Introdução: A presença de limitações funcionais entre os idosos determina a necessidade de cuidado. Essa necessidade aponta demandas desafiadoras para a família e para os serviços de saúde por ser um grupo complexo. Objetivo: Analisar a necessidade de cuidado, a utilização dos serviços de saúde de idosos residentes no município de São Paulo e as mudanças associadas a essa necessidade ao longo do tempo. Método: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal e analítico, de base domiciliar, e utilizou a base de dados do Estudo SABE (Saúde, Bem estar e Envelhecimento) nos anos de 2006 e 2010. A amostra foi constituída por 1413 idosos ( 60 anos). Considerou-se como necessidade de cuidado, a dificuldade do idoso no desempenho das atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária de acordo com demandas de auxílio nessas atividades. Para identificar os níveis de necessidade de cuidado, utilizou-se o Escalonamento de Guttman. Para avaliar os fatores associados à necessidade de cuidados e os determinantes da mudança utilizaram-se as análises de Regressão Logística e Multinomial Múltiplas. Resultados: Quanto à hierarquia das atividades de vida diária, encontraram boa consistência interna (=0,92), coeficiente de reprodutibilidade igual a 98%, uma probabilidade de erro de 2%, um coeficiente de escalabilidade de 0,84 e reprodutibilidade mínima marginal de 0,87. Em relação à classificação da necessidade de cuidados, 53,3% eram independentes para o cuidado, 26,7% apresentavam necessidade mínima, 10,5% necessidade moderada e 9,4% necessidade máxima. Entre os idosos com necessidade de cuidado, 73,0% referiram ajuda de alguém para as suas demandas. Maiores proporções de idosos com necessidade máxima foram encontradas entre aqueles que utilizaram os serviços de saúde como consulta médica, urgência/emergência e internação (43,8%) e naqueles que usaram somente serviço de urgência/emergência e internação (54,1%). Entre os idosos independentes, os fatores determinantes para necessidade mínima foram sexo feminino (RRR=1,81; IC 95%:1,05-3,13), ter 80 anos e mais (RRR=2,84; IC 95%: 1,17-6,86), mobilidade física prejudicada (RRR=2,94; IC 95%: 1,02-8,43); para necessidade moderada, idosos com 80 anos e mais 5,58 [1,55-20,00] e declínio cognitivo (RRR=7,83; IC 95%:1,60-38,24); e, necessidade máxima, ter entre 70 a 79 anos (RRR= 2,60; IC 95%: 1,13-5,96), ter 80 anos e mais (RRR=5,59; IC 95%: 1,87-16,62) e multimorbidade (RRR= 3,50; IC 95%: 1,32-9,30). Processo de fragilização (OR=2,12; IC 95%: 1,05-4,27) e mobilidade física prejudicada (OR=1,77; IC 95%: 1,01-3,12) foram determinantes para a piora da necessidade de cuidado entre os idosos. Conclusão: A classificação da necessidade de cuidados possibilita a identificação de idosos demandantes de auxílio nas atividades cotidianas e, direcionará os profissionais de saúde na elaboração de uma linha de cuidados. Políticas públicas devem ser elaboradas aos cuidadores, considerando os serviços de saúde e sociais como suporte aos provedores de cuidado / Introduction: The presence of functional limitations in the elderly determines the need for care. This necessity represents challenging demands for the family and the health services as it presents a complex group. Objective: To analyze the need for care, utilization of health care services of elderly residents in the city of São Paulo and the changes associated with this need over time. Method: This was a longitudinal and analytical home-based study, which used the database of the SABE study (Health, Well-being and Aging) in the years 2006 and 2010. The sample consisted of 1.413 elderly individuals ( 60 years). It was considered as the need for care, the difficulty of the elderly in the performance of basic and instrumental activities of daily living according to aid demands in these activities. To identify the care need levels, we used the Guttman Scaling. To evaluate factors associated with the need for care and determinants of change, the analysis of Multiple Logistic and Multiple Multinomial regression were used. Results: Regarding the hierarchy of activities of daily living, good internal consistency was found (=0.92), a coefficient of reproducibility of 98%, an error probability of 2%, a scalability factor of 0.84 and minimum marginal reproducibility of 0.87. In relation to the classification of the need for care, 53.3% were independent for care, 26.7% had minimal need, 10.5% moderate need and 9.4% maximum need. Among the elderly in need of care, 73.0% reported having someone to help with requirements. The largest proportion of elderly maximum need were found between those used those who used health services such as medical consultations, urgent/emergency and hospitalization (43.8%) and those who used only emergency service/emergency and hospitalization (54.1%). Among the independent elderly, the determining factors for minimum need were female (RRR = 1.81, CI 95%: 1.05 - 3.13), have 80 and over (RRR = 2.84, CI 95%: 1.17 - 6.86), impaired physical mobility (RRR = 2.94, CI 95%: 1.02 - 8.43); for moderate need, aged 80 years and over (RRR= 5.58; CI 95%: 1.55 - 20.00) and cognitive decline (RRR = 7.83, 95% CI: 1.60 - 38.24); and maximum need, be between 70 to 79 years (RRR = 2.60; CI 95%: 1.13 - 5.96), have 80 and over (RRR = 5.59, CI 95%: 1.87 -16.62) and multimorbidity (RRR = 3.50; CI 95%: 1.32 - 9.30). Process of frailty (OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.05 - 4.27) and impaired physical mobility (OR = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.01 - 3.12) Conclusion: Classifying the need for care enables identification of elderly individuals requiring help in the activities of daily living and directs health professionals when developing a range of care. Public policies should be developed for caregivers, considering the health and social services as support for the providers of care

