelse och Medvetet användande. Resultaten visar att deltagarna upplever att ett tydligt syfte med användandet av sociala medier ökar deras lycka, simultant som bristen på medvetet förhållningssätt leder till destruktiva användarbeteenden som minskar lyckan. Samexistensen av positiva och negativa känslor hindrar därmed deltagarna från att känna långvarig och övergripande lycka vid användandet av sociala medier. / Social relationships are fundamental to the experience of happiness and social media is designed to facilitate these. Paradoxically, the use of social media does not always increasethe experience of happiness. The purpose of the study has therefore been to investigate and increase understanding of how women born in the 70s and 80s feel that their happiness is affected by the use of social media. Six women, aged between 35 and 51, who use social media daily, were recruited via social media. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Four overarching themes were identified - Social belonging, Endless scrolling, Social comparison and Conscious use. The results show that the participants feel that a clear purpose for using social media increases their happiness, simultaneously as the lack of a conscious mindset leads to destructive user behaviors that reduce happiness. The coexistence of positive and negative emotions therefore prevents the participants from feeling long-term and overall happiness when using social media.

My doctoral thesis examines the broad question of the effect of some recent health policies on health and also tries to measure socioeconomic inequalities. The first essay investigates the effect of public health insurance on people with vulnerable health. The second chapter analyses the effect of the legalization of marijuana on health, while the third chapter measures socioeconomic inequalities in health. In chapter 1, I study the evolution of access to health care for individuals in vulnerable health before and after the Affordable Care Act. I define leakage of health care as the aggregation of accessibility hurdles for individuals in vulnerable health. However, "being in vulnerable health" is a linguistic concept that does not have a sharp mathematical definition. I draw on the fuzzy sets theory and assume a non-dichotomous membership function to capture the linguistic imprecision. However, the task of choosing the "right" membership function remains an issue. To circumscribe this additional issue, I use a stochastic dominance approach to test for changes in leakage. In order to establish causality, I exploit two quasi-experimental settings offered by the dependent coverage and the states in which medicaid expansion took place. In order to use these quasi-experiments in a stochastic dominance framework, I extend Athey and Imbens (2006) changes in changes approach to a bivariate setting. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey, the results from a before and after analysis show that leakages are much lower in 2015 compared to 2009 in the US. These before and after results hold irrespective of a person's sex or socio-economic status. The causal analysis shows that leakages in not having insurance and access are reduced in medicaid expansion states after the ACA. Chapter 2 analyzes the implications of these recreational marijuana legalization (RML) on Body Mass Index (BMI) and some healthy behaviours. I exploit the quasi experimental nature of marijuana legalization policy in states using changes in changes and difference in difference approaches to identify the effect of these recreational marijuana policies. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), the results show that recreational marijuana legalization reduces BMI for the entire population. The effect is mainly in the mid and top part of the BMI distribution. Subgroup analysis shows that the reduced BMI resulting from RML is significant among women but not among men. For females, the effect is found both at the lower tail (being underweight) and at the upper tail (morbid obesity). While we found evidence of a reduction in being overweight for both whites and non-whites due to RML, the reduction in obesity and morbid obesity was only found for non-whites. In addition, RML reduces obesity for those below 45 years. I also found evidence that RML increases alcohol consumption, has no effect on smoking of tobacco and binge drinking but reduces the probability of doing any physical activity. The final chapter explores the measurement of socioeconomic inequality using ordinal variables. Most measures of socioeconomic inequality are developed for ratio scale variables. These measures use the mean as a reference point which is non-robust in the presence of categorical variables. This chapter extends Allison and Foster (2004) median based approach to measuring inequalities to a bivariate case and provides conditions to robustly rank any two distributions of socioeconomic inequalities in well-being or mental health. Using the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), I provide robust ordering for socioeconomic inequalities in well-being and mental health for different sub-populations in 2015. The results show that there is less socioeconomic inequality in life satisfaction, happiness, mental health, and general health status among employed males and females compared to their respective unemployed groups in 2015.

