by Lau Fong Ki. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-139). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Meanings of the RDAs and Recommendations --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- An overview of dietary changes --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Hypercholesterolemia related to high fat intake of local children --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Physical activity habits of children --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5 --- Parental influences on children's dietary practices --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6 --- Different criteria used in defining overweight and obesity --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7 --- Factors cause childhood obesity --- p.30 / Chapter 2.8 --- New international definition of overweight and obesity --- p.33 / Chapter 2.9 --- Implications of available studies --- p.34 / Chapter CHapter 3. --- Methods and Materials --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study design --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Reference population --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study population --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4 --- School selection --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Subjects --- p.38 / Chapter 3.6 --- Types of measurements --- p.38 / Chapter 3.7 --- Pilot study --- p.47 / Chapter 3.8 --- Data Processing --- p.48 / Chapter 3.9 --- Data Analyses --- p.49 / Chapter 3.10 --- Ethics --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- General descriptive data and responses rates --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2 --- Eating habits and nutrient intakes of the preschool children --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3 --- The relationships between gender and general eating habits --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4 --- Physical activity practices of the preschool children --- p.80 / Chapter 4.5 --- Relationships between gender and physical activity practices --- p.87 / Chapter 4.6 --- Parental influences on food selection practices and the preschool children's lifestyles --- p.87 / Chapter 4.7 --- Height and weight changes among the local 5-year-old children --- p.96 / Chapter 4.8 --- Prevalence of overweight and obesity --- p.98 / Chapter 4.9 --- Factors related to BMI (Body Mass Index) --- p.99 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- General eating and dietary intake habits --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2 --- Reasons for the similarity of eating habits and dietary intakes as older children and adults --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3 --- Macronutrient energy intake comparisons with other same age counterpartsin Japan and Canada --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Physical inactivity of the preschool children --- p.110 / Chapter 5.5 --- Lack of gender differences in eating and physical activity practices --- p.112 / Chapter 5.6 --- No relationship between the mothers' education levels and nutritional knowledge --- p.112 / Chapter 5.7 --- Non-scientific food selection methods by the highly educated mothers --- p.113 / Chapter 5.8 --- No relationship between the mothers' education levels and their children's eating practices --- p.114 / Chapter 5.9 --- The highly educated mothers' children seemed to be more active --- p.114 / Chapter 5.10 --- Modern Hong Kong children have similar body height and weight as children of other Chinese and Western group --- p.115 / Chapter 5.11 --- Factors related to children's BMI --- p.117 / Chapter 5.12 --- Limitations of the study --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusions and Recommendations --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.123 / Chapter 6.2 --- Recommendations --- p.125 / References --- p.127 / Appendix I (Advertising material) --- p.140 / Appendix II (Consent letter) --- p.142 / Appendix III (Material and results for focus groups) --- p.146 / Appendix IV (Lifestyle questionnaire and 3-day dietary records) --- p.152 / Appendix V (Tables of results) --- p.180

