<p>Dagens affärsklimat ställer höga krav på bolag beträffande strategiska val på en allt mer globaliserad marknad. I uppsatsen föreslås att denna eskalerande globalisering kan vara associerad med bolagens framgång. Internationella bolagsförvärv och fusioner samt de initiala avsiktsdeklarationer som förkommer vid dessa transaktioner blir då centrala faktorer att beakta för bolagen, i sökandet efter förbättrade resultat. Baserat på detta skildrar uppsatsen innebörden av en initial avsiktsdeklaration, närmare bestämt ett Letter of Intent (LOI). Uppsatsen belyser innebörden av ett LOI ur ett strukturellt, juridiskt och praktiskt perspektiv. Den strukturella och praktiska innebörden av ett LOI återges genom två, för uppsatsen, exklusiva undersökningar. Den första undersökande delen beskriver strukturen för ett LOI genom att betrakta praktiska exempel som använts, vid bolagsförvärv och fusioner, i publika aktiebolag. Resultatet visar att strukturen samt de klausuler som ingår i ett LOI till viss del varierar. Oräknat det återfinns generaliserat, i undersökningen, följande klausuler i ett LOI: Bakgrund, Syfte, Villkor, Förbehåll, Sekretess, Exklusivitet, Due Diligence (DD), Tidplan, Avslut, Ersättning, Lagval samt Skiljedom. Den andra undersökande delen, om den praktiska innebörden av ett LOI, är baserad på intervjuer med personer som är aktiva ledamöter i bolagsledningen för större publika aktiebolag. Undersökningens sammanvägda resultat pekar på att ett LOI bör innehålla klausuler och preciserade villkor för en tilltänkt affär. I praktiken torde ett LOI innebära en framtida utfästelse om att ingå avtal eller samarbete mellan bolag. Vidare kan den juridiska innebörden emellertid antas vara begränsad till att en part som medvetet bryter mot villkoren eller uppträder svekligt kan ådra sig ett skadeståndansvar. I näringslivet anser respondenterna att ett LOI allmänt innebär en första signal om att två parter avser att söka träffa ett avtal. Sammanfattningsvis kan ett LOI effektivisera processerna i samband med bolagens globalisering, därigenom kan ett LOI dessutom främja bolagens presumtiva framgång i dagens affärsklimat.     </p>

Fuelwood is a basic need for rural households in Malawi. However, deforestation has reduced the quantity of forest products such as fuelwood available to households. This has negatively affected rural Malawian quality of life, especially for women who are forced to walk long distances to collect fuelwood, prepare foods with short cooking times, or reduce the number of meals. The Malawi government has encouraged the establishment of household owned woodlots, as a part of reforestation programs, to address the supply side of the forest product scarcity. However, fuelwood supply and use is also a gender-based issue; men plant trees and make decisions over harvesting, while women gather and use fuelwood. Within the household, woodlot products also have multiple and competing uses between men and women. It is critical to examine how gender dynamics affect women's fuelwood procurement and use from the woodlot. This study investigated how gender of the household head and women's access to woodlots affects fuelwood shortage, controlling for number of trees, household size, and use of other fuels. Fifty-one female and sixty-three male-headed households with household owned woodlots were interviewed, using questionnaire and focus group interviews. Results show that one-third of both household types reported experiencing fuelwood shortages in the past year. Logistic regression indicates that gender of household head is an important factor, along with number of trees in the woodlot, in determining fuelwood