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-23T14:49:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriella Ribeiro de Paula - 2014.pdf: 2621465 bytes, checksum: cddc9ae5bcb961c687e89a2a81b300be (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-23T14:51:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriella Ribeiro de Paula - 2014.pdf: 2621465 bytes, checksum: cddc9ae5bcb961c687e89a2a81b300be (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-23T14:51:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gabriella Ribeiro de Paula - 2014.pdf: 2621465 bytes, checksum: cddc9ae5bcb961c687e89a2a81b300be (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-23 / Group activities have shown to be useful and efficient to educational interventions and health promotion in health care in general, especially in basic care. Strategy recommended in several programs of the Brazilian Health Ministry, group work still lacks instruments of assessment of its outcomes. Thus, this study aimed at analyzing the use of assessment of quality of life (QL) as a guide to manage groups of health promotion in the community. This is a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive research study carried out in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, from 2012 to 2013, with 46 elderly people aged over 60 years who participated in two groups (G1 and G2) of health promotion in the community. The participants were interviewed individually in their home or places previously consented for filling and collecting data: sociodemographic questionnaire, WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD. Data was typed and submitted to descriptive analysis in the SPSS Software. 26 elderly (G1) and 20 elderly (G2) participated in this study, mostly female ( 84.6% and 90.0%, respectively) , under the age of 80 (76.9% and 90.0% , respectively). The majority were retired (78.3%), with individual income of up to the Brazilian minimum wage. In the G1, 65.2% of the elderly had up to 4 years of education, whereas in the G2, 80.0% reported having over 4 years of education. In absolute numbers, the highest score achieved by the participants in G1 in the WHOQOL-BREF was regarding the dominium “Social Relations” (75.32), and the lowest in the dominium regarding “Environment” (60.22), whereas in G2, the highest score was in the dominium “Psychologic”(69.25) and the lowest score also regarding the dominium “Environment” (61.56). Highest average scores in absolute numbers achieved in WHOQOL-OLD were reached on facets “ Social Participation”(72.36) by G1, and “Past, Present and Future Activities”(69.25) by G2, whereas the facet “Death and Dying” had the lowest scores (56.73 and 44.06, respectively). The assessment of QL in the elderly was valuable to identify the level of satisfaction of this population with different aspects influencing their well-being and health, allowing coordinators of groups for the elderly to identify the needs of the participants, and then, plan activities more suitable to manage groups of health promotion for the elderly, so that they could contribute to better their lives in general. . / As atividades com grupos têm se mostrado úteis e eficientes para intervenções educativas e de promoção da saúde nos serviços de saúde em geral e especialmente na atenção básica. Estratégia recomendada em diversos programas do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, o trabalho com grupos ainda carece de instrumentos para avaliação de seus resultados. Assim, o objetivo dessa investigação foi analisar o uso da avaliação da qualidade de vida (QV) como norteador para a condução de grupos de promoção da saúde na comunidade. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com delineamento transversal e abordagem quantitativa, realizada no município de Goiânia, Goiás, de 2012 a 2013, com 46 idosos (idade de 60 anos e mais) que participam de dois grupos (G1 e G2) de promoção da saúde na comunidade. Os sujeitos foram entrevistados individualmente em seus domicílios ou local acordado previamente para preenchimento dos instrumentos de coleta dos dados: questionário sociodemográfico, WHOQOL-BREF e WHOQOL-OLD. Os dados foram digitados e submetidos a análise descritiva no software SPSS.Participaram do estudo 26 idosos do G1 e 20 do G2, sendo a maioria mulheres (84,6% e 90,0%, respectivamente), com menos de 80 anos (76,9% e 90,0%, respectivamente). A maior parte era de aposentados (78,3%), com renda individual de até um salário mínimo. No G1, 65,2% dos idosos tinham até 4 anos de escolaridade, enquanto no G2 80,0% informaram tempo de escolaridade superior a 4 anos.Em números absolutos, a maior média conseguida pelos participantes do G1 no WHOQOL-BREF foi no domínio “Relações sociais”(75,32) e a menor foi no domínio “Meio ambiente” (60,22), enquanto no G2, a maior foi no domínio “Psicológico” (69,25) e a menor também no domínio “Meio ambiente” (61,56). Os maiores escores médios em números absolutos atingidos no WHOQOL-OLD foram nas facetas “Participação social” (72,36) pelo G1 e “Atividades passadas, presentes e futuras” (69,25) pelo G2, enquanto o menor nos dois grupos foi na faceta “Morte e morrer” (56,73 e 44,06, respectivamente). A avaliação da QV em idosos mostrou-se valiosa para identificar o nível de satisfação dessa população com os diferentes aspectos que influenciam seu bem-estar e saúde, permitindo aos coordenadores de grupos para idosos identificar as necessidades dos participantes e, a partir delas, planejar atividades e estratégias mais adequadas para condução dos grupos de promoção da saúde para idosos, de modo a contribuir para a melhoria de sua vida em geral.