This study involved designing an instrument to estimate self care knowledge levels of post myocardial infarction patients. The instrument subscales were diet, smoking, exercise, signs and symptoms of cardiac distress, medications, stress and high blood pressure. Twenty-six subjects were tested following hospital discharge and again two weeks later. Test-retest reliability was performed to establish stability of the instrument. The preset criterion level of.70 for the total scale was not met. The medication subscale did meet the.70 criterion level. Reliability estimates were conducted to establish internal consistency of the instrument. The preset criterion level of.70 was not met for the total scale; however, the stress subscale did meet the.70 criterion level on the retest. Concurrent validity was estimated by comparing subscale knowledge scores with self report behavior. Point biserial coefficients did not meet the preset.70 criterion levels. These results suggest that reliability and validity estimates in the post myocardial infarction patient population were not statistically significant. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

Thesis (DCur)--Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Guided by the researcher's clinical experience and through recent outreach research projects (Stellenberg, 1996 and 1997) the factors influencing the health status of two communities were identified through health screening. It was further identified that these problems affecting the health status of these communities were magnified through the poor accessibility, availability, and affordability of health services. According to the researcher, despite the efforts of the Government and attempts to remedy the disparities of the past, the introduction of any such policy should be based on scientific evidence. The researcher decided to investigate the factors influencing the health status of the Coloured people of the Western Cape. This population group is the largest in the Western Cape, being 60,8%. Its domination in this province determines the health status of the province. By acquiring knowledge about the factors influencing the health status of the Coloured population, it will be possible for the policy makers in health care to direct their emphasis on health care policies more appropriately. Currently differences in socio-economic and knowledge levels, along with existing inequalities in health service pose major challenges for the policy makers in health care. Therefore, knowledge about the health status, health practices and health beliefs of minority groups will improve the average health status of the general population. It is against this background, that this research study was undertaken. Specific objectives were set for the study. • To determine the health status of economically active Coloured people in an urban area as defined with specific reference to the indicators as identified by the researcher • To determine the prevalence of factors influencing the health status of economically active Coloured people in an urban area as defined. • To determine the relationship between the health status and the factors influencing the health status of economically active Coloured people in an urban area as defined. • To determine an association between factors influencing the health status of economically active Coloured people in an urban area as defined. • To make recommendations to the health policy-makers concerning factors influencing the health status of the economically active Coloured people in an urban area as defined and possibly related ethnic groups. These objectives were met through an in-depth research study of this population group in six identified suburbs. Factors influencing the health status of an individual as described in the literature were explored and described. The recommendations based on the findings confirmed that the health status of the Coloured population is influenced by the following factors: • Socio-economic Level (education, financial income and occupation) • Lifestyle of individuals (High Risk Behavioural Practice such as smoking, use of alcohol and illegal drugs, dietary intake, minimal exercise, stress management and leisure time) • Ethno-cultural Beliefs: health and illness • Religion, health and illness • Environmental factors • Health Services: accessibility and affordability of services Recommendations based on the findings • Emphasis on re-development and health education of all age groups. • The introduction of social grants for those who are unable to support themselves and their families have become essential in order to improve their health status. • The creation of jobs to improve the socio-economic circumstances of the populations. • Current health services at primary health care level and environmental factors influencing the health status of the population require urgent attention. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gelei deur die navorser se persoonlike kliniese onde'rvinding asook onlangse navorsingsprojekte oor uitreikingsaksies ten opsigte van gemeenskapsgesondheid (Stellenberg, 1996 en 1997), is faktore wat In rol in die gesondheidstatus van gemeenskappe speel, geïdentifiseer. Daar is ook bevind dat faktore wat probleme rondom die gesondheidstatus van hierdie gemeenskappe vererger, elemente is soos toeganklikheid, beskikbaarheid en bekostigbaarheid van gesondheidsdienste. Ten spyte van pogings van die regering om die ongelykhede van die verlede uit die weg te ruim behoort die regstelling daarvan volgens die navorser op wetenskaplike bewyse gegrond te word. Die navorser het daarom besluit om die faktore wat gesondheidsorg van die Kleurlinggemeenskap in die Wes-Kaap beïnvloed, te ondersoek. Hierdie bevolkingsgroep is die grootste in die Wes-Kaap, naamlik 60,8%. Die oorheersing van die Kleurling in die provinsie bepaal grootliks die gesondheidstatus van die provinsie. Deur kennis in te win van faktore wat die gesondheidstatus van die Kleurlinggemeenskap beïnvloed, is dit moontlik vir besluitnemers in gesondheidsorg om dit beter te bestuur. Daarom sal kennis oor gesondheidsorg, gesondheidspraktyke en -gelowe van minderheidsgroepe die gesondheidstatus van die totale bevolking verbeter. Dit is teen hierdie agtergrond wat die navorsing onderneem is. Spesifieke doelwitte vir die studie was om die volgende te bepaal: • Die gesondheidstatus van die ekonomies aktiewe Kleurling-gemeenskap in In stedelike gebied soos gedefinieer met spesifieke verwysing na die indikatore soos geïdentifiseer deur die navorser • Die prevalensie van faktore wat 'n invloed op die gesondheidstatus van die ekonomies aktiewe Kleurling-gemeenskap in In stedelike gebied soos gedefinieer • Die verwantskap tussen die gesondheidstatus en die faktore wat In invloed uitoefen op die gesondheidstatus van die ekonomies aktiewe Kleurling-gemeenskap in In stedelike gebied soos gedefinieer • Die moontlike assosiasie te bepaal tussen faktore wat die gesondheidstatus beïnvloed van die ekonomies aktiewe Kleurlinggemeenskap in In stedelike gebied soos gedefinieer. • Aanbevelings aan die gesondheidsowerheidsbeleidmakers oor bevindings wat In invloed uitoefen op die gesondheidstatus van die ekonomies aktiewe Kleurling-gemeenskap in In stedelike gebied soos gedefinieer, en moontlike verwant etniese groepe. Die doel is bereik deur in-diepte navorsingsonderhoud met die Kleurling bevolkingsgroep in ses geïdentifiseerde gebiede. Faktore wat die gesondheidstatus van individue soos in die literatuur beskryf beïnvloed, is ondersoek en beskryf. Die aanbevelings is gebasseer op bevindings gedoen in die ondersoek van die gesondheidstatus van die Kleurling bevolking, en is deur die volgende faktore in die ondersoekgroep beïnvloed: • Die sosio-ekonomiese vlak (opleiding, inkomste en beroep) • Lewenstyl van respondente (hoë risiko faktore soos rook, die gebruik van alkohol, verdowingsmiddeis, daaglikse dieët, oefening, hantering van spanning en vryetydsaktiwiteite). • Etnies-kulturele gelowe: gesondheid en siekte • Geloofsgesondheid en siekte • Omgewingsfaktore • Gesondheidsdienste: toeganklikheid en bekostigbaarheid van dienste Aanbevelings wat op die navorsingsbevindings gebaseer is, is die volgende: • Beklemtoning van die herontwikkeling van gesondheidsvoorligting vir alle ouderdomsgroepe. • Die instel van In toelae vir individue wat nie in staat is om hulself en hulle gesinne te help nie, is noodsaaklik vir die verbetering van hulle gesond heidstatus . • Die skep van meer werk om sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede in die bevolking te verbeter • Huidige gesondheidsdienste op pnmere gesondheidsorgvlak en omgewingsfaktore wat die gesondheidstatus van die gemeenskap beïnvloed, vereis dringend aandag.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis examines the magnitude of the deterrence effect associated with the implementation of the "zero tolerance" policy in the U.S. military in the early 1980s. The estimation of the deterrence effect is based on the estimation of linear probability models (LPM). A difference-in-difference estimator is obtained by comparing pre- and post-policy differences in drug use rates in the military and civilian sectors. The thesis uses data on drug participation drawn from the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse and the DoD Worldwide Health Survey. The study investigates the deterrence effect for the military as a whole, for each branch, for various age groups, and two different measures of drug participation. The results show that a significant deterrence effect appears to have been associated with the implementation of the "zero tolerance" and drug testing policy, especially for the past year drug participation rates. Additionally, there is evidence that individuals above 25 years old who are more educated and married have smaller drug participation rates than the rest of the population. / Lieutenant Commander, Hellenic Navy