The subject matter of the study is happiness and psychological well-being. The object matter of the study is communication of happiness and psychological well-being with observance of moral norms. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of literature (60 sources) and an appendix, which includes the forms of the applied methodologies. The volume of the master's thesis is 137 pages, on which are placed 9 figures and 6 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problematics, the purpose and objectives of the research are set, the object and the subject of research are determined, the basic and additional hypotheses are formulated, the methods and the empirical base are specified, as well as the stages of the research, the scientific novelty, the theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of happiness, psychological well-being, morality, sin and vice as a moral norm-prohibition. The sections devoted to the connection of happiness, psychological well-being and morality are presented. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It provides a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained using all the methods used: the Oxford Happiness Inventory, the methodology “The scale of psychological well-being of K. Riff”, the tests “Greed”, “Anger”, “Pride”, “The Sin of Lust”, “Gluttony”, “Envy”, “Despondency” (Yu.V. Scherbatykh). The chapter also presents a correlation analysis of the results of the study. The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, are presented in a generalized form, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of this problem are described. / Объектом исследования явилось счастье и психологическое благополучие. Предметом исследования стала связь счастья и психологического благополучия с соблюдением нравственных норм. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (60 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 137 страниц, на которых размещены 9 рисунков и 6 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме счастья, психологического благополучия, нравственности, греха и порока как нравственной нормы-запрета. Представлены разделы, посвященные связи счастья, психологического благополучия с нравственностью. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: методике Обновленный Оксфордский опросник счастья (Oxford Happiness Inventory), методике «Шкала психологического благополучия К. Рифф», тестам «Алчность», «Гнев», «Гордыня», «Грех похоти», «Чревоугодие», «Зависть», «Уныние» (Ю.В. Щербатых). Также в главе представлен корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики.

Объектом исследования является субъективное благополучие личности. Предметом исследования стали особенности субъективного благополучия учителей школ Монголии. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (40 источников) и приложений, включающих в себя бланки применявшихся для исследования методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 57 страниц, на которых размещены 8 рисунков и 11 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования. В первой главе в результате анализа научной литературы были определены теоретические основания субъективного благополучия личности, выделены основные подходы, рассматривающие данный феномен, а также его функции, структура и детерминанты. Это позволило сформулировать определение понятия «субъективное благополучие», принятое в работе за основополагающее. Особый акцент сделан на рассмотрении роли субъективного благополучия в педагогической деятельности учителя. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: Шкала «Удовлетворенность жизнью» Э. Динера (SWSL), Шкала субъективного благополучия А. ПеруэБаду (адаптация М.В. Соколовой), Шкала субъективного счастья С. Любомирски и Х. Леппер (адаптация Д.А. Леонтьева). Также в главе представлены результаты описательной статистики и сравнительного анализа результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the research is the subjective well-being of the individual. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the subjective well-being of school teachers in Mongolia. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (40 sources) and annexes, including the forms used for the study of the methods. The volume of the master's thesis is 57 pages, which contain 8 figures and 11 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the theoretical and practical significance of the work, the elaboration of the problematics, the goal and objectives of the research are set, the object and subject of the research are determined, the main hypotheses are formulated, the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the research, are indicated. In the first chapter, as a result of the analysis of scientific literature, the theoretical foundations of the subjective well-being of the individual were determined, the main approaches that consider this phenomenon, as well as its functions, structure and determinants, were highlighted. This made it possible to formulate the definition of the concept of "subjective well-being", which was taken as fundamental in the work. Particular emphasis is placed on considering the role of subjective well-being in the pedagogical activity of a teacher. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It contains a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: E. Diener's “Satisfaction with life” scale (SWSL), A. Peruebadu's subjective well-being scale (adaptation by M.V. Sokolova), S. Lubomirsky and H. Lepper (adaptation by D.A. Leontiev). The chapter also presents the results of descriptive statistics and comparative analysis of research results. Conclusions from Chapter 2 include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, in a generalized form, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for the further development of this problem are described.

Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (72 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 84 страницы, на которых размещены 6 рисунков и 12 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме эмоциональных состояний и личностных характеристик, определяющих эмоциональные состояния человека. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию эмоциональных состояний, психологического аспекта самоизоляции, личностных характеристик, определяющих эмоциональные состояния. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: «Обновленный Оксфордский опросник счастья (Oxford Happiness Inventory)»; Тест жизнестойкости (Методика С. Мадди, адаптация Д.А. Леонтьева); Шкала личностной тревожности из полной методики шкалы тревоги Спилбергера (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI); Шкала дифференциальных эмоций (ШДЭ) К. Изарда; Методика оценки психической активации, интереса, эмоционального тонуса, напряжения и комфортности. Также в главе представлен сравнительный и корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (72 sources) and an attachment,which includes the forms of the applied methods. The volume of the master's thesis is 84 pages, which contain 6 figures and 12 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problematics, the goal and objectives of the research are set, the object and subject of the research are determined, the main and additional hypotheses are formulated, the methods and empirical base are indicated, as well as the stages of the research, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of emotional states and personal characteristics that determine the emotional state of a person. The sections devoted to the study of emotional states, the psychological aspect of self-isolation, and personal characteristics that determine emotional states are presented. Conclusions for the first chapter represent the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It contains a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: "Updated Oxford Happiness Inventory"; Resilience test (Method S. Maddy, adaptation of D. A. Leontiev); The scale of personal anxiety from the full methodology of the Spielberger scale of anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - STAI); Differential Emotions Scale K. Izard; Methodology for assessing mental activation,interest,emotional tone, tension and comfort. The chapter also presents a comparative and correlation analysis of the research results. Conclusions from Chapter 2 include the main findings of the empirical study. In the conclusion, in a generalized form, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for the further development of this problem are described.

Объект ВКР – психологическое благополучие. Предмет исследования: психологическое благополучие молодежи, находящейся на начальном этапе карьерного пути. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (75 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 106 страницы, на которых размещены 5 рисунков и 11 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме психологическое благополучие, субъективное благополучие, удовлетворенности жизнью. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена экспериментальной части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: шкала психологического благополучия К. Рифф, в адаптации Д.А. Леонтьева и Е.Н. Осина, шкала удовлетворенности жизнью (ШУДЖ), E. Diener, R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larsen и S. Griffin в адаптации Д. А. Леонтьева и Е. Н. Осина, шкала стрессовых событий Холмса-Раге Томас Холмс и Ричард Раге, шкала субъективного счастья (ШСС), (Subjective Happiness Scale, SHS) С. Любомирски в адаптации Е. Н. Осина, Д. А. Леонтьева. Также в главе представлен факторный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты экспериментального исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и экспериментальной частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the graduate qualification work is psychological well-being. Subject of the research: psychological well-being of young people who are at the beginning of their career path. Master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (75 sources) and an appendix, which includes the forms of applied methods. The volume of the master's thesis is 106 pages, on which 5 figures and 11 tables are placed. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, The urgency of the problem, the development of the problem, the goal and objectives of the research are set, defines the object and subject of the research, formulates the main and Additional hypotheses, the methods and empirical base, as well as and stages of research, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the topic of psychological well-being, subjective well-being, and life satisfaction. The conclusions of the first chapter represent the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the experimental part of the research. It contains description of the organization and methods of the conducted research and the results obtained with all the techniques used: the scale of psychological well-being by K. Riff, as adapted by D.A. Leontiev and E.N. Osin, the life satisfaction scale (SHUJ), E. Diener, R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larsen and S. Griffin in adaptation of D. A. Leontiev and E. N. Osin. N. Osin, the Holmes-Rage Thomas Holmes and Richard Rage stress event scale, the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), (Subjective Happiness Scale, SHS) by S. Lubomirsky, adapted by E. N. Osin, D. A. Leontiev. The chapter also presents a factor analysis of the results of the research results. The conclusions of chapter 2 include the main results of the experimental research. The conclusion summarizes the results of the theoretical and experimental parts of the work, as well as the conclusions of the hypotheses, substantiates the practical significance of the research and describes possible perspectives for the further development of this problem.