This descriptive correlational study was designed to examine the relationship between situational control, and both psychological and physical well-being, in the institutionalized elderly. A convenience sample of 52 elderly institutionalized subjects was selected from two intermediate care facilities. The subjects completed the Perceived Weil-Being Scale, the Situational Control Of Daily Activities Scale, and the Subject Information Sheet. All residents were found to have an overall perception of situational control. However, residents perceived a lack of control for the daily activities of eating and grooming. The majority of residents obtained a moderately high score on the psychological well-being and physical well-being scales. No significant relationship was found between situational control and psychological well-being, or situational control and physical well-being. A significant positive relationship was found between psychological well-being and physical well-being. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

A trend toward non-institutionalization of the elderly, in conjunction with the increasing size of the elderly population has resulted in the development of a variety of community programs and services to help meet their complex and diverse health care needs in the community setting. Although there is substantial documentation pertaining to the needs of the elderly in the community and the available services (Lifton, 1989; Padula, 1983; Starrett, 1986; Wallace, 1987), this documentation has been generated primarily by health care professionals and agencies, rather than from the perspectives of the elderly themselves. Adult Day Care [ADC] programs were established in the late 1960s as one means of attempting to meet the needs of the frail elderly in the community (Padula, 1983). On the surface, these programs appear to be effective in meeting the needs of clients through the provision of nursing services and a wide variety of therapeutic programs and social activities. This exploratory descriptive study was based on the premise that there exists a need to gain insight into the clients' perspectives regarding the ways in which ADC services are instrumental in meeting their perceived needs. Data were collected and analyzed to identify the self-perceived needs of ADC clients and their perceptions of how the ADC nursing services were instrumental in assisting them to meet these needs. Two interviews were conducted with each of the 11 ADC participants comprising the sample, using a semi-structured interview guide developed by the researcher. The two needs most commonly identified by participants included the need to cope with a range of concurrent and/or successive losses, and the need to establish new support systems. Participants identified the most significant components of the nursing role as those of the provision of emotional support through counselling, and the provision of health monitoring services. Participants viewed the overall ADC program as important in assisting them to meet their needs by providing access to social outings, individualized care, emotional support, and the opportunity to enhance their self-esteem, confidence, and feelings of belongingness. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

Bakgrund: Det finns begränsat med studier som behandlar äldre personer med psykisk ohälsa i mötet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen. Psykisk ohälsa hos äldre personer är vanligt förekommande. Nationella samt internationella kartläggningar visar att äldre personer med psykisk ohälsa har erfarit negativa upplevelser i mötet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal möter äldre personer med psykisk och fysisk samsjuklighet och de har en skyldighet att erbjuda god vård på lika villkor för hela befolkningen. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal påverkar mötet med äldre personer med psykisk ohälsa. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att undersöka hur äldre personer med psykisk ohälsa upplever mötet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal inom öppen- och slutenvård Metod: Litteratursökningar från januari 2005 till April 2018 samlades in från CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO och Nursing & Allied Health Database. Artiklar från Australien, Norge, Nederländerna, Sverige, Storbritannien och USA inkluderades från databaserna. Resultat: Resultatet består av huvudtemat Vårdrelation med sex underteman:  Psykosociala faktorer, Personlig relation, Motiverande samtal och praktiskt stöd, Misstro, Meningsskiljaktigheter samt Att inkluderas och att exkluderas. Diskussion: Äldre personer med psykisk ohälsa klargör positiva och negativa aspekter i mötet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen. Vänligt bemötande och en personlig relation där patienter tilläts vara delaktiga och samtala om sådant som de önskade ansågs positivt i mötet med hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen. Negativa erfarenheter som framkom var patienternas upplevelse av misstro och stigmatisering från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen. Vidare resonemang synliggör att bemötandet hos hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen brister vilket även strider mot den filosofi som Hildegard Peplau förespråkar. Det framgår även att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalens förhållningssätt skiljer sig åt beroende på i vilken vårdkontext som de är verksamma inom. Det talar för att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonalen saknar adekvat kunskap inom ämnet och är i behov av utbildning för att kunna erbjuda god vård på lika villkor för alla. / Background: There is paucity of research to assess the elderly people with mental disorders encounter with healthcare professionals´. National and international research elucidate that elderly people with mental disorders have had negative experiences in the encounter with healthcare professionals´. Healthcare professionals´ encounter elderly people with physical and psychological comorbidity and they are required to offer satisfactory care on equal terms for the entire population. Healthcare professionals impact the encounter with elderly people with mental illness. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to investigate elderly people with mental illness experiences of the encounter with healthcare professionals in an outpatient and an inpatient care setting Method: Literature searches from January 2005 to April 2018 was conducted using CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO and Nursing & Allied Health Database. Articles from Australia, Norway, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom and USA were drawn from the databases. Results: The result consists of one main theme: Caring relationship and it represents six subtopics:  Psychosocial factors, Personal relationship, Motivating conversation and practical support, Distrust, Difference of opinion and Being included or being excluded. Discussion: Elderly people with mental illness acknowledge positive and negative aspects about the encounter with healthcare professionals. Friendly healthcare professionals who engaged in personal conversations with the patients were considered positive. Negative aspects that emerged were patients' experiences of distrust and stigma. Further argumentations elucidate that healthcare professionals fail to uphold a good standard of the care provided which also contradicts the framework that Hildegard Peplau is advocating. The healthcare professionals approach appear to differ depending on the care setting that they are working in. It indicates that healthcare professionals lack adequate awareness and need education to offer quality care on the same terms for all people.