As fraturas do fêmur proximal são frequentes em idosos, consideradas uma devastadora consequência da osteoporose, acometem mais o sexo feminino, estão comumente associadas a traumas de pequena energia e, embora apresentem poucas complicações referentes a consolidação no caso das fraturas extracapsulares, estão relacionadas a déficits funcionais, a elevadas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, além dos altos custos aos serviços de saúde. Representam importante problema de saúde pública mundial devido a sua alta incidência. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo com base em um levantamento de prontuários, objetivando caracterizar os pacientes com fraturas do fêmur proximal atendidos na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Batatais SP. Foram analisados 258 prontuários, de 258 pacientes, correspondendo a 260 fraturas do fêmur proximal (duas fraturas bilaterais) de indivíduos atendidos na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Batatais no período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010 com idade média de 74,8 anos, com predomínio de fraturas na faixa etária entre 80 e 89 anos (35,8%), mulheres (64,6%) e que se declaravam brancos (73%). As fraturas trocantéricas foram as mais incidentes com 60% dos casos, o mecanismo de trauma mais comum foi a queda da própria altura com 91,1% e o lado mais acometido foi o direito com 51,9%. O tratamento cirúrgico foi aplicado a 95,7% das fraturas do fêmur proximal. Dos 258 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 50 foram a óbito, sendo frequente entre as mulheres (61,6%) e o período mais incidente foi com três meses após a fratura. / Proximal femur fractures (PFFs) are common among the elderly. Rendered as a devastating consequence of osteoporosis, women are the most affected. PFFs are commonly associated with low-energy traumas, and, although they have few complications related to consolidation in the case of extracapsular fractures, they are related to functional deficits, high morbidity and mortality rates, besides being costly to health services. Due to the high incidence, PFFs are considered a relevant global public health issue. This is a retrospective study based on a survey of patient records with the objective to characterize the patients with proximal femur fractures seen at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Batatais Hospital São Paulo. A total of 258 patient records were analyzed, corresponding to 260 proximal femur fractures (two bilateral fractures) of individuals seen at Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Batatais between January of 2007 and December 2010. Most subjects were women (64.6%) with a mean age of 74.8 years, most in the age group between 80 and 89 years (35.8%), and self-declared being white (73%). Trochanteric fractures were the most common, with 60% of cases. The most common trauma mechanism was falling from ones own height with 91.1%, and the most affected side was the right side with 51.9%. Surgery was the chosen treatment in 95.7% of the proximal femur fractures. Of all the 258 study patients, 50 died, mostly women (61.6%), and the most incident time was at three months after the fracture.

Introdução. Inquéritos domiciliares têm sido utilizados em estudos epidemiológicos desde o início do século passado. Com o passar do tempo, os métodos de realização de entrevistas foram se aperfeiçoando, possibilitando maior rapidez e exatidão nas informações obtidas. As entrevistas realizadas via telefone tornam o processo mais fácil, ágil e de menor custo. Objetivo. Comparar os moradores do município de São Paulo que possuíam telefone fixo em sua residência, com os que disseram não possuir o referido aparelho, quanto a variáveis demográficas, de condições de vida, estilo de vida, estado de saúde e também quanto ao uso e acesso aos serviços de saúde. Metodologia. Utilizando o módulo survey do pacote estatístico Stata em sua versão 9.2, foi feita uma caracterização do perfil desses dois grupos de entrevistados (com e sem telefone fixo). Foram calculados também, os vícios que a não cobertura por parte da população sem telefone ocasiona às estimativas e foi verificado como um ajuste de pós-estratificação diminui este vicio. Resultados. Dos 3333 entrevistados na cidade de São Paulo, 77,7% possuíam telefone fixo residencial; foi detectada associação estatisticamente significante entre a presença de telefone fixo e as variáveis: naturalidade, raça/cor, religião, situação conjugal, escolaridade do chefe de família, renda, tabagismo, alcoolismo, presença de morbidade referida, hipertensão, auto-avaliação em saúde, realização de mamografia, exame de próstata, consultas odontológicas, consumo de