This study was carried out as part of efforts to better understand the factors that impinge on childbirth service delivery and to develop guidelines to help improve the quality and safety of childbirth services in Ghana. The objectives were to: assess the factors that influence client-centredness; explore women’s and health professional’s views of and experiences with client-centred childbirth services; and develop guidelines to assist improve client-centred childbirth services in hospitals. The fixed mixed methods design comprising both quantitative and qualitative methods was employed. Structured questionnaire and exit interviews were used to gather data from 754 women who delivered in the hospitals. Furthermore, in-depth interviews were used to examine the experiences of women, doctors and midwives. STATA MP Version 13 was used to analyse the data by generating frequencies, chi-square and binary logistic regression results. Qualitative data analysis was analysed through data reduction, data display and generation of themes and categories. The process of developing the guidelines comprised: drafting based on the findings of the study and additional literature review, and a number of reviews by senior health professionls to build consesnsus on the content. With a response rate of 97.8%, the results indicated average performance. A number of the items examined under demographic characteristics, ante-natal, labour and postnatal care were significantly associated with the experience of excellent client-centred care. These included: number of weeks pregnant before delivery; health professional who assisted with delivery; mode of delivery; labour pain management; and length of stay after delivery. On the whole, the findings of the quantitative study were support by that of the structured interviews. Most of the themes from in-depth interviews with women were had to do with the relationship between health care provider and clients. Issues of support during childbirth; decision-making and informed choice; and continuity were raised. Themes deduced from the doctors’ and midwives’ interviews demonstrated a fair understanding of principles of client-centred care and delineated relational as well as client, health care worker and organisational factors that facilitate or limit effective implementation of client-centred care. The findings of the studies were used to develop guidelines to help improve services. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health, Ghana adopt the guidelines and provide the enabling environment for its effective implementation. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Dans le cadre d’une stratégie nationale visant les objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement 4 et 5 au Maroc - réduire la mortalité maternelle et infantile -, un plan d’action a été développé au sein des trois systèmes (socioculturel, éducationnel, disciplinaire) dans lesquels évolue un rôle professionnel de la santé et ce, pour renforcer le rôle professionnel de la sage-femme. La présente thèse vise à évaluer le niveau d’implantation du plan d’action et à comprendre les facteurs contextuels ayant affecté son implantation et susceptibles d’empêcher l’atteinte de ses effets. Le cadre conceptuel adopté dérive du modèle de Hatem-Asmar (1997) concernant l’interaction entre les systèmes éducationnel, disciplinaire et socioculturel pour changer un rôle professionnel de la santé; et le cadre de Damschroder et al. (2009) pour l’analyse de l’implantation d’une intervention en santé. Le devis est une étude de cas unique à trois niveaux d’analyse. Les données sont recueillies à partir de multiples sources de données : 11 entrevues individuelles semi-structurées, 20 groupes de discussion, observations d’activités de formation, analyse de documents. Les résultats ont montré des déficits notables au niveau de l’implantation. Seize barrières et sept facilitateurs ont été catégorisés sous les construits du cadre de Damschroder et al. (2009) et sous les dimensions des trois systèmes. Un alignement inadéquat entre les dimensions (valeurs, méthodes, acteurs et finalités) du système socioculturel et celles (valeurs, méthodes, acteurs) des systèmes éducationnel et disciplinaire d’une part, avec le plan d’action d’autre part empêche son implantation globale. La structure bureaucratique et le manque de préparation du système socioculturel ont constitué les barrières les plus influentes sur: la diffusion de l’information; l’implication des acteurs du terrain dans le processus; et l’état de préparation du système éducationnel. Les principaux facilitateurs étaient : les valeurs promues à l’égard des droits humains et le mouvement politique pour renforcer le rôle professionnel de la sage-femme et réduire la mortalité maternelle. Quant au plan, il a été perçu comme étant bénéfique mais complexe et émanant d’une source externe. Les résultats mettent l’accent sur la nécessité de contourner les barrières identifiées dans les trois systèmes afin d’obtenir des contextes propices à la production des effets. Par ailleurs, les résultats ont soulevé aussi sept barrières qui risquent de compromettre l’atteinte des effets désirés. Elles concernent: le cadre légal, les représentations sociales et le support médiatique au niveau du système socioculturel; le réseautage et les mécanismes de communication, les caractéristiques liées au rôle, à l’environnement de pratique, et le niveau de préparation du système disciplinaire. Notre recherche confirme qu’un changement visant le système éducationnel isolément représente une vision réductrice pour le renforcement du rôle des sages-femmes. Une combinaison des conditions contextuelles favorables au niveau des dimensions des trois systèmes est requise pour atteindre le but de la stratégie gouvernementale, soit fournir des sages-femmes qualifiées selon les normes globales de la Confédération Internationale des sages-femmes, capables d’offrir des soins de qualité en santé de la reproduction qui permettront de contribuer à réduire la mortalité maternelle et néonatale. / As part of a national strategy for reaching the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in Morocco – to reduce maternal and infant mortality - an action plan covering the three systems (socio-cultural, educational, disciplinary) in which evolves a health professional role was developed in order to strengthen the midwifery professional role. This thesis aims to assess the level of implementation of the action plan and to understand the contextual factors affecting its implementation and that may prevent reaching the targeted outcomes. We used a conceptual framework that builds on Hatem-Asmar’s model regarding the interaction between the socio-cultural, educational and disciplinary systems to change a health professional role; and on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) for the implementation analysis of a health intervention. A single case study design with three levels of analysis was chosen for this thesis. The data were collected through multiple data sources: 11 individual semi-structured interviews, 20 focus groups, observations of training activities, analysis of documents. The results showed a significant deficit in the implementation. Sixteen barriers and seven facilitators encountered during the implementation were categorized into the four system’s dimensions. Misalignment between the dimensions (values, methods, actors and targets) of the socio-cultural system and those (values, methods, actors) of the educational and disciplinary systems on the one hand, and with the action plan on the other hand, prevent its global implementation. The bureaucratic structure and lack of readiness of the socio-cultural system were among the most influential barriers on: diffusion of information; involvement of key actors in the process, readiness of the educational system. The main facilitators were the values promoted with respect to human rights, and the political movement to strengthen midwives’ professional role and to reduce maternal mortality. The plan was perceived as beneficial but complex and externally driven. The results emphasize the need to overcome the barriers identified in the three systems in order to obtain contextual conditions favorable to achieve outcomes. In addition, seven barriers were identified in the analysis that may compromise the achievement of the targeted outcomes. They relate to the: legal framework, social representations and media support at the socio-cultural system; and the practice environment, networks and communication mechanisms, characteristics related to the role and the readiness of the disciplinary system. Our research confirms that conducting a change in the educational system represents a partially focused view for strengthening the midwives’ role. A combination of favorable contextual conditions at the dimensions of the three systems is required to achieve the goal of the government's strategy which is to provide qualified midwives according to the International Confederation of Midwives global standards for midwifery, able to provide quality reproductive health care, and to contribute to reducing maternal and neonatal mortality.