sufficiency. Female-headed households were less likely to experience fuelwood shortage than male-headed households when the interaction with number of trees was included. Whether a woman in male-headed households must seek permission to harvest fuelwood, number of trees, and cooking with maize stalk were factors that predicted fuelwood shortage. Suggestions for several interventions to address fuelwood supply and access were included. Planting more trees in woodlots and use of fuelwood efficient stoves are two important strategies. It is important to address gender-specific priorities as they relate to woodlot use. This can be done through gender sensitizations that target program planners and male household heads. For successful programs, men and women should participate in both program planning and implementation. / Graduation date: 2003

Dagens affärsklimat ställer höga krav på bolag beträffande strategiska val på en allt mer globaliserad marknad. I uppsatsen föreslås att denna eskalerande globalisering kan vara associerad med bolagens framgång. Internationella bolagsförvärv och fusioner samt de initiala avsiktsdeklarationer som förkommer vid dessa transaktioner blir då centrala faktorer att beakta för bolagen, i sökandet efter förbättrade resultat. Baserat på detta skildrar uppsatsen innebörden av en initial avsiktsdeklaration, närmare bestämt ett Letter of Intent (LOI). Uppsatsen belyser innebörden av ett LOI ur ett strukturellt, juridiskt och praktiskt perspektiv. Den strukturella och praktiska innebörden av ett LOI återges genom två, för uppsatsen, exklusiva undersökningar. Den första undersökande delen beskriver strukturen för ett LOI genom att betrakta praktiska exempel som använts, vid bolagsförvärv och fusioner, i publika aktiebolag. Resultatet visar att strukturen samt de klausuler som ingår i ett LOI till viss del varierar. Oräknat det återfinns generaliserat, i undersökningen, följande klausuler i ett LOI: Bakgrund, Syfte, Villkor, Förbehåll, Sekretess, Exklusivitet, Due Diligence (DD), Tidplan, Avslut, Ersättning, Lagval samt Skiljedom. Den andra undersökande delen, om den praktiska innebörden av ett LOI, är baserad på intervjuer med personer som är aktiva ledamöter i bolagsledningen för större publika aktiebolag. Undersökningens sammanvägda resultat pekar på att ett LOI bör innehålla klausuler och preciserade villkor för en tilltänkt affär. I praktiken torde ett LOI innebära en framtida utfästelse om att ingå avtal eller samarbete mellan bolag. Vidare kan den juridiska innebörden emellertid antas vara begränsad till att en part som medvetet bryter mot villkoren eller uppträder svekligt kan ådra sig ett skadeståndansvar. I näringslivet anser respondenterna att ett LOI allmänt innebär en första signal om att två parter avser att söka träffa ett avtal. Sammanfattningsvis kan ett LOI effektivisera processerna i samband med bolagens globalisering, därigenom kan ett LOI dessutom främja bolagens presumtiva framgång i dagens affärsklimat.

Η οστεοαρθρίτιδα αποτελεί μια συχνά εμφανιζόμενη εκφυλιστική ασθένεια. Εντοπίζεται κυρίως στις μεγάλες αρθρώσεις (πχ ισχύο και γόνατο) και χαρακτηρίζεται από προοδευτική φθορά του αρθρικού χόνδρου. Στην παρούσα εργασία έγινε χαρτογράφηση του υγιούς και του οστεοαρθριτικού τμήματος ανθρώπινης κεφαλής μηριαίου οστού η οποία αφαιρέθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια αρθροπλαστικής επέμβασης. Η τεχνική που χρησιμοποιήθηκε ήταν η φασματοσκοπία micro-Raman η οποία παρέχει πληροφορίες που αφορούν στις δονήσεις μορίων. Συγκεκριμένα έγινε δυνατή η ανάπτυξη μεθοδολογίας για τη διαφοροποίηση κολλαγόνου Ι (οστό) και κολλαγόνου ΙΙ (χόνδρος) εξετάζοντας τις