medicamentos e utilização do SUS para a realização dos exames de saúde. Ao se retirar da análise, a população sem telefone fixo, as estimativas de exame de pré-natal e próstata, tabagismo, alcoolismo, auto-avaliação de saúde, consultas odontológicas e a utilização do SUS para os exames de pré-natal e Papanicolaou foram as que tiveram maior vício. Após o ajuste de pósestratificação, houve uma melhora em todas as estimativas que estavam associadas à posse do telefone fixo, porém o vício não foi reduzido por completo. Conclusão. A exclusão dos moradores sem aparelho telefônico é uma das principais limitações e fonte de vício em pesquisas via telefone, mesmo em lugares onde a cobertura seja considerada razoável. Este obstáculo não deve ser considerado um impedimento, no entanto, algumas precauções e ajustes terão que ser utilizados para se reduzir os vícios, contribuindo para a estimação e interpretação correta dos resultados, já que estes levantamentos via telefone servem não apenas para se conhecer o estado de saúde da população, mas também contribuem para a orientação no planejamento de ações e novas políticas de saúde pública. / Introduction. Household surveys have been widely used in epidemiologic studies since the beginning of the 20th century. The methods used in interviews have improved and become a more precise way to obtain information. Telephone interviews make the whole process easier, quicker and less expensive. Objective. To compare households with and without telephone living in São Paulo city analyzed by demographic life conditions, life style, health state and access to health services. Methods. Using Stata 9.2 (survey package), the residents were separated in two groups (with and without telephone). The biases created by the non-coverage of nontelephone respondents from the data bank were estimated and a poststratification adjustment was applied with the purpose of reducing this bias. Results. About 77.7% of respondents reported owning a telephone in the city of São Paulo which was statistically associated to region of birth, race, religion, marital status, schooling of household head, income, smoking status, alcoholism, morbidity, hypertension, self-health status, breast and prostate exam, dental care, medicine use, and also the utilization of Brazilian National Health System (SUS) in health exams. Excluding the respondents without telephone from the analysis, prevalence estimates of prenatal and prostate exam, smoking status, alcoholism, self-health status, dental care and the utilization of Brazilian National Health System in prenatal care and Papanicolaou exam were extremely affected by non-coverage bias. Nevertheless after post-stratification adjustment, the bias has been diminished to all variables associated to telephone ownership, but not completely. Conclusion. The exclusion of persons without telephone is one of the main limitations, as well as, is a great source of bias in telephone surveys, even in areas where the coverage is relatively high. However, it should not be considered a barrier, since some precautions are taken in order to reduce bias, improve the estimates and provide correct interpretation of results, the telephone survey is not only important to (get to) know the population health status, but it also contribute to supporting new public health action.

No Brasil, 90% dos acidentes por serpentes peçonhentas são causadas por Bothropsafin (Bothrops, Bothropoides, Bothriopsis, Bothrocophias e Rhinocerophis), com predominância nos meses quentes e chuvosos, atingindo principalmente trabalhadores rurais do sexo masculino. Na região Sudeste, a serpente peçonhenta mais encontrada são as da espécie Bothropoides jararaca, devido ao fato de possuírem grande capacidade adaptativa. Os acidentes são classificados em leve, moderado e grave, porém números desconhecidos de acidentes não causam envenenamento. Este trabalho foi realizado entre 1990 a 2004, no Hospital Vital Brasil, em pacientes picados por Bothropoides jararaca (n = 792) através de prontuários médicos. A maioria dos acidentes foi causada por serpentes fêmeas e filhotes. A ausência de conteúdo estomacal foi encontrada em 93,4% dos espécimes de serpentes. Não houve diferença estatística entre a ocorrência de picadas de seca e da maturidade da serpente. Observou-se que a necrose foi mais comum nos dedos dos pés e mãos (4,8%) em comparação com as outras regiões do corpo (1,8%). Houve diferença significativa entre a gravidade e o intervalo de tempo entre a picada e a admissão hospitalar superior a seis horas. Foi encontrada associação significativa entre gengivorragia e incoagulabilidade sanguínea. Nos acidentes causados por serpentes adultas, a necrose foi mais freqüente (7,2%) quando comparado aos acidentes causados por filhotes (1%). Neste trabalho destaca-se a associação entre alguns dados epidemiológicos e biológicos em relação ao quadro clínico nos acidente botrópicos, contribuindo para a melhoria do atendimento desses acidentes / In Brazil, 90% of the venomous snake bites are caused by Bothrops, Bothropoides, Bothriopsis, Bothrocophias and Rhinocerophis, predominantly from hot and rainy months. Bothropoides jararaca is widespread in the south, southeastern and part of the northeastern Brazil. Due to the fact they have great adaptative capacity, it is the predominate species in São Paulo City and neighborhood. A retrospective study was made in patients bitten by Bothropoides jararaca (n= 792) between 1990 to 2004 in Hospital Vital Brazil, São Paulo, Brazil. The data was obtained from medical records. The majority of the cases in this study were caused by female and juvenile snakes. No stomach contents were found in 93.4% of the snake specimens. There was no statistical difference found between the occurrence of dry bites and the maturity or sex of the snake. We observed that necrosis was more common in the digits of the feet and hands (4.8%) compared to the other body regions (1.8%). Significant difference was found between severity and time interval greater than 6 hours between the bite and hospital admission. We found a significant association between gingival bleeding and abnormal blood coagulability. It was observed that in accidents caused by adult snakes, necrosis was more frequent (7.2%) when compared to accidents caused by juvenile snakes (1%). On this work we highlight the association between some epidemiological data and biological parameters evolved in the clinical picture of Bothrops-like accidents, contributing to improvement of the snake bite assistance

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de atividade física em diferentes domínios, na combinação simultânea deles e a sua associação com escolaridade. Métodos: Estudo transversal seriado de base populacional de duas edições do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de SP. Participaram 1.667 adultos em 2003 e 2.086 em 2008. Amostragem probabilística foi realizada por conglomerados em dois estágios. O IPAQ longo permitiu avaliar diversos domínios de atividade física. Foi utilizado regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Os homens foram mais ativos no lazer e no trabalho e as mulheres no lar. Aumento de ativos no deslocamento e na atividade total em homens, e também no trabalho entre as mulheres. Redução na proporção de inativos, e aumento de pessoas que alcançaram o tempo de atividade física preconizado pela OMS. Indivíduos com maior escolaridade foram mais ativos na atividade total. Menos escolarizados apontaram redução nas atividades realizadas no trabalho para todas as intensidades, mais importante em mulheres; e no ambiente doméstico, em especial para as vigorosas no lar. A escolaridade apontou associação positiva com atividade no lazer e negativa com atividade doméstica e ocupacional. Em 2008, a associação se sustentou só no lazer. Em ambos os sexos houve redução na proporção de quem realiza um domínio de atividade, e aumentou para quem realiza dois, três ou quatro domínios de atividade simultaneamente. Simultaneidade dos domínios apontou redução na proporção de pessoas ativas, apesar de aumento na proporção de pessoas que atingiram a recomendação da OMS. Entretanto, limitação como o tamanho da amostra, que impediu a investigação de fatores associados. Conclusões: As estratégias de intervenção para reduzir os níveis de inatividade física e assim, a carga das doenças não-transmissíveis, devem considerar os níveis de escolaridade e a diversificação de domínios adotada pela população. A identificação de subgrupos mais vulneráveis exigirá que nossos dados permitam uma sinalização para algumas medidas de intervenção, buscando potencializar a tendência de aumento do nível da atividade física. Torna-se necessário o investimento em políticas que incentivem essa prática em todos os domínios, através da ação intersetorial envolvendo prioritariamente as áreas de saúde, educação, esporte, meio ambiente, segurança, transporte e comunicação social, garantindo-se a participação da sociedade na definição do escopo e desenho dessas políticas. Além disso, avaliar a tendência do comportamento ativo através do reconhecimento de combinações específicas e comos elas interagem conforme gênero, e entre os anos, merecem ser apontadas para aprimoramento de futuras investigações / Objective: To estimate the prevalence of physical activity in different areas, the simultaneous combination of them and their association with schooling. Methods: Cross-sectional study population-based series of two editions of the City of SP Health Survey. 