ABSTRACT  Aims:  While the relationship between unemployment and well-being is widely acknowledged, there has been little exploration of its consequences for older workers. It is also less clear whether this relationship differs between welfare states characterized by varying levels of social protection for the unemployed. Thus, the aim is to examine the relationship between unemployment and well- being, considering factors such as age and gender across diverse contexts.  Methods:  Data is utilized from the European Social Survey (ESS), round 9 conducted in 2018, encompassing 25 countries classified into five welfare state regimes (Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, Bismarckian, Southern and Eastern), with 44 577 respondents, aged 16-90. Well-being is measured using the variable "Happy" on a 10-point scale. The analysis includes individual-level factors (employment status, age, gender) and macro-level factors (welfare state regimes). Employment status was main activity in the last 7 days. Linear regression models are employed, with a focus on both the entire population and the unemployed within each welfare regime. The analysis initially compares well-being between the employed and unemployed, followed by a focused analysis on older (55 years or older) unemployed.  Results:  Unemployed individuals in all countries reported lower well-being than those employed. Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon and Bismarckian regimes exhibit a significant negative impact of unemployment on well-being, while Southern and Eastern European states demonstrate more modest impacts. Older unemployed individuals generally indicate higher well-being across all regimes compared to young and middle-age unemployed, although the results lack statistical significance. Gender-based disparities in well-being within the Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon, and Bismarckian regimes also lack statistical significance, implying an equivalent negative impact of unemployment on both men and women. In contrast, Eastern and Southern regimes exhibit a significant distinction, with higher well-being among unemployed women compared to men. Conclusion:  The negative relationship between unemployment and well-being is consistent across Europe but varies by welfare state regime. Simultaneously, older unemployed individuals report higher well- being, suggesting that younger and middle-aged unemployed individuals may face more significant challenges in navigating the association between unemployment and well-being. This difference may be attributed to the presence of social protection mechanisms within welfare regimes, exerting a positive influence on the well-being of the older demographic, and variations in work culture, such as an earlier retirement age in some countries and lower work norms in others. The non-existent gender differences in the association between unemployment and well- being in the Scandinavian, Bismarckian, and Anglo-Saxon regimes suggest a shared work norm where women should experience similar psychosocial and economic pressures as men when unemployed. Yet, in Eastern and Southern regimes, women exhibit significantly higher well-being than men, which indicate that traditional standard of the man as the main breadwinner is still pervasive in Eastern and Southern regimes. These findings emphasize the influence of contextual factors on the relationship between unemployment and well-being. / SAMMANFATTNING  Syfte:  Även om sambandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande är allmänt erkänt, har det gjorts lite forskning kring dess konsekvenser för äldre arbetstagare. Det är också mindre tydligt om detta förhållande varierar mellan välfärdsstater som kännetecknas av olika nivåer av socialt skydd för arbetslösa. Således är syftet att undersöka förhållandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande, med hänsyn till faktorer som ålder och kön i olika sammanhang.  Metod:  Data används från European Social Survey (ESS), omgång 9 genomförd 2018, omfattande 25 länder indelade i fem välfärdstatsregimer (Skandinavisk, Anglo-Saxisk, Bismarckiansk, Södra och Östra Europa), med 44 577 respondenter i åldrarna 16–90. Välbefinnande mäts med variabeln "Lycka" på en 10-gradig skala. Analysen inkluderar individuella faktorer (sysselsättningsstatus, ålder, kön) och makrofaktorer (välfärdsstatsregimer). Sysselsättningsstatus var huvudaktivitet de senaste 7 dagarna. Linjära regressionsmodeller används, med fokus på både hela populationen och de arbetslösa inom varje välfärdsregim. Inledningsvis jämförs välbefinnandet mellan de sysselsatta och arbetslösa, följt av en detaljerad analys av äldre (55 år och äldre) arbetslösa. Resultat:  Arbetslösa i alla länder rapporterade lägre välbefinnande jämfört med de sysselsatta. Skandinaviska, Anglo-Saxiska och Bismarckianska regimerna uppvisar en signifikant negativ påverkan av arbetslöshet på välbefinnandet, medan länderna i Södra och Östra Europa visar mer måttliga effekter. Äldre arbetslösa indikerar generellt sett högre välbefinnande i alla regimer jämfört med unga och medelålders arbetslösa, även om resultaten saknar statistisk signifikans. Könsskillnader i välbefinnande inom Skandinaviska, Anglo-Saxiska och Bismarckianska regimerna saknar också statistisk signifikans, vilket antyder en likvärdig negativ påverkan av arbetslöshet på både män och kvinnor. Å andra sidan uppvisar Södra och Östra regimerna en signifikant skillnad, med högre välbefinnande bland arbetslösa kvinnor jämfört med män. Slutsats:  Det negativa förhållandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande är konsekvent över hela Europa men varierar mellan välfärdsregimer. Samtidigt rapporterar äldre arbetslösa personer högre välbefinnande, vilket antyder att yngre och medelålders arbetslösa personer kan stå inför större utmaningar när det gäller att hantera konsekvenserna av arbetslöshet. Denna skillnad kan bero på närvaron av socialt skyddsnät inom välfärdsregimerna, vilket har en positiv inverkan på välbefinnandet hos de äldre, samt variationer i arbetskultur, såsom en tidigare pensionsålder i vissa länder och lägre arbetsnorm i andra. De icke existerande könsskillnaderna i förhållandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande i Skandinaviska, Bismarckianska och Anglo-Saxiska regimerna antyder en gemensam arbetsnorm där kvinnor bör uppleva liknande psykosociala och ekonomiska påfrestningar som män när de är arbetslösa. I motsats till detta uppvisar kvinnor i Östliga och Sydliga regimerna signifikant högre välbefinnande än män, vilket indikerar att den traditionella normen där mannen är huvudförsörjaren fortfarande är utbredd i Östa och Södra regimerna. Dessa resultat betonar betydelsen av kontextuella faktorer för förhållandet mellan arbetslöshet och välbefinnande.