φασματικές περιοχές της προλίνης και υδροξυπρολίνης, κάμψεων CH2, CH3 και των αμιδίων Ι και ΙΙΙ. Επίσης η μελέτη των δονήσεων των φωσφορικών ιόντων και των ανθρακικών υποκατασταστατών τους έκανε δυνατή τη διαφοροποίηση του βιοαπατίτη του οστού από τον ασβεστοποιημένο χόνδρο. Η ανάλυση των δεδομένων έδειξε την απουσία αρθρικού χόνδρου στο κέντρο της κεφαλής, που υφίσταται το μέγιστο φορτίο, και την πλήρη αποκάλυψη του υποχόνδρινου οστού. Την εικόνα αυτή διαδέχονται, καθώς κινούμαστε περιμετρικά προς τα άκρα, περιοχές όπου κυριαρχεί ασβεστοποιημένος χόνδρος ή και συνύπαρξη οστού και χόνδρου σαν ένα ενδιάμεσο στάδιο οστεοαρθρίτιδας. Υγιείς περιοχές με εμφανές στρώμα αρθρικού χόνδρου δεν εντοπίζονται παρά μόνο πολύ μακριά από το κέντρο της κεφαλής του μηριαίου οστού. Η χαρτογράφηση περιοχών εσωτερικά, στην επιφάνεια μιας τομής, έδειξε μια σχετικά απότομη μετάβαση από το χόνδρο στο υποχόνδρινο οστό στις υγιείς περιοχές, εικόνα που συνάδει με τα όσα είναι γνωστά για τη δομή της άρθρωσης. Αντίθετα, οι οστεοαρθριτικές περιοχές χαρακτηρίζονταν από την απουσία των φασματικών περιοχών του κολλαγόνου τύπου ΙΙ (χόνδρος) στα εξωτερικά στρώματα αλλά και τη συνύπαρξη των δύο τύπων κολλαγόνου Ι και ΙΙ (οστού και χόνδρου) ή την παρουσία ασβεστοποιημένου κολλαγόνου ΙΙ σε διαδοχικές ζώνες και σε βάθος αρκετών χιλιοστών σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις προς το εσωτερικό της τομής. Τα φασματοσκοπικά αποτελέσματα, τέλος, επιβεβαιώθηκαν από ιστολογική εξέταση με χρώση safranin O της κάθε χαρτογραφημένης περιοχής στην εξεταζόμενη τομή οστεοαρθριτικής κεφαλής μηριαίου οστού. / Osteoarthritis is a very common degenerative disease, characterized by gradual degeneration of the articular cartilage and mainly affecting knees and hip joints. In the present work, a human osteoarthritic femoral head, removed during replacement surgery, was used for the mapping of its healthy and osteoarthritic areas. Laser Raman microscopy, a technique that provides information on molecules’ vibrations, was employed for the study. The development of a methodology for the distinction between collagen I (bone) and collagen II (cartilage) was accomplished through the study of proline, hydroxyproline, CH2, CH3 bending and amide I and III bands. On the other hand, the study of phosphate and carbonate substituents made the distinction between bone bioapatite and calcified cartilage feasible. Data analysis revealed the absence of articular cartilage and the full exposure of subchondral bone in the middle of the outer surface of femoral head section, where maximum friction due to movement is observed. Moving perimetrically from the middle of the outer surface to the rims of the section, areas of calcified cartilage and coexistence of bone and cartilage are observed, possibly as an intermediate disease stage. Healthy areas with distinct layer of articular cartilage are located only on the extreme rims of the section. Mapping of areas in depth of the femoral head section, revealed a relatively abrupt transition from cartilage to subchondral bone in healthy areas, which is consistent with our knowledge about joint structure. On the contrary, osteoarthritic areas were characterized by the absence of collagen II (cartilage) characteristic bands on the outer layers and in the same time by the coexistence of collagen I and II (bone and cartilage) or the presence of calcified collagen II through successive layers in some millimeters depth towards the interior of the femoral head section. Finally, spectroscopic results were confirmed by histological examination and Safranin O histochemical staining of each area mapped of the human femoral head section.