As escolas médicas brasileiras encontram-se diante do desafio de mudar para formar protissional crítico, capaz de aprender a aprender, de trabalhar em equipe, de levar em conta a realidade social para prestar atenção humana e de qualidade. As mudanças necessárias são profundas porque implicam a transformação de concepções, práticas e de relações de poder, tanto nos espaços internos das universidades, como em suas relações com a sociedade, especialmente como os serviços de saúde e com a população. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar algumas das principais causas das sucessivas histórias de resultados desfavoráveis nas tentativas de mudar a educação médica; analisar como essas questões e problemas cruciais vêm sendo tratados em dois processos de mudança na educação médica atualmente considerados promissores, quais sejam as transformações curriculares de Marília e de Londrina; e construir um conjunto de idéias, propostas e instrumentos que contribuam para a produção de mudanças efetivas na educação médica no Brasil. A metodologia adotada foi a de estudo de caso informado pelo referencial crítico-dialético. Foi feita uma análise política dos processos, assumindo o poder como categoria analítica central. Nos dois casos estudados estão em curso mudanças profundas no âmbito da organização institucional, das concepções e das práticas, bem como das relações entre professores, estudantes, profissionais dos serviços e população. Há avanços significativos, mas também problemas e conflitos, níveis diferentes de acumulação de poder técnico e político, sendo necessário um período de consolidação. / Brazilian medical schools have to face the challenge of changing so as to graduate professionals capable of critical and self conducted learning, of working in teams, of taking social reality into account in the clinical practice and of delivering health attention of good quality. Deep changes will be necessary as conceptions, practices and of relations of power inside and outside the university have to be addressed. This study meant to analyze the main causes of the previous unsuccessful experiences of changes in medical education in Brazil; to analyze how the identified critical questions are being dealt in two changing processes that are taking place in Marília and Londrina and build a set of ideals, proposals and tools that can be useful for changing medical education in Brazil. The adopted methodology was a case study orientated through the critical-dialectic reference. A political analysis was made, taking power as the central analytical category. Both of the studied cases reveal deep changes in the fields of institutional organization, conceptions and practices and relations between faculties, students, health professionals and people. Both groups present relevant results, but also problems and conflicts and different leveis of technical and political power accumulation, what makes necessary a consolidation phase to take place.

Este estudo de caso buscou caracterizar a clientela de camadas populares e médias de um serviço de saúde \"alternativo\", com uma proposta de parto ambulatorial realizado fora do hospital, assistido por obstetrizes. Seu objetivo principal foi o de compreender a forma como ambas as clientelas conheceram e passaram a freqüentar esse serviço e os motivos que as levaram a fazerem essa opção, buscando reconhecer semelhanças e diferenças entre elas. O serviço em estudo foi o ambulatório e a Casa de Parto da Associação Comunitária Monte Azul - ACOMA, associação antroposófica que tinha, por objetivo, prestar serviços de saúde, prioritariamente, a moradores de duas favelas e do bairro em que se situa. A análise parte de uma abordagem antropológica, na qual a parturição é vista como uma arena, em que concepções e práticas conflitantes e competitivas se confrontam e se articulam. Foram utilizados métodos e técnicas qualitativos e quantitativos. A realização de entrevistas semi-abertas, visando a apreender as narrativas dos sujeitos acerca de suas vivências de gestação e parto, ao lado da observação participante de consultas de pré-natal e parto foram os principais instrumentos da análise qualitativa empreendida. Foi usada metodologia quantitativa para caracterizar o cenário da investigação, em que se procurou traçar o perfil sócio-epidemiológico de 564 mulheres atendidas nesse serviço, no período entre abril de 1995 e março de 1998, e de seus recém- nascidos, a partir das Declarações de Nascidos Vivos. Os resultados do levantamento sócioepidemiológico indicam que a maioria de sua clientela (77,2%) reside fora da área de abrangência prioritária da ACOMA. Por outro lado, a grande maioria dessas mulheres (93,5%) pertence aos estratos mais pobres da população do Município de São Paulo. As maneiras pelas quais a clientela soube da existência desse serviço e padrões de freqüência ao pré-natal são descritas e analisadas, quantitativa e qualitativamente, apontando para continuidades e descontinuidades entre a clientela \"particular\" e de \"usuárias\". Destaca-se que, para muitas \"usuárias\", a ACOMA era o serviço de prénatal mais freqüentado na gestação, e 44,2% dessas, deram