Contexte : La gentrification, en transformant les environnements de vie, peut avoir un impact sur le bien-être des populations. Cependant, l’exposition à la gentrification peut être vécue et mesurée de plusieurs manières. À ce jour, les mesures existantes de ladite exposition sont uniquement fondées sur des critères objectifs déterminés à l’échelle populationnelle. Pourtant, la mesure de ce phénomène au niveau individuel incluant une dimension subjective à travers notamment la perception que l’on peut en ressentir pourrait permettre de mieux rendre compte de son impact sur le bien-être subjectif. Ce mémoire vise à faire progresser la recherche dans ce domaine, en considérant trois mesures d'exposition individuelle à la gentrification à base spatio-temporelle : l’exposition ponctuelle au domicile actuel, l’exposition moyenne aux lieux d’activités non résidentiels et l’exposition historique cumulée basée sur l’historique résidentiel. Méthode : Les données de 848 participants provenant de la première vague de la branche montréalaise de l’étude longitudinale INTERACT ont été analysées. Six modèles de régression linéaire multiple ont examiné la relation entre ces trois mesures et deux indicateurs de bien-être subjectif : l’Indice de Satisfaction de la Vie (ISV) et l’Indice du Bonheur Subjectif (IBS). Résultats : L’exposition historique à la gentrification (GentriHist) était la seule mesure d’exposition à la gentrification qui était positivement corrélée à la fois à la satisfaction de la vie (B ajusté =0,825; IC à 95% = [0,779 ; 0,836]) et au bonheur subjectif (B ajusté = 0,136; IC à 95% = [0,121 à 0,140]). Par ailleurs, l’effet d’interaction du niveau de revenu dans la relation entre la gentrification historique et la satisfaction de la vie montre que dans un contexte où les personnes à revenu suffisant (ISV moyen = 7,7) ont un niveau de satisfaction supérieur aux personnes à faible revenu (ISV moyen = 6,5), l’effet positif de l’exposition prolongée à la gentrification (plus de 3ans) est plus prononcé pour les populations défavorisées (ΔISV = 0,6) que chez les plus riches (ΔISV = 0,2). Conclusion : Nos résultats suggèrent l’intérêt de faire de la GentriHist un indicateur de référence en matière de mesure d’exposition individuelle à la gentrification ; afin de mieux en apprécier le lien avec le bien-être subjectif. / Context: Gentrification, by transforming living environments, can have an impact on people's wellbeing. However, exposure to gentrification can be experienced and measured in several ways. To date, existing measures of exposure to gentrification are solely based on population criteria, ignoring the fact that measuring this phenomenon at the individual level including its perception may better demonstrate its impact on subjective well-being. We advance the field by considering three spatiotemporal-based individual gentrification exposure measures: current home, non-residential activity places and historical gentrification. Method: Survey data from 848 adults in the Montreal-arm of the INTERACT longitudinal study were analyzed. Six multiple linear regression models examined the relationship between those three measures of gentrification exposure and two subjective well-being measures: the Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) and the Subjective Happiness Index (SHI). Results: Neither current home exposure nor site exposure were associated with the two subjective well-being indexes. Historical gentrification was positively associated with both life satisfaction (adjusted B =0,825; IC 95% = [0,779; 0,836]) and subjective happiness (adjusted B = 0,136; IC 95% = [0,121; 0,140]). Moreover, the interaction effect of income level in the relationship between historical gentrification and life satisfaction shows that in a context where people with sufficient income (average ISV = 7.7) have a level of satisfaction superior to low-income people (average ISV = 6.5), the positive effect of prolonged exposure to gentrification (more than 3 years) is more pronounced in disadvantaged populations (ΔISV = 0.6) than in the richest (ΔISV = 0 ,2). Conclusion: Our results suggest the interest of making the GentriHist a reference indicator for measuring individual exposure to gentrification, in order to better appreciate the link between gentrification and subjective well-being.