Darbo aktualumas: Nuolatinė kaita, reformos kelia naujus reikalvimus žmogui ir organizacijai, tad norėdama išlikti paklausi ikimokyklinio ugdymo institucija privalo nuolat tobulėti, mokytis, tapti kokybiškai nauja organizacija. Tapimas besimokančia organizacija padės išlikti konkurencinėmis sąlygomis. Besimokančios organizacijos požymių raiškos analizė leis tobulinti ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigos veiklą, edukacinę erdvę. Be to, neaptikta duomenų, kad buvo tyrinėtos ikimokyklinio ugdymo institucijos, kaip besimokančios organizacijos, bei nerasta tyrimų, kokiais požymiais, bruožais jos pasižymi. Atsižvelgus į visa tai, buvo iškelta tyrimo problema: ar ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaiga yra besimokanti organizacija? Tyrimo objektas: ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigos, kaip besimokančios organizacijos požymiai. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigos, kaip besimokančios organizacijos požymių raišką vadovų ir pedagogų požiūrio aspektu. Tyrimo metodika. Respondentų apklausai buvo panaudota anketinė apklausa. Anketa sudaryta remiantis A. Juodaitytės, N. Kudokienės (2005, p. 38) straipsnio „Mokyklos, kaip besimokančios organizacijos, formavimosi tendencijos“ idėjomis bei teorine medžiaga (Targamadzė,1999; Simonaitienė, 2003; Stoll, Fink, 1998; Senge, 1990 ir kt.). Tyrimo imtis. Tyrime dalyvavo penkiolikos Šiaulių mieste esančių ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų vadovų ir pedagogų. Buvo apklausti 199 respondentai, iš jų 19 vadovų (direktorei ir pavaduotojai ugdymui) ir 180... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Relevance: Constant change and reform has created new requirements for a person and organization, so in order to remain attractive preschool educational institution it has to grow, learn constantly and become a qualitative new organization. It will help for a learning organization to survive in competitive conditions. The analysis of the expression of the features of learning organization will improve preschool activity and educational space. In addition, there are not any data which could show the investigated preschool education institutions as learning organizations, and there has not been found any research in what ways, they are distinguished. All the things conceded the research problem was raised: whether pre-primary school is a learning organization? The research object: The features of preschool education institution as learning organization. The purpose of the survey - to reveal preschool education institution as learning organization, the expression of their features: teachers’ and heads’ aspect of attitude. The methods of research - Questionnaire survey has been used to investigate the respondents. The questionnaire is based on the article „Formation tendencies of the School as a learning organization“by A. Juodaitytė, N. Kudokienė (2005, p. 38), and other ideas and theoretical material (Targamadzė, 1999; Simonaitienė, 2003, Stoll, Fink, 1998; Senge, 1990, etc.). The sample of the survey - The study included teachers and heads from fifteen pre-school institutions... [to full text]

At the outset, it has to be noticed that crimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and international law will achieve its goals only if those responsible for crimes will be brought to justice. The principle of individual criminal responsibility of Heads’ of State for crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes and torture (elaborated in the Nuremberg Charter) is part of customary international law. The principle is embodied in the resolutions of the UN General Assembly – Principles of Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal and the Judgment of the Tribunal (1950); international treaties – Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948), Geneva Conventions (1949), Convention against Torture and Other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (1984), Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998); other international instruments – UN Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind (1996), Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993) (also clarified in the proceedings brought before the former Yugoslavian leader S. Milosevic) and Rwanda (1994); decisions of national courts – the UK House of Lords decisions in the Pinochet case (1998 -1999); extradition requests sent and honoured by executive officials – Belgium international arrest warrant for H. Habre (2005) and African Union requests; state proposals for international... [to full text]

247f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-11T19:39:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcia Macedoseg.pdf: 2163527 bytes, checksum: 6780afa8a23b65f3c47a7d37991c40b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-16T17:33:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcia Macedoseg.pdf: 2163527 bytes, checksum: 6780afa8a23b65f3c47a7d37991c40b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-16T17:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcia Macedoseg.pdf: 2163527 bytes, checksum: 6780afa8a23b65f3c47a7d37991c40b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Nesta tese busco entender a realidade ainda pouco conhecida das mulheres chefes de família de classes médias em Salvador, visto que a grande maioria dos estudos sobre chefia feminina vem insistindo na homogeneidade desse grupo social e tem associado sua expansão à ampliação dos processos de pauperização, contemporaneamente sintetizado na idéia de uma