à luz no mesmo serviço. A tendência predominante entre as \"clientes particulares\", por outro lado, era a de realizarem o pré-natal, simultaneamente, nesse e em outro serviço, pois procuravam a ACOMA, com a intenção de evitarem um parto hospitalar e de conferirem a proposta de parto do mesmo. As razões apresentadas e que levaram à escolha desse serviço para realizarem o parto foram múltiplas e complexas e acompanhadas de constrangimentos de ordem sócio-econômica e cultural. Entre elas, destacaram-se, o relacionamento com profissionais de saúde, a percepção de riscos em relação ao parto e a possibilidade de contar com acompanhantes de sua escolha, no momento do parto. Entre as \"usuárias\", o maior temor em relação ao parto hospitalar era o de não ter acesso a um leito, na hora necessária, e, entre as \"clientes particulares\", temia-se a cesárea desnecessária. Questões que se colocaram e que merecem ser aprofundadas referem-se a certas noções e valores em relação à sexualidade e à maternidade e sua associação com noções de \"modernidade\" em relação à família e ao parto, bem como sobre o processo de constituição da autoridade cultural e social de profissionais de saúde. / This study describes some of the characteristics of lower and middle class clients of an \"alternative\" health care center in which midwives were assigned to maternity care in an out clinic. It\'s primary objective was to understand how clients became familiar with the proposal; the patterns of attendance; why they chose this form of maternity care in a context where hospital birth is predominant, and whether there were significant differences in these patterns according to social class. This study was conducted at the Monte Azul Clinic and Birth Center, administrated by the Monte Azul Community Association (ACOMA). The latter is an anthroposophical association, whose basic objective is to attend to demands of the inhabitants of two shanty towns and the surrounding neighborhood. An anthropological approach in which birth is viewed as an arena where conflicting and competitve concepts and pratices are articulated and confront themselves is adopted in analysis. Qualitative and quantitative methods and techniques were employed. Interviews focused on the experiences with respect to pregnancy and birthing among the subjects of this study. Participant observation of pre-natal consultations and of childbirths were also conducted. In order to characterize the context of the field of research, quantitative methodology was employed. A social and epidemiological profile was constructed of the 564 women (as well as their newborns) who gave birth between April 1995 and March 1998, receiving maternity care from midwives working at the Clinic and Birth Center during this period. For this purpose data was collected from the Declaração de Nascidos Vivos - Live Birth Form, a document from the Ministry of Health, filled out at birth by the birth attendant which records data concerning live births. Results indicate that the majority of it\'s clients (77,2%) did not live within the association\'s \"target\" community. On the other hand, data indicates that the majority of women attended (93,5%) belonged to the poorest segments of the population of Sao Paulo City. How clients were informed about the existence of this Clinic and Birth Center as well as patterns of attendance are described and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Continuities and discontinuities with respect to these patterns among the Clinic\'s clients and the midwives\' private clients are described and analyzed. Many of the Clinic\'s clients, recurred to this service predominantly for their prenatal checkups and 44,2% of these women recurred to the midwives\' assistance for maternity care. Among the midwives\' private patients, on the other hand, the predominant tendency was to do prenatal checkups simultaneously at the clinic and at other clinics where they were attended by obstetricians. The latter wanted to avoid hospital maternity care and attended prenatal checkups so as to confer and perhaps adhere to the midwives\' proposal of maternity care. Reasons presented with respect to choice of care in childbirth are multiple and complex, involving social, economic and cultural constraints. Among the reasons referred to in the interviews, the most recurrent were the quality of the relationship established with the health professionals; perception of risks with respect to childbirth; and the possibility of having support persons of their choice present during labour and childbirth. Among the clinic\'s clients, the fear of not gaining access to a hospital bed in due time was their major concern with respect to hospital maternity care. Among the midwives\' private patients, the fear of being submitted to a unnecessary cesarean section was a major concern with respect to hospital maternity care. Themes which emerged in this study and require further research include notions of \'modernity\' and their association to concepts and values concerning sexuality and maternity as well as questions related to the construction of cultural and social authority.