研究背景：便秘被過往的研究確認為世界各地老年人的一個常見健康問題，尤其是居住在安老院的長者。香港一項人口普查亦指出便秘也是香港老年人的一個常見健康問題。便秘對長者的生理、心理和社會功能等各方面都產生不良影響。此外，醫療體制亦因處理便秘及其衍生的健康問題而面對沉重的負擔。目前所採用的常規方案是生活模式改變及使用軟便劑，但兩者均未能有效地紓緩便秘的徵狀。由於香港老齡人口持續增長，便秘將會是一個具有潛在持續性的老年健康問題，故尋找一個能有效地紓緩便秘徵狀的方案甚為迫切。耳穴療法是一項普及的中醫療法，亦屬於互補療法。過往在中國進行的研究顯示，耳穴療法能有效地治療便秘，惟此等療效尚未被確實。耳穴療法應是一個對處理便秘具有潛在療效的治療方案。現時，香港尚未有研究評價耳穴療法對處理便秘的療效。 / 研究目的：本研究旨在評價耳穴療法的互補療效，對安老院內的長者便秘徵狀及便秘相關的健康生活品質的干預效果。 / 研究方法：本研究是一個採取混合研究法的臨床研究。先進行化研究，評價耳穴療法對安老院內長者的便秘徵狀及便秘相關的健康生活品質的互補療效；接著進行質化研究，探討面談者對接受耳穴療法的經驗及感受。量化研究是一個隨機對照及雙盲的研究。安老院內的院友被取錄為參與者後，便隨機地獲分配一個研究組別。本研究共有三個研究組別，每名組員分別接受一個預定的干預措施，包括磁珠耳貼療法 (干預組)，王不留行籽耳貼療法 (對照A組) 及耳貼療法 (對照B組)，干預措施是在七個選定的耳穴上進行耳穴療法，共維持十天。研究指標包括便秘徵狀及便秘相關的健康生活品質。此等研究指標分別在干預前 (基線資料)、十天後 (干預措施結束) 和二十天後 (干預措施結束後十天) 進行資料蒐集。統計推斷方法是採用廣義估計方程模型檢驗組間和組內在便秘徵狀及便秘相關的健康生活品質之差異。質化研究的面談者必須是完成整個研究過程的干預組組員，並在量化檢驗的便秘徵狀指標中取得最高分及最低分的各四位組員。透過個別面談，探討面談者對接受耳穴療法以處理便秘的經驗及感受。 / 研究結果：本研究共有99名參與者。祇有90名參與者接受干預措施 (干預組=31；對照A組=28；對照B組=31)，其中的81名參與者完成整個療程 (干預組=29；對照A組=25；對照B組=27)。本研究結果顯示耳穴療法在十天 (p=0.016)及二十天 (p=0.016) 的研究時期內，便秘相關的健康生活品質中的滿意度在干預組及對照A組間有顯著的差異 (十天及二十天均是p=0.016)。然而，本研究證實磁珠耳貼療法能顯著地紓緩便秘徵狀 (十天：p=0.013；二十天：p<0.001)，提升與便秘相關的健康生活品質 (十天：p=0.005；二十天：p<0.001)，並於三個研究組別中取得最大的療效。此外，質化研究結果顯示，耳穴療法確是一項安全及具認受性的療法，適用於安老院內的院友，可作為處理便秘的治療方案。 / 研究結論：本研究是香港首個通過隨機對照的臨床研究，以評價耳穴療法對處理便秘的互補療效。研究結果顯示磁珠耳貼療法對安老院內的院友具有正向的臨床價值：磁珠耳貼療法能紓緩便秘徵狀及提升便秘相關的健康生活品質；安老院內的院友認為耳穴療法是一項安全及具認受性的療法；對住在安老院內年長的中國人而言，耳穴療法是一項與其文化相關的照護方式。本研究就處理安老院內院友的便秘問題為護理專業提供了有關耳穴療法的新知，並作為日後於護理實務及護理研究方面的參考和方向。 / Background: Constipation has been identified in previous studies as a worldwide health problem among elderly people, especially those living in residential care homes (RCHs). Similarly, constipation is also reported as a common health problem among elderly people in Hong Kong in a local population survey. Constipation adversely affects the biopsychosocial well-being of elderly people. In addition, heavy burden has been imposed on the health care system in dealing with constipation and its related health problems. Constipation is currently managed by laxatives and lifestyle modification. However, constipation is not effectively relieved by these two management strategies. In Hong Kong, the aging population is seen to have an increasing trend. Constipation will then be a potentially expanding health problem among elderly people. All these data indicate an urgent need for effective alternatives to manage this health problem. Auriculotherapy is one popular treatment modality in Chinese medicine, which is also a form of complementary therapy. Previous studies conducted in Mainland China reported promising results in managing constipation with auriculotherapy, although its effectiveness was not affirmed. Auriculotherapy appears to be a promising management strategy for constipation. Until now, no study has been conducted in Hong Kong to evaluate the effectiveness of auriculotherapy in managing constipation. / Aim: The current study aims to evaluate the complementary effects of auriculotherapy in relieving constipation symptoms and in promoting disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among elderly RCH residents. / Methods: The present study is a clinical trial that adopts the mixed-method design. A randomized placebo-controlled trial was first conducted to evaluate the complementary effects of auriculotherapy in relieving symptoms of constipation and in promoting disease-specific HRQOL in elderly RCH residents. After the completion of the randomized placebo-controlled trial, the qualitative approach was conducted to explore the participants’ experience and perceptions on the use and complementary effects of auriculotherapy with magnetic pellets in managing constipation. The randomized placebo-controlled trial was a double-blind study. The participants were recruited from elderly RCH residents and then randomly assigned to one of the three study groups. The participants received the assigned intervention, namely, auriculotherapy using auricular plaster with magnetic pellet (experimental group), auriculotherapy using auricular plaster with Semen Vaccariae (placebo-controlled group A), or auriculotherapy using only auricular plaster (placebo-controlled group B). Auriculotherapy was applied onto seven selected auricular acupoints for 10 days. Two outcome variables, namely, constipation symptoms and disease-specific HRQOL, were measured before the implementation of intervention (baseline), on Day 10 (at the completion of the intervention), and on Day 20 (at the 10th-day follow-up after the intervention). The generalized estimating equation model was adopted to evaluate the between-group and within-group differences in the complementary effects of auriculotherapy on constipation symptoms and disease-specific HRQOL. In the qualitative approach, the informants were recruited from participants of the experimental group who had successfully completed the study with mean scores in constipation symptoms at the top- or bottom-four ranking. The informants were individually interviewed to explore their experience and perceptions on the use and complementary effects of auriculotherapy in managing constipation. / Results: Ninety-nine participants were recruited in the study. Ninety participants received the intervention as assigned, and eventually, 81 participants completed the intervention. When the interaction effects of time and group were simultaneously considered, statistical significant differences were only found in the satisfaction subscale of the disease-specific HRQOL between the experimental group and placebo-controlled group A on both Day 10 (p=0.016) and Day 20 (p=0.016). For the experimental group, significant time effects were found in constipation symptoms (Day 10：p=0.013; Day 20：p<0.001) and disease-specific HRQOL (Day 10：p=0.005; Day 20：p<0.001) after receiving auriculotherapy. Most importantly, the participants who received auriculotherapy with magnetic pellets showed the greatest improvement in constipation symptoms and disease-specific HRQOL after the intervention compared with the two placebo-controlled groups. The qualitative findings further revealed that auriculotherapy is a safe, well-accepted therapy in managing constipation among elderly RCH residents. / Conclusion: The current study is the first known randomized placebo-controlled trial that evaluates the complementary effects of auriculotherapy in managing constipation in Hong Kong. The current findings indicate positive clinical value of auriculotherapy with magnetic pellets in managing constipation in elderly RCH residents. Auriculotherapy with magnetic pellets was found to provide favourable therapeutic effects in relieving constipation symptoms and in promoting disease-specific HRQOL among elderly RCH residents. This therapy is also considered by elderly people as a safe and acceptable therapy with minimal side effects. In addition, auriculotherapy is considered as a culturally relevant care modality for Chinese elderly RCH residents. The current study contributes new knowledge to nursing for future reference and directions in both nursing practice and nursing research with regard to the complementary effects of auriculotherapy in managing constipation among elderly RCH residents. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Li, Mei Kuen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 273-305). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendixes also in Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION / Introduction --- p.1 / Background of the study --- p.2 / Aim and significances of the study --- p.6 / Overview of the thesis --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Introduction --- p.8 / Constipation: Potentially expanding health problem in elderly population --- p.9 / Prevalence of constipation --- p.9 / Definition of constipation --- p.11 / Physiology and pathophysiology of defecation --- p.13 / Effects of constipation --- p.15 / Adverse individual health consequences --- p.15 / Economic burden in health care system --- p.18 / Contributory factors for constipation --- p.20 / Roles of nurses in managing constipation in current practice --- p.22 / Cautious use of laxatives --- p.24 / Lifestyle modification --- p.24 / Promoting dietary fiber intake --- p.25 / Encouraging oral fluid intake --- p.26 / Promoting physical activity --- p.26 / Integration of complementary therapy into nursing practice in managing constipation --- p.28 / Auriculotherapy --- p.30 / Historical overview of auriculotherapy --- p.30 / Conceptual framework of auriculotherapy --- p.31 / Approaches of auriculotherapy --- p.36 / Mechanism of auriculotherapy --- p.37 / Clinical applications of auriculotherapy in managing constipation --- p.39 / Complementary effects of auriculotherapy in managing constipation: Review of previous studies --- p.41 / Subject characteristics --- p.41 / Intervention protocol --- p.45 / Therapeutic outcome criteria and effectiveness --- p.50 / Strengths and limitations of the reviewed studies --- p.56 / Recommendations for future studies --- p.59 / Significances of the current study --- p.60 / Summary --- p.61 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODS / Introduction --- p.63 / Overview of study design --- p.65 / Mixed-method study design --- p.66 / Quantitative approach --- p.66 / Qualitative approach --- p.68 / Research aim and objectives --- p.68 / Research aim --- p.68 / Research objectives --- p.68 / Null hypotheses --- p.69 / Operational definitions --- p.71 / Rationale of the study design --- p.73 / Rationale for adopting the mixed-method design --- p.73 / Rationale for adopting the randomized controlled trial design --- p.75 / Rationale for adopting double-blindness --- p.75 / Rationale for adopting random assignment --- p.76 / Rationale for adopting a pretest and repeated post-test design --- p.78 / Rationale for recruiting placebo-controlled groups --- p.79 / Quantitative approach --- p.81 / Sample --- p.81 / Accessible population --- p.81 / Sampling method and selection of participants --- p.82 / Sample size determination --- p.85 / Experimental intervention --- p.87 / Content of the experimental intervention --- p.87 / Integrity of experimental intervention --- p.92 / Qualification of the intervener --- p.92 / Consistency of implementation of intervention --- p.93 / Compliance of the participants to study instructions --- p.84 / Data collection --- p.95 / Study Instruments and records --- p.95 / Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptom Questionnaire (Cantonese Chinese for Hong Kong) (PAC-SYM) --- p.96 / Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Questionnaire (Cantonese Chinese for Hong Kong) (PAC-QOL) --- p.97 / Abbreviated Mental Test (Hong Kong version; AMT) --- p.98 / Physical Activity Questionnaire (Hong Kong version; PAQ) --- p.98 / Screening for eligibility of the participant --- p.99 / Demographic and Clinical Data Sheet --- p.99 / Assessment of Clinical Syndrome of Constipation --- p.99 / Assessment of oral intake of Fruits and Vegetables (AFV) --- p.100 / Bowel Movement Record (BMR) --- p.100 / Drug Administration Record (DAR) --- p.101 / Data collection procedure --- p.101 / Qualitative approach --- p.104 / Rationale for adopting criterion sampling --- p.105 / Pilot Study --- p.106 / Feasibility of the sampling method --- p.107 / Feasibility of the data collection instruments and procedure --- p.107 / Feasibility of implementation of the study intervention --- p.108 / Characteristics of the pilot sample --- p.109 / Sample size recalculation --- p.113 / Appropriateness of the interview guide --- p.114 / Recommendations for the main study --- p.115 / Data Analysis --- p.115 / Quantitative data --- p.115 / Assessment of accuracy of data entry --- p.116 / Description of sample characteristics --- p.117 / Assessment of homogeneity of the study groups --- p.117 / Detection of the intervention effect --- p.118 / Justification for choosing parametric statistical tests over non-parametric statistical tests --- p.118 / Adoption of the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model --- p.119 / Rationale for adopting the GEE model --- p.119 / Choosing the appropriate link function and working correlation matrix --- p.121 / Control of possible covariates in data analysis --- p.123 / Qualitative data --- p.124 / Ethical considerations --- p.125 / Principle of respect for persons --- p.126 / Principle of beneficence --- p.127 / Principle of justice --- p.128 / Summary --- p.129 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTS / Introduction --- p.132 / Recruitment and characteristics of participants --- p.133 / Recruitment of participants --- p.133 / Characteristics of the participants --- p.137 / Characteristics of the study sample and homogeneity among study groups --- p.140 / Characteristics of the study sample --- p.141 / Homogeneity of the characteristics of participants who received and those who did not receive the intervention in the study --- p.145 / Homogeneity of the characteristics of participants in the experimental and the placebo-controlled groups --- p.145 / Complementary effects of auriculotherapy in managing constipation --- p.149 / Adopting the GEE model --- p.152 / Checking the missing data --- p.152 / Identifying the covariates --- p.152 / Choosing the appropriate link function --- p.153 / Choosing the appropriate working correlation matrix --- p.160 / Complementary effects of auriculotherapy on constipation symptoms and disease-specific HRQOL --- p.160 / Complementary effects of auriculotherapy on constipation symptoms --- p.161 / Constipation symptoms (PAC-SYM) --- p.161 / Subscales of constipation symptoms --- p.165 / Abdominal symptoms subscale --- p.165 / Rectal symptoms subscale --- p.168 / Stool symptoms subscale --- p.172 / Summary of the complementary effects of auriculotherapy on constipation symptoms --- p.175 / Complementary effects of auriculotherapy on disease-specific HRQOL --- p.177 / Disease-specific HRQOL (PAC-QOL) --- p.177 / Subscales of disease-specific HRQOL --- p.181 / Physical discomfort subscale --- p.181 / Psychosocial discomfort subscale --- p.185 / Worries and concerns subscale --- p.186 / Satisfaction subscale --- p.190 / Summary of the complementary effects of auriculotherapy on disease-specific HRQOL --- p.193 / Effect size calculation --- p.196 / Findings revealed from study records --- p.197 / Monitoring of the intervention dose --- p.198 / Change of bowel movement pattern --- p.198 / Change in drug administration --- p.200 / Reporting of side effects associated with auriculotherapy --- p.202 / Reporting of unexpected beneficial effects after receiving auriculotherapy --- p.202 / Qualitative findings revealed from interview --- p.203 / Recruitment of informants --- p.203 / Characteristics of the informants --- p.204 / Qualitative findings --- p.207 / Benefits of auriculotherapy in managing constipation --- p.208 / Minor discomforts associated with auriculotherapy --- p.210 / Life as usual with the use of auriculotherapy --- p.210 / Willingness to adopt and recommend auriculotherapy to others --- p.213 / Summary of the qualitative findings --- p.214 / Summary --- p.215 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- DISCUSSION / Introduction --- p.217 / Profile of participants --- p.217 / Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants --- p.218 / Baselines outcome variables of the participants --- p.224 / Clinical value of auriculotherapy with magnetic pellets in managing constipation --- p.226 / Summary of the key findings --- p.226 / Complementary effects in relieving constipation symptoms and in promoting disease-specific HRQOL --- p.228 / Safe and well-accepted intervention --- p.236 / Culturally relevant care modality --- p.239 / Challenges associated with recruiting elderly participants --- p.241 / Strengths and limitations of the current study --- p.246 / Strengths of the study --- p.246 / Limitations of the study --- p.253 / Summary --- p.257 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION / Introduction --- p.258 / Contribution of new knowledge to nursing --- p.258 / Implications for nursing practice --- p.259 / Clinical application of auriculotherapy in nursing practice --- p.261 / Strategies to promote integration of auriculotherapy into nursing practice --- p.263 / Implications for nursing research --- p.266 / Recommendations for further studies --- p.268 / Conclusion of the whole study --- p.269 / REFERENCES (ENGLISH) --- p.273 / REFERENCES (CHINESE) --- p.303

Wong, King Moses. / "August 2010." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-172). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research hypothesis --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research questions --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Research structure --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Literature Review --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- "Health geography: knowledge of population, people, places and health" --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Understanding geographies of diseases: mapping and modeling diseases and health --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Healthcare services provision and utilization --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4 --- Hong Kong: facts and context --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Demographics --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Key challenges arising from population ageing --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Implications to medico-social agenda --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Implications to health status --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Implications to disease pattern --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Healthcare service delivery system in Hong Kong --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Financing and expenditure --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Organizational framework and healthcare policy --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.3.3 --- Healthcare resources --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4.3.4 --- Utilization and provision of public healthcare services --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Material & Methods --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1 --- Background of main source of data --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sources of data --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Hospital services utilization data --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Healthcare resources data --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Population data --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Spatial scale of analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4 --- Statistical analyses --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Service utilization ratios --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Provision of healthcare resources to population --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Adequacy of healthcare services provision --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Mortality analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Multi-level analysis --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Mapping of health services utilization ratio and mortality ratio --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical packages used --- p.73 / Chapter 3.6 --- Cautions on interpretation --- p.74 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Confounding and ecological fallacy --- p.74 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Problem with the use of Standardized Mortality Ratio --- p.75 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Problem with mapping and visualization --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Results --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1 --- Socio-spatial variation in mortality --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2 --- Statistical analysis and mapping of health services utilization ratio --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- Statistical and cartographic analysis in Standardized Mortality Ratio --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4 --- Provision of healthcare resources to population --- p.91 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Multi-level analysis of hospital services utilization, provision and mortality" --- p.92 / Chapter 4.6 --- Further