feminização da pobreza. Assim, através de estudo qualitativo, me proponho a discutir as trajetórias e experiências de 32 mulheres soteropolitanas de classe média, face à condição de chefia dos seus núcleos doméstico-familiares, tentando entender a pluralidade de caminhos que levou essas mulheres – na condição de separada, viúva, solteira e mesmo de casada – a assumir a responsabilidade pela provisão econômica e exercício da autoridade junto às suas respectivas famílias. Assim, busco ainda refletir, nesse contexto, como esta experiência de chefia vem sendo conformada face à articulação interseccional dos pertencimentos sociais de classe, gênero, raça/etnia e idade/geração, dando ênfase, portanto, às possíveis interconexões entre sistemas de opressão. Nessa perspectiva, me proponho ao duplo desafio de discutir os significados dessa experiência intra-classe, a partir do entendimento da combinação dos múltiplos pertencimentos sociais e, ainda, comparativamente, buscarei entender, mesmo que em menor profundidade, na dimensão inter-classe, como essas experiências se afastam e se aproximam quando confrontadas com a realidade vivida pelas mulheres chefes de família de classes populares, a partir de pesquisa realizada anteriormente como dissertação de mestrado. / Salvador

A chefia feminina, presente na atualidade, remete ao crescimento da ocupação da mulher em postos antes ocupados pelos homens, culminando com a sua entrada no mercado de trabalho. Entretanto, apesar de a mulher ter alcançado visibilidade social, percebe-se ainda uma dificuldade da sociedade e da própria mulher detentora desses avanços incorporá-la ao universo feminino. Nessa perspectiva, a presente Dissertação teve como objetivo compreender o exercício da chefia materna em famílias monoparentais, que vivem em situação de vulnerabilidade social. O termo vulnerabilidade social, por ser multifacetado, devido às inúmeras situações que podem atingir indivíduos, famílias ou coletividades, é utilizado no presente estudo no sentido de englobar várias dimensões, entre as quais: a dos bens materiais, a sociodemográfica, a ambiental e a afetivo-relacional das famílias envolvidas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida fazendo uso de uma metodologia qualitativa, com a participação de cinco mulheres, provindas de uma configuração familiar monoparental. Para a coleta dos dados, foram utilizados a entrevista semidirigida e o questionário sociodemográfico, aplicados individualmente. Os dados da entrevista foram analisados de acordo com a técnica de análise temática, proposta por Minayo, enquanto o questionário foi analisado de forma a caracterizar o perfil das mães entrevistadas. Nesse contexto, observou-se a predominância da cor negra entre as entrevistadas e uma perpetuação da configuração familiar monoparental entre elas, bem como, a importância da rede de apoio na construção dessa chefia feminina e como elas dependem desses outros autores. Como aspecto de estudo, a vulnerabilidade social foi evidenciada e vimos que a dependência por uma complementação na renda, como o Bolsa Família, fez-se presente nas cinco entrevistadas. Com isso, percebemos que as transformações ocorridas nas famílias trazem impactos significativos e que necessitam de estudos, sobretudo, junto a mulheres que têm assumido cada vez mais a chefia feminina, a fim de proporcionar reflexões sobre os papéis de homens e mulheres, delimitados pelo patriarcado e perpetuados em diversos espaços. / Female headship, currently presente, refers to the increase of women occupation in posts before occupied by men, culminated with their entrance in job market. However, dispite the woman has achieved social visibility. There is still a difficulty for society and for the woman herself - who holds these advances - to incorporate her into the feminine universe. In this perspective, this dissertation aimed to understand the exercise of maternal leadership in single-parent families, who live in situations of social vulnerability The term social vulnerability, because it is multifaceted, due to the innumerable situations that can reach individuals, families or collectivities, is used in the present study to encompass several dimensions, including: material goods, sociodemographic, environmental and Affective-relational relationship of the families involved. The research was developed using a qualitative methodology, with the participation of five women from a singleparent family configuration. To collect the data, the semi-directed interview and the sociodemographic questionnaire were used, applied individually. The interview data were analyzed according to the thematic analysis technique, proposed by Minayo, while the questionnaire was analyzed in order to characterize the profile of the mothers interviewed. In this context, we observed the predominance of the black color among the interviewees and a perpetuation of the single-parent family configuration among them, as well as the importance of the support network in the construction of this female leadership and how they depend on these other authors. As na aspect of study, social vulnerability was evidenced and we saw that the dependence for a complementation in income, such as Bolsa Família, was present in the five interviewees. With this, we realize that the transformations occurring in families bring significant impacts and that studies are required, especially, with women who have increasingly assumed the female leadership, in order to provide reflections on the roles of men and women, delimited by patriarchy and perpetuated in various spaces.