Este estudo de caso buscou caracterizar a clientela de camadas populares e médias de um serviço de saúde \"alternativo\", com uma proposta de parto ambulatorial realizado fora do hospital, assistido por obstetrizes. Seu objetivo principal foi o de compreender a forma como ambas as clientelas conheceram e passaram a freqüentar esse serviço e os motivos que as levaram a fazerem essa opção, buscando reconhecer semelhanças e diferenças entre elas. O serviço em estudo foi o ambulatório e a Casa de Parto da Associação Comunitária Monte Azul - ACOMA, associação antroposófica que tinha, por objetivo, prestar serviços de saúde, prioritariamente, a moradores de duas favelas e do bairro em que se situa. A análise parte de uma abordagem antropológica, na qual a parturição é vista como uma arena, em que concepções e práticas conflitantes e competitivas se confrontam e se articulam. Foram utilizados métodos e técnicas qualitativos e quantitativos. A realização de entrevistas semi-abertas, visando a apreender as narrativas dos sujeitos acerca de suas vivências de gestação e parto, ao lado da observação participante de consultas de pré-natal e parto foram os principais instrumentos da análise qualitativa empreendida. Foi usada metodologia quantitativa para caracterizar o cenário da investigação, em que se procurou traçar o perfil sócio-epidemiológico de 564 mulheres atendidas nesse serviço, no período entre abril de 1995 e março de 1998, e de seus recém- nascidos, a partir das Declarações de Nascidos Vivos. Os resultados do levantamento sócioepidemiológico indicam que a maioria de sua clientela (77,2%) reside fora da área de abrangência prioritária da ACOMA. Por outro lado, a grande maioria dessas mulheres (93,5%) pertence aos estratos mais pobres da população do Município de São Paulo. As maneiras pelas quais a clientela soube da existência desse serviço e padrões de freqüência ao pré-natal são descritas e analisadas, quantitativa e qualitativamente, apontando para continuidades e descontinuidades entre a clientela \"particular\" e de \"usuárias\". Destaca-se que, para muitas \"usuárias\", a ACOMA era o serviço de prénatal mais freqüentado na gestação, e 44,2% dessas, deram à luz no mesmo serviço. A tendência predominante entre as \"clientes particulares\", por outro lado, era a de realizarem o pré-natal, simultaneamente, nesse e em outro serviço, pois procuravam a ACOMA, com a intenção de evitarem um parto hospitalar e de conferirem a proposta de parto do mesmo. As razões apresentadas e que levaram à escolha desse serviço para realizarem o parto foram múltiplas e complexas e acompanhadas de constrangimentos de ordem sócio-econômica e cultural. Entre elas, destacaram-se, o relacionamento com profissionais de saúde, a percepção de riscos em relação ao parto e a possibilidade de contar com acompanhantes de sua escolha, no momento do parto. Entre as \"usuárias\", o maior temor em relação ao parto hospitalar era o de não ter acesso a um leito, na hora necessária, e, entre as \"clientes particulares\", temia-se a cesárea desnecessária. Questões que se colocaram e que merecem ser aprofundadas referem-se a certas noções e valores em relação à sexualidade e à maternidade e sua associação com noções de \"modernidade\" em relação à família e ao parto, bem como sobre o processo de constituição da autoridade cultural e social de profissionais de saúde. / This study describes some of the characteristics of lower and middle class clients of an \"alternative\" health care center in which midwives were assigned to maternity care in an out clinic. It\'s primary objective was to understand how clients became familiar with the proposal; the patterns of attendance; why they chose this form of maternity care in a context where hospital birth is predominant, and whether there were significant differences in these patterns according to social class. This study was conducted at the Monte Azul Clinic and Birth Center, administrated by the Monte Azul Community Association (ACOMA). The latter is an anthroposophical association, whose basic objective is to attend to demands of the inhabitants of two shanty towns and the surrounding neighborhood. An anthropological approach in which birth is viewed as an arena where conflicting and competitve concepts and pratices are articulated and confront themselves is adopted in analysis. Qualitative and quantitative methods and techniques were employed. Interviews focused on the experiences with respect to pregnancy and birthing among the subjects of this study. Participant observation of pre-natal consultations and of childbirths were also conducted. In order to characterize the context of the field of research, quantitative methodology was employed. A social and epidemiological profile was constructed of the 564 women (as well as their newborns) who gave birth between April 1995 and March 1998, receiving maternity care from midwives working at the Clinic and Birth Center during this period. For this purpose data was collected from the Declaração de Nascidos Vivos - Live Birth Form, a document from the Ministry of Health, filled out at birth by the birth attendant which records data concerning live births. Results indicate that the majority of it\'s clients (77,2%) did not live within the association\'s \"target\" community. On the other hand, data indicates that the majority of women attended (93,5%) belonged to the poorest segments of the population of Sao Paulo City. How clients were informed about the existence of this Clinic and Birth Center as well as patterns of attendance are described and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Continuities and discontinuities with respect to these patterns among the Clinic\'s clients and the midwives\' private clients are described and analyzed. Many of the Clinic\'s clients, recurred to this service predominantly for their prenatal checkups and 44,2% of these women recurred to the midwives\' assistance for maternity care. Among the midwives\' private patients, on the other hand, the predominant tendency was to do prenatal checkups simultaneously at the clinic and at other clinics where they were attended by obstetricians. The latter wanted to avoid hospital maternity care and attended prenatal checkups so as to confer and perhaps adhere to the midwives\' proposal of maternity care. Reasons presented with respect to choice of care in childbirth are multiple and complex, involving social, economic and cultural constraints. Among the reasons referred to in the interviews, the most recurrent were the quality of the relationship established with the health professionals; perception of risks with respect to childbirth; and the possibility of having support persons of their choice present during labour and childbirth. Among the clinic\'s clients, the fear of not gaining access to a hospital bed in due time was their major concern with respect to hospital maternity care. Among the midwives\' private patients, the fear of being submitted to a unnecessary cesarean section was a major concern with respect to hospital maternity care. Themes which emerged in this study and require further research include notions of \'modernity\' and their association to concepts and values concerning sexuality and maternity as well as questions related to the construction of cultural and social authority.

Across the United States, an overwhelming majority of the population claim that religion and spirituality beliefs shape their worldview and assist in coping with life stressors. Yet, the literature has shown that mental health practitioners reported discomfort integrating religion and spiritually in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to explore whether license-holding mental health professionals in Southern California develop reluctance toward addressing religion/spirituality with their clients. Through snowball sampling, 52 clinicians composed of social workers, counselors, marriage and family therapists, nurses, psychologists, and psychiatrists were recruited across Southern California (N =52). The participants were measured descriptively based on (a) confidence in their ability to integrate client beliefs into treatment and (b) their comfort discussing topics related to RS with their clients. Results revealed an overall level of reluctance ranging from 15 percent (for comfortability) to 25 percent (for ability) among the study participants. Licensed clinical social workers reported slightly lower reluctance level than other licensed professionals. Implications of the findings were discussed.