analysis --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Discussion --- p.100 / Chapter 5.1 --- Geographic variations in health services utilization ratios --- p.101 / Chapter 5.2 --- Geographic variation in Standardized Mortality Ratio --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3 --- "Multi-level models on health services utilization, provision and mortality" --- p.121 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Socio-demographic characteristics of health services utilization --- p.121 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Age --- p.121 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Gender --- p.124 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Health services utilization in relation to services provision --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Health services utilization in relation to mortality --- p.132 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Adequacy of healthcare services provision --- p.134 / Chapter 5.3.4.1 --- Adequacy of hospital care provision --- p.134 / Chapter 5.3.4.2 --- Adequacy of primary care provision --- p.139 / Chapter 5.4 --- Implications --- p.143 / Chapter 5.5 --- Strengths of study --- p.146 / Chapter 5.6 --- Limitations of study --- p.148 / Chapter 5.7 --- Recommendations for future research --- p.151 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.154 / References --- p.158

Objetivos: Este estudo é parte do Projeto Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento (SABE), com o objetivo de identificar as desigualdades no acesso e uso de serviços de saúde entre idosos no município de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Em 2000, foram entrevistados, 2143 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, utilizando-se o questionário padronizado do SABE. A amostra foi obtida em dois estágios, utilizando-se setores censitários com reposição, probabilidade proporcional à população e complementação da amostra de pessoas de 75 anos. Os dados finais foram ponderados, de forma a serem expandidos. Foi mensurado o uso de serviços hospitalares (internações) e ambulatoriais (consultas médicas) nos últimos quatro meses e o não uso de serviços de saúde (mesmo precisando), relacionando-os com fatores de capacidade, necessidade e predisposição (renda total, escolaridade, seguro saúde, morbidade referida, auto-percepção, sexo e idade). Resultados: A proporção dos entrevistados que referiu ter utilizado algum serviço de saúde, nos últimos quatro meses, foi de 4,7 por cento com relação à internação hospitalar e 64, 4 por cento com referência ao atendimento ambulatorial. Dos atendimentos ambulatoriais, 24,7 por cento ocorreu em hospital público e 24,1 por cento em serviço ambulatorial público sendo que nos serviços privados, 14,5 por cento ocorreu em hospital e 33,7 por cento em clínicas. A não utilização foi relacionada à pouca gravidade da doença, qualidade e distância dos serviços e custo. Na regressão logística multivariada, observou-se associação entre a utilização de serviços e sexo, presença de doenças, auto-percepção de saúde, interação da renda e escolaridade e posse de seguro saúde, sendo que a escolaridade isoladamente apresentou efeito inverso. Conclusão: Foram observadas desigualdades no uso e acesso aos serviços de saúde e inadequação do modelo de atenção, indicando necessidade de políticas públicas que levem em conta as especificidades dessa população, facilitem o acesso e possam reduzir essas desigualdades / Objectives: This research is part of a project called Health, Well-being and Aging in Latin America and the Caribbean, “SABE study", and aims to study the inequalities in use and access to health care services among the elderly persons in the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: In 2000, 2.143 individuals aged 60 or older, dwelling in the urban area of São Paulo, were interviewed using census sectors with replacement and probability proportional to population. To achieve the desired number of respondents 75 or older, additional homes close to the selected census sector were used, with weighting of the final results. The use and access to health services were measured for outpatient medical services and hospital admission in the context of the personal characteristics of the subjects, context and need for health care. Results: Considering the elderly who needed healthcare assistance in the four months prior to the interview, 4,7% were hospitalized and 64,4% needed ambulatory care, being 24,7% in public hospitals and 24,1% in public ambulatory health services. As for the private services, this number was 14, 5% for hospitals and 33, 7% for medical clinics. In the multivariate analysis, there is an association between use of health services, sex, diseases, wealth quintiles and health insurance. However, the opposite effect was found for the variable “educational level". Conclusions: The results demonstrate inequalities in use and access to health services and a problematic health care system. Public policies should take into account the different needs of this older population, in order to facilitate access to health care services and reduce inequalities.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T19:14:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-08-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Introdução: A prática do cuidado de pessoas doentes em seus domicílios remete a tempos imemoriais. Desde o século passado observa-se, devido principalmente ao envelhecimento da população, uma crescente institucionalização de tal prática em serviços de atenção domiciliar, que assumem modelos e processos de trabalho muito diferentes nos diferentes países. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi conhecer o processo de cuidado no Serviço de Atenção Domiciliar (SAD) de um município de médio porte no Estado de São Paulo como componente da Rede de Urgência e Emergência (RUE). Método: É um estudo de caso no qual assumi um ethos cartográfico em todo caminho da pesquisa, participando da rotina do SAD e registrando em um diário de campo as cenas do cotidiano. Realizei também entrevistas gravadas com cuidadoras e com uma enfermeira hospitalar e conduzi um grupo focal com enfermeiras da Atenção Básica (AB). Como estratégia de análise dos dados, a primeira aproximação do material empírico foi a definição de “Planos de Corte”, isto é, recortes intencionais realizados a partir de elementos ou componentes da política de atenção domiciliar. Na segunda aproximação analítica, foram evidenciados os “Planos de Visibilidade”, cenas do cotidiano que revelam as complexas relações entre o trabalho prescrito (aquilo que a política oficial define) e o trabalho real (como é realizado o cuidado pelas equipes em suas condições concretas de trabalho). Resultados e Discussão: Através dos planos de