Um dos fenômenos mais investigados na literatura sintática recente sobre o português brasileiro (PB), dentro do quadro teórico gerativista e também de outras teorias linguísticas, é aquele que se refere ao que viria a ficar conhecido como tópico-sujeito. Este trabalho se debruçou sobre este fenômeno sintático, mais especificamente, o tópico-sujeito locativo, um tipo de tópico-sujeito em que um constituinte com interpretação locativa figura em posição pré-verbal. Os aspectos investigados mais de perto referem-se à grade argumental e à estrutura eventiva dos verbos envolvidos, bem como ao modo de licenciamento dos dois DPs participantes da estrutura eventiva que expressa a relação locativa. Depois de uma revisão da literatura relevante sobre o tópico-sujeito e as bases do gerativismo, a hipótese derivacional que assumimos neste trabalho considerou uma estrutura semelhante à das sentenças transitivas sem, no entanto, a projeção de Voice agentivo. Postulamos, em seu lugar, um núcleo aplicativo alto, com traços de pessoa, que identifica um evento apto a receber uma locação e introduz um novo participante afetado, com uma relação temática locativa entre ele e o VP. Do ponto de vista diacrônico, supomos que o parâmetro envolvido no aparecimento do tópico locativo na gramática do PB estaria na mesma rede paramétrica relacionada à mudança no parâmetro do sujeito nulo. Foi feita também uma pesquisa com corpora históricos abrangendo o período dos séculos XIX ao XXI, com o objetivo de rastrear um possível desenvolvimento das construções com sintagmas locativos em posição pré-verbal, em variação com os locativos em posição pós-verbal, na expectativa de poder encontrar ocorrências de construções que apresentem as propriedades que identifiquem o tópico-sujeito locativo. Foram utilizados anúncios, cartas pessoais e entrevistas, todos circunscritos ao estado de São Paulo. A metodologia utilizada foi quantitativa e buscou contabilizar variáveis presentes em todas as sentenças com sintagmas de interpretação locativa. / syntactic literature, inside the theoretical frame of the Generative Syntax program and also another linguistic theories, is the one that has come to be known as topic-subject. This work focused on this syntactic phenomenon, more specifically the locative topic, a subtype of topic-subject in which a constituent with locative interpretation appears in a pre-verbal position. The more closely investigated aspects refer to the argument structure and event structure of the verbs involved, as well as to the licensing mode of the two DPs participating in the event structure that expresses the locative relation. After a literature revision about the topic-subject and the foundations of the generative enterprise, the derivational hypothesis that we assume in this work considers a structure similar to that of the transitive sentences without, however, the agentive Voice projection. We consider instead a high applicative head, with person features, whose function is to identify an event capable of receiving a location and to introduce a new affected participant, with a locative thematic relation between it and the VP. From the diachronic point of view, we assume that the parameter involved in the implementation of the locative topic in the BP grammar would be in the same parametric network related to the change in the null subject parameter. Besides, a research was made with historical corpora spanning the period from the nineteenth century to the twenty-first century, aiming to track a probable development of the constructions with locative phrases in pre-verbal position, in variation with locatives in post-verbal position, waiting to find occurrences of constructions showing the topic-subject properties. We used ads, personal letters and interviews, all of which were limited to the state of São Paulo. The methodology used was quantitative and sought to account for variables present in all sentences with phrases associated to locative interpretation.

M.Ed. (Media Studies) / Please refer to full text to view abstract