Inledning: Äldre personer med kognitiv svikt, exempelvis i form av demenssjukdom, delirium eller depression, är en vanligt förekommande population inom svensk sjukhusvård. Dessa äldre kan ha särskilda behov till följd av en försämrad kognition, men litteraturen tyder på att akutsjukhusens miljö, organisation och vårdprocesser inte alltid stödjer tillgodoseendet av dessa behov. Syfte: Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att belysa vården av äldre personer med kognitiv svikt i sjukhusmiljöer. Metoder: Avhandlingen består av fyra delstudie. I studie I tillämpades en tvärsnittsdesign för att utforska personalens attityder till äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt, personalens tillfredsställelse med vården och arbetet samt upplevelsen av personcentrerat vårdklimat (n=391). I studie II användes en Grounded theory design för att undersöka hinder för personcentrerad vård för äldre personer med kognitiv svikt på en akutmedicinsk vårdavdelning. I studie III tillämpades en tvärsnittsdesign för att utforska de psykometriska egenskaperna i den svenska versionen av ”The Person-centred care of Older People with cognitive impairment in Acute Care scale” (POPAC) i ett urval av sjukhuspersonal (n=293). I studie IV användes en fenomenologisk hermeneutisk design för att belysa innebörder av att vårda äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt på akuta sjukvårdavdelningar utifrån vårdpersonals (n=13) berättelser. Resultat: Studie I visade att deltagande personal skattade en neutral attityd till äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt i spektret mellan negativa och positiva attityder, samt att faktorer som att vara yngre, undersköterska och att uppleva vården av de äldre som betungande, hade samband med mer negativa attityder. Resultaten visade också att vårdpersonal upplevde att äldre patienters kognition sällan utvärderades under vårdtiden, samt att man sällan baserade vården på evidensbaserade riktlinjer för vård av äldre med kognitiv svikt. Studie II belyste att ett organisatoriskt fokus på medicinska behov, åtgärder och rutiner bidrog till att personal hamnade steget efter i relation till att synliggöra och möta dessa äldre personers multidimensionella behov, och att detta kunde medföra tecken på vårdlidande för de äldre, utanförskap för närstående och frustration för personal. Studie III stödde en fortsatt användning av POPAC-skalan för skattningar av upplevd förekomst av personcentrerade vårdprocesser för äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt, men att ytterligare studier rekommenderades framförallt av skalans olika dimensioner. Studie IV belyste att ju större avstånd som upplevs mellan vad vårdpersonalen kan göra (verklig vård) och vad de vill göra (ideal vård) för äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt i akuta vårdmiljöer, desto meningslösare upplevs vården, och desto större blir hotet mot personalens personlig-professionella integritet. Den tolkade helheten visar på att vårda äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt inom akutsjukvård betyder att försöka ge omvårdnad i miljöer som inte stödjer vårdpersonalens personlig-professionella integritet Slutsatser: En rimlig konklusion av dessa resultat är att det i sjukhusmiljöer där äldre patienter ofta vårdas kan finnas anledning att diskutera och ytterligare studera hur attityder, synsätt på och målsättningar för vården och dess innehåll, åtgärder och interventioner kan främja eller motverka en god omvårdnad för de äldre med kognitiv svikt. Det kan också finnas anledning att se över hur personalen kan stödjas i att ge person-centrerad vård till de äldre, exempelvis genom riktlinjer för vård av äldre personer med kognitiv svikt, standardiserade skattningar av kognition, samt implementering av vårdprocesser som stödjer en personcentrerad vård för dessa patienter. Det kan också finnas behov av att ytterligare kritiskt granska hur organisatoriska och miljömässiga faktorer på avdelningar stödjer eller motverkar en personcentrerad vård för äldre patienter med kognitiv svikt. Därtill kan det finnas behov av att skapa ytterligare förutsättningar för vårdpersonalen att bevara och utveckla sin personlig-professionella integritet genom att utveckla miljöer som ger möjligheter för dem att ge en god omvårdnad till dessa äldre. / Introduction: Older people with cognitive impairment such as dementia, delirium or depression, are commonly cared for in acute hospital wards. These older people may have specific needs associated with a cognitive impairment. However, literature indicates that the milieu, organisation and care processes in acute care not always support in meeting these needs. Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to illuminate care of older people with cognitive impairment in hospital environments. Methods: The thesis consists of four studies. Study I used a cross-sectional design to explore staff attitudes toward older people with cognitive impairment, staff satisfaction with care and work and perceived person-centeredness of the ward (n=391). Study II used a Grounded theory design to explore barriers to person-centred care for older people with cognitive impairment at an acute medical ward. Study III used a cross-sectional design to explore the psychometric properties of the Swedish version person-centred care for older people with cognitive impairment scale (POPAC) in a sample of acute hospital staff (n=293). Study IV used a phenomenological hermeneutic design to explore the meanings of caring for older people with cognitive impairment in acute hospital wards as narrated by nursing staff (n=13). Results: Study I showed that participating staff estimated a neutral attitude to older people with cognitive impairment in the spectrum between negative and positive attitudes, and that factors such as being younger, a nurse assistant and experiencing the care of older people with cognitive impairment as burdensome, were associated with more negative attitudes. The results also showed that healthcare professionals felt that older patients' cognitive ability was rarely evaluated during hospitalisation, and that care were rarely based on evidence-based guidelines for care of older people with cognitive impairment. Study II illuminated that an organizational focus on medical needs, interventions and routines contributed to staff falling behind in relation to meeting these older patients' multidimensional needs, and that this could lead to signs of suffering for older patients, feelings of being excluded for relatives, and a frustration for staff. Study III supported a continued use of the POPAC scale for ratings of perceived prevalence of person-centred care processes for older people with cognitive impairment, but further studies was recommended to explore scale dimensionality. Study IV illuminated that the greater a gap that is experienced between what nurses can do (real) and what they want to do (ideal) in caring for older patients with cognitive impairment in acute care settings, the more meaningless care is experienced and the greater a threat is experienced to the nurses personal-professional integrity. The comprehensive understanding indicated that caring for older people with cognitive impairment in acute care settings means to provide nursing care in an environment that does not support the nurses’ possibilities to protect and develop their personal-professional integrity. Conclusions: A reasonable conclusion from these studies is that there may be reasons to further discuss and study how attitudes, perspectives, and goals for care, together with the content, procedures and interventions that can support or obstruct good nursing care for older people with cognitive impairment in hospital settings. There may also be reasons to explore how staff can be supported to provide person-centred care to these older patients, for example through guidelines for care of older people with cognitive impairment, standardised assessments of cognitive ability, and implementation of care processes that supports person-centred care. In addition, to further critically examine how organisational and environmental factors in hospital wards can support or obstruct person-centred care for older patients seems needed. There may also be a need to further develop conditions that can support nursing staff to maintain and develop their personal-professional integrity, by developing environments that provides further possibilities to provide good care for these older patients. / <p>Centrum för personcentrerad vård vid Göteborgs universitet </p>