corte e planos de visibilidade foi possível identificar problemas relacionados à gestão, em particular aqueles que estabelecem limites para o trabalho das equipes; as limitações no uso do sistema de informação; os aspectos positivos, mas também as tensões presentes no trabalho multiprofissional; os conflitos presentes no cotidiano do trabalho; as deficiências na formação dos trabalhadores; o isolamento do SAD em relação aos demais equipamentos de saúde; as limitações da AB para apoiar efetivamente o SAD; a sobrecarga do cuidador e a incontornável necessidade de estratégias de apoio ao seu trabalho e elementos do universo dos pacientes, marcado pela perda de autonomia e, muitas vezes, pela falta de perspectiva de “construção de futuro”, evidenciando vulnerabilidade humana em diferentes perspectivas, e o sentido que cada família dá ao sofrimento vivido pelo familiar dependente de cuidado de longo prazo. Conclusões: O estudo evidenciou que a atenção domiciliar é um modelo de atenção inovador, se assumido pelo sistema de saúde com suficientes recursos humanos, materiais, equipamentos, transporte e sistema de informação ágil e flexível para inclusão de informações reais. Os cuidadores sugeriram que a assistência seja integrada entre os profissionais e com os outros pontos da Rede de Atenção à Saúde (RAS). Há dificuldades para a AB assumir esse modelo de atenção e o empírico indicou a necessidade de haver serviços de apoio social para contribuir com a qualidade de vida do cuidador. / Introduction: The practice of caring for sick people in their homes refers to immemorial times. Since the last century, due to the aging of the population, there has been a growing institutionalization of such practice in home care services, which had assumed very different models and work processes in different countries. The main objective of this research was to know the process of care in the Home Care Service (SAD) of a medium-sized municipality in the State of São Paulo as a component of the Emergency and Urgency Network (RUE). Method: It is a case in which I take on a cartographic ethos in every way of the research, participating in the routine of SAD and recording in a field diary the daily scenes. I also have recorded interviews with caregivers and a hospital nurse, and I have conducted a focus group with Primary Care nurses (AB). As a data analysis strategy, the first approximation of the empirical material was the definition of Cutting Plans, that is, intentional cuts made from elements or components of home care policy. In the second analytical approach, there are the Visibility Plans, that are scenes of the daily life that reveal the complex relationships between the prescribed work (that the official policy defines) and the actual work (that is how care is performed by the teams in their concrete conditions of work). Results and Discussion: Through the cutting plans and visibility plans, it was possible to identify problems related to management, in particular those that establish limits for the team work; limitations in the use of the information system; the positive aspects and also the tensions present in the multiprofessional work; the conflicts present in the daily work; deficiencies in the training of workers; the isolation of SAD in relation to other health equipment; the limitations of AB to effectively support SAD; the overload of the caregiver and the inescapable need of strategies to support their work and elements of the patient universe, marked by the loss of autonomy and often by the lack of perspective of future building, showing human vulnerability in different perspectives and the sense that each family gives to the suffering experienced by the dependent family member of long-term care. Conclusions: The study evidenced that home care is a model of innovative care, if assumed by the health system with sufficient human resources, materials, equipment, transportation and agile and flexible information system to include real information. Caregivers suggested that care must to be integrated among professionals and with other points of the Health Care Network (RAS). There are difficulties for AB to assume this model of care, and the experience indicated the need of social support services to contribute to the quality of life of the caregiver. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

A epidemia do HIV/Aids é hoje, no Brasil, um fenômeno de grande magnitude e extensão. A doença avança sobre uma parte da população fisicamente fragilizada e de abordagem mais complexa: as pessoas idosas. Este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer a visão de profissionais de saúde da rede frente à possibilidade de infecção por HIV/Aids no paciente idoso. Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal, realizado na cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, no período de novembro de 2013 a dezembro de 2015, tendo como participantes Médicos, Cirurgiões Dentistas e Enfermeiros lotados na Rede Municipal de Atenção Primária, com uma amostra de 220. Usando análise fatorial, alguns fatores não relacionados à formação dos profissionais de saúde e outros diretamente relacionados; apenas estes últimos apresentaram diferenças entre as profissões. A investigação da visão do profissional em relação à possibilidade de infecção de HIV/Aids em idosos deve ser trabalhada de forma específica para cada tipo de profissional. É fundamental a necessidade de atualização de cada profissional da área da saúde no sentido de poder realizar um diagnóstico precoce que vise proteger a integridade do paciente idoso acometido pelo HIV/Aids. / The HIV/Aids epidemic is today, in Brazil, a phenomenon of great magnitude and extent. The disease progresses over a physically weakened, and with more complex approach, portion of the population: the elderly. This study has the objective to know the vision of health professionals facing the possibility of HIV/Aids in the elderly. It is a cross-sectional observational study conducted in the city of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from November 2013 to December 2015, with the participants Doctors, Dental Surgeons and nurses stationed in the Municipal Network of Primary Care, with a sample of 220. Using factor analysis, factors unrelated to the training of health professionals and others directly related; only the latter showed differences between the professions. The investigation of the professional view on the possibility of infection of HIV/Aids in the elderly should be crafted specifically for each type of professional, meeting the specific difficulties of training each degree course. It is crucial the need to update each professional in the health care field in order to be able to make an early diagnosis aimed at protecting the elderly patient's integrity affected by HIV/Aids. / Dissertação (Mestrado)