La prise optimale d’un traitement antirétroviral est la clé du succès de ces traitements. Cette prise devrait être d’au moins 95 % des médicaments antirétroviraux prescrits afin de supprimer à long terme la réplication virale et donc de restaurer et de préserver la fonction immunologique. Cependant, les personnes vivant avec le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (PVVIH) éprouvent des difficultés à adopter et à maintenir ce niveau de prise dans le temps. Bien que certaines interventions aient démontré leur capacité à faciliter ce comportement, au Québec il n’y a pas d’intervention systématique pour soutenir ces personnes dans la prise quotidienne de ces traitements. Le but de cette étude était donc de développer et d’évaluer une intervention pour faciliter le comportement de prise optimale d’un traitement antirétroviral chez des personnes vivant avec le VIH. Pour guider le développement de l’intervention, la démarche appelée « intervention mapping » a été suivie. Le cadre théorique proposé par Godin et ses collègues (2005) qui inclut le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle et les attitudes positives face à la prise optimale d’un traitement antirétroviral a été ainsi utilisé non seulement pour prédire et expliquer le comportement de prise, mais aussi pour élaborer l’intervention. Selon ce modèle, le soutien social, la satisfaction envers les professionnels et le fait de ne pas ressentir d’effets indésirables sont autant de facteurs modifiables associés au sentiment d’efficacité personnelle et aux attitudes positives. L’intervention développée visait l’acquisition et la mobilisation des habiletés nécessaires pour influencer ces facteurs en vue de rehausser le sentiment d’efficacité personnelle et les attitudes positives ainsi que pour faciliter ce comportement. Cette intervention comportait quatre rencontres d’une durée de 45 à 75 minutes, s’échelonnant sur 12 semaines, avec une infirmière iii possédant une expertise en VIH. L’évaluation de l’effet de cette intervention sur le comportement et les variables explicatives a été effectuée à l’aide d’un essai clinique avec répartition aléatoire. La principale variable résultat a été mesurée à l’aide d’un questionnaire autoadministré, de la charge virale et du nombre de CD4. Autant la variable résultat principale que les variables explicatives ont été mesurées avant l’intervention et après celle-ci, soit à 12 et 24 semaines. L’échantillon était constitué de 51, personnes vivant avec le VIH et suivies dans une clinique à Montréal : 23 dans le groupe contrôle et 28 dans le groupe expérimental. Des analyses de variance (ANOVA) à mesures répétées ont été réalisées afin d’analyser l’effet de l’intervention sur la prise optimale d’un traitement antirétroviral et les autres variables intermédiaires dans le temps. Les résultats montrent une tendance positive (p = 0,056) quant à l’obtention d’une charge virale indétectable dans le groupe intervention. Ainsi, 43,8 % plus de personnes du groupe expérimental comparativement au groupe contrôle (78,6 % versus 34,8 %) avaient une charge virale indétectable à 12 semaines et 32,8 % de plus à 24 semaines (89,3 % versus 56,5 %). Bien qu’aucun effet significatif ait été trouvé en regard des variables explicatives, probablement à cause d’un manque de puissance statistique, les légères augmentations observées dans le groupe expérimental sont cohérentes avec le modèle théorique utilisé (Godin & al., 2005). Cette étude contribue à l’avancement des connaissances en proposant une intervention pour faciliter la prise optimale d’un traitement antirétroviral chez des personnes vivant avec le VIH. / The key to the success of antiretroviral treatment is optimal treatment taking. At least 95% of prescribed antiretroviral treatments (ARV) have to be taken to achieve long-term suppression of viral replication and so restore and preserve immunologic functioning. However, people living with acquired immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) have problems adopting and sustaining this level of medication taking over time. Although some interventions have demonstrated they can facilitate this behaviour, in Quebec there are no systematic interventions to support PLHIV in daily treatment taking. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate an intervention to facilitate optimal antiretroviral-treatment-taking behaviour among people living with HIV. Development of the intervention was guided by an approach known as “intervention mapping.” Accordingly, the theoretical framework put forward by Godin and his colleagues (2005), which includes the factors of self-efficacy and attitudes, was used not only to predict and explain treatment-taking behaviour but also to develop the intervention. In the model, self-efficacy and attitudes are associated with a number of modifiable factors: social support, satisfaction with health professionals and not feeling adverse effects. The goal of the intervention was therefore the acquisition and mobilization of skills in order to affect these factors and, consequently, enhance self-efficacy and positive attitudes towards taking one’s ARV treatment, thus facilitating the desired behaviour. The individualized intervention was structured as four 45- to 75-minute meetings held over a 12-week period with a nurse who had expertise in HIV. A randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of the intervention on behaviour and on the explanatory variables. A self-administered questionnaire, viral load and CD4 count were used to measure the principal outcome variable. vi Measurements of the principal outcome and the explanatory variables were made before the intervention and at 12 weeks and at 24 weeks post-intervention. The sample comprised 51 people living with HIV who were being followed at a clinic in Montreal: 23 in the control group and 28 in the experimental group. Data were subjected to repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The intervention was found to have a positively trend (p = 0.056) in terms of achieving an undetectable viral load : 43.8 % more persons of the experimental group compared with the group control (78.6 % versus 34.8 %) had an undetectable viral load at 12 weeks and 32.8 % more at 24 weeks (89.3 % versus 56.5 %). Probably the lack of statistical power meant no significant effect was found on the explanatory variables, but the small increases observed in the experimental group are consistent with the theoretical model (Godin et al., 2005). This study contributes to knowledge by proposing an intervention to facilitate optimal antiretroviral-treatment taking among PLHIV.

Esta tese teve como objeto de estudo a compreensão da emergência de realidades no ensino superior da saúde, segundo a singularidade da área de fisioterapia, mediante seus atos e vozes nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. Entendi ter-se organizado um movimento social por entre o debate das diretrizes curriculares. No encontro com profissionais da fisioterapia, procurei saber em que momento emergiu para esta profissão a possibilidade de mudança – sob a forma das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais – no saber-fazer-ensinar fisioterapêutico. Uso um movimento social por entre o debate das diretrizes curriculares. No encontro com profissionais da fisioterapia, procurei saber em que momento emergiu para esta profissão a possibilidade de mudança – sob a forma das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais – no saber-fazer-ensinar fisioterapêutico. Uso da ciência da complexidade e da teoria das realidades emergentes, para propor uma imagem e interpretação da conformação de novidades no ensino superior da fisioterapia, considerados os atos e as vozes de profissionais dessa área que militam pela educação e pelo lugar que a formação deve tomar na invenção de mundos (da técnica, do trabalho, das relações sociais, da ciência, da clínica em saúde). O delineamento metodológico utilizado para a realização da investigação foi o estudo de caso. Busquei, como atores-chave, profissionais da área da fisioterapia, atuantes na construção das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais, partindo dos especialistas no ensino de fisioterapia ligados à comissão de especialistas na Secretaria do Ensino Superior do Ministério da Educação, entre 1997 e 1999, e à Associação Brasileira de Ensino em Fisioterapia, a partir de 1999. Na construção dessas diretrizes curriculares, procurei o conhecimento das relações e interconexões provocadas pela área da fisioterapia junto à grande área da saúde e às transformações desejadas no âmbito do trabalho em equipes multiprofissionais e interdisciplinares, da integralidade da atenção em saúde e da apropriação do sistema de saúde brasileiro. Ao fazer a análise do relato de atos e vozes, desenhei sete categorias-movimento: ações e conexões dos atores; movimentos não lineares para a transformação curricular; sistemas dinâmicos no compartilhamento com a grande área da saúde; jogos de força; a singularidade da graduação em fisioterapia em um inventar-se no campo da saúde; movimento social como movimento de invenção de mundos e a emergência de realidade. Como tese, des-cubro/delineio as mudanças curriculares e seus focos como um dispositivo a três polos. Neste estudo, vislumbrou-se que as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais configuraram um produto/resultado de um coletivo composto por docentes, estudantes e profissionais de saúde, integrantes de redes e do movimento de associações que se propunham ao rompimento com o modelo instituído ou modelo tradicional, que buscavam possibilidades de mudança para a integralidade na atenção à saúde, o trabalho em equipes multiprofissionais de saúde e a consonância da formação e do desenvolvimento com os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde. As inovações deveriam propiciar a integração entre educação e saúde na formação profissional da educação superior e sua participação na atenção às demandas de saúde da sociedade. A configuração em rede e o movimento associativo constituíram convicção na profissão e transversalidade interprofissional. As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais/Fisioterapia mostram uma emergência com atores da educação/ensino de fisioterapia engajados em processos e esforços de reconhecimento da profissão na equipe de saúde, em um sistema de acesso universal à saúde e na capacidade de práticas cuidadoras não limitadas à reabilitação. / This thesis aims to study to understand of the emergence of higher education in the realities of health, according to the singularity of the area of physiotherapy, through their actions and voices in the National Curriculum Guidelines. Understood to have an organized social movement among the discussion of curriculum guidelines. At the meeting with professional physiotherapy, I sought to know when this profession emerged to the possibility of change - in the form of the National Curriculum Guidelines - know-how-to-teach physiotherapy. Using the science of complexity theory and the realities of the emerging picture and to propose an interpretation of the formation of new higher education in physiotherapy, considered the actions and voices of professionals in this area that militate for education and where the training should go in the invention of worlds (of technology, work, social relations, science, health clinic). The design methodology used to conduct research was a study of case. Sough, as key actors, professionals of physiotherapy, working in the construction of the National Curriculum Guidelines, based on the experts in teaching physiotherapy related to the commission of experts in the Department of Higher Education of the Ministry of Education, between 1997 and 1999, and Brazilian Association of Education in Physiotherapy, since 1999. In the construction of these curriculum guidelines, sought the knowledge of the relationships and interconnections caused by the area of physiotherapy with the great health area and desired changes in the work in interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary teams, the completeness of health care and ownership of the system Brazilian health. By doing the analysis of reported acts and voices, drew seven-movement categories: actions and connections of the actors, non-linear movements for curriculum transformation, dynamic systems in sharing with the broader health field, games of strength, the degree of uniqueness physiotherapy in an inventing themselves in the field of health social movement as a movement of invention of worlds and the emergence of reality. As a thesis, uncover/delineate changes in curriculum and its focus as a three-pole device. In this study, it was seen that the National Curriculum Guidelines configures a product/result of a collective composed of teachers, students and health professionals, members of networks of associations and movements that were intended to break with the established model or the traditional model, seeking possibilities of change for completeness in health care, work in multidisciplinary teams of health and consistent training and development with the principles of the Unified Health System Innovations should provide integration between health and education in vocational training higher education and participation in health care demands of society. The network configuration and associative movement in the profession and belief formed transverse cross. The National Curriculum Guidelines/physiotherapy show an emergency actors of education/teaching physiotherapy and processes engaged in efforts to recognize the profession in the health team, in a system of universal health care practices and the ability of caregivers not limited to rehabilitation. / Esta tese tiene como objeto de estudio la comprensión de la "emergência de realidades"en la enseñanza superior de la salud, según la singularidad del area de la fisioterapia, mediante sus actos y voces en las "Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais". Comprendí haber organizado un movimiento social entre el debate de las "diretrizes curriculares". En el encuentro con profesionales de la fisioterapia, busqué saber en que momento emergió para esta profesión la posibilidad de cambios- sob la forma de las "Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais"- en el saber-hacer-enseñar fisioterapeutico. Utilizo de la ciencia de la complexidad y de la teoria de las realidades emergentes, para proponer una imagen y interpretación de la conformación de novedades en la enseñanza superior de la fisioterapia considerados los actos y las voces de profesionales de esa area que luchan por la educación y por el lugar que la formación debe tener en la invención de mundos (de la técnica, del trabajo, de las relaciones sociales, de la ciencia y de la clínica en salud). El delineamiento metodológico utilizado para la realización de la investigación fue el estudio de caso. Busqué como actores principales, profesionales del area de la fisioterapia, actuantes en la construcción de las "Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais", partiendo de los especialistas en la enseñanza de fisioterapia ligados a la comisión de especialistas en la " Secretaria do Ensino Superior do Ministério da Educacão" entre 1997 y 1999 y la "Associacão Brasileira de Ensino em Fisioterapia", a partir de 1999. En la contrucción de esas "diretrizes curriculares" busqué el conocimiento de las relaciones e interconexiones provocadas por el area de la fisioterapia junto a la gran area de la salud y las transformaciones deseadas en el trabajo en equipo multiprofesionales e interdiciplinares, de la integralidad de la atención en la salud y de la apropriación del sistema brasileño de salud. Al analizar el relato de actos y voces, dibujé siete categorias-movimiento:acciones y conexiones de los actores; movimientos no lineares para la transformación curricular; sistemas dinámicos compartidos con la gran area de la salud; juegos de fuerza; la singularidad de la graduación en fisioterapia en un "inventar"en el campo de la salud; movimiento social como movimiento de invención de mundos y la emergencia de realidades. Como tese, descubro los cambios curriculares y sus focos como un dispositivo a tres polos. En ese estudio se percebió que las "Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais" configuraran un producto/resultado de un colectivo compuesto por docentes, estudiantes y profesionales de la salud, integrantes de redes y del movimiento de asociaciones favorables al rompimiento como el modelo instituido o modelo tradicional, que buscaban posibilidades de cambios para la integralidad en atención a la salud, el trabajo en equipos multiprofesionales de salud y la consonancia de formación y del desarrollo con los principios del "Sistema Único de Saúde". Las inovaciones deberian propiciar la integración entre educación y salud en la formación profesional de la educación superior y su participación en la atención a las demandas de salud de la sociedad. La configuración en red y el movimiento asociativo constituyeron convicciones en la profesión y trasversalidad interprofesional. Las "Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais/fisioterapia"muestran una emergencia como actores de la educación/enseñanza de fisioterapia que trabajan en procesos y esfuerzos y reconocimiento de la profesión en el equipo de la salud, en un sistema de aceso universal a la salud y en la capacidad de prácticas cuidadoras no limitadas a la reabilitación.

This study was carried out as part of efforts to better understand the factors that impinge on childbirth service delivery and to develop guidelines to help improve the quality and safety of childbirth services in Ghana. The objectives were to: assess the factors that influence client-centredness; explore women’s and health professional’s views of and experiences with client-centred childbirth services; and develop guidelines to assist improve client-centred childbirth services in hospitals. The fixed mixed methods design comprising both quantitative and qualitative methods was employed. Structured questionnaire and exit interviews were used to gather data from 754 women who delivered in the hospitals. Furthermore, in-depth interviews were used to examine the experiences of women, doctors and midwives. STATA MP Version 13 was used to analyse the data by generating frequencies, chi-square and binary logistic regression results. Qualitative data analysis was analysed through data reduction, data display and generation of themes and categories. The process of developing the guidelines comprised: drafting based on the findings of the study and additional literature review, and a number of reviews by senior health professionls to build consesnsus on the content. With a response rate of 97.8%, the results indicated average performance. A number of the items examined under demographic characteristics, ante-natal, labour and postnatal care were significantly associated with the experience of excellent client-centred care. These included: number of weeks pregnant before delivery; health professional who assisted with delivery; mode of delivery; labour pain management; and length of stay after delivery. On the whole, the findings of the quantitative study were support by that of the structured interviews. Most of the themes from in-depth interviews with women were had to do with the relationship between health care provider and clients. Issues of support during childbirth; decision-making and informed choice; and continuity were raised. Themes deduced from the doctors’ and midwives’ interviews demonstrated a fair understanding of principles of client-centred care and delineated relational as well as client, health care worker and organisational factors that facilitate or limit effective implementation of client-centred care. The findings of the studies were used to develop guidelines to help improve services. It is recommended that the Ministry of Health, Ghana adopt the guidelines and provide the enabling environment for its effective implementation. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)