1,667 adults participated in 2003 and 2,086 in 2008. Probability sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages. The IPAQ long it possible to evaluate various fields of physical activity. Poisson regression was used. Results: Men were more active during leisure time and at work and women in the home. Increased active in transportation and overall activity in men, and also at work among women. Reduction in the proportion of inactive, and increase in people who have reached the time of physical activity recommended by WHO. Individuals with more education were more active in the total activity. Less educated had reduction in activities at work for all intensities, more important in women; and the domestic environment, especially for the strong at home. Schooling revealed a positive association with activity in leisure and negative with domestic and occupational activity. In 2008, the association held only at leisure. In both sexes, there was a reduction in the proportion of those who perform a domain activity, and increased for those making two, three or four areas of activity simultaneously. Simultaneity of fields showed a reduction in the proportion of active people, despite increase in the proportion of people who reached the WHO recommendation. However, as limiting the sample size, which prevented the investigation of associated factors. Conclusions: The intervention strategies to reduce levels of physical inactivity and thus the burden of non-communicable diseases, should consider the levels of education and the diversification of areas adopted by the population. The identification of vulnerable subgroups require our data allow a signal to some intervention measures, seeking to enhance the tendency to increase the level of physical activity. It is necessary investment in policies that encourage this practice in all fields, through intersectoral action involving primarily the areas of health, education, sports, environment, security, transport and media, guaranteeing the participation of society in defining the scope and design of these policies. Moreover, to evaluate the trend of active behavior by recognizing specific combinations and hows they interact according to gender, and among years, deserve to be given for improvement of future investigations

As fraturas do fêmur proximal são frequentes em idosos, consideradas uma devastadora consequência da osteoporose, acometem mais o sexo feminino, estão comumente associadas a traumas de pequena energia e, embora apresentem poucas complicações referentes a consolidação no caso das fraturas extracapsulares, estão relacionadas a déficits funcionais, a elevadas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, além dos altos custos aos serviços de saúde. Representam importante problema de saúde pública mundial devido a sua alta incidência. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo com base em um levantamento de prontuários, objetivando caracterizar os pacientes com fraturas do fêmur proximal atendidos na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Batatais SP. Foram analisados 258 prontuários, de 258 pacientes, correspondendo a 260 fraturas do fêmur proximal (duas fraturas bilaterais) de indivíduos atendidos na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Batatais no período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010 com idade média de 74,8 anos, com predomínio de fraturas na faixa etária entre 80 e 89 anos (35,8%), mulheres (64,6%) e que se declaravam brancos (73%). As fraturas trocantéricas foram as mais incidentes com 60% dos casos, o mecanismo de trauma mais comum foi a queda da própria altura com 91,1% e o lado mais acometido foi o direito com 51,9%. O tratamento cirúrgico foi aplicado a 95,7% das fraturas do fêmur proximal. Dos 258 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 50 foram a óbito, sendo frequente entre as mulheres (61,6%) e o período mais incidente foi com três meses após a fratura. / Proximal femur fractures (PFFs) are common among the elderly. Rendered as a devastating consequence of osteoporosis, women are the most affected. PFFs are commonly associated with low-energy traumas, and, although they have few complications related to consolidation in the case of extracapsular fractures, they are related to functional deficits, high morbidity and mortality rates, besides being costly to health services. Due to the high incidence, PFFs are considered a relevant global public health issue. This is a retrospective study based on a survey of patient records with the objective to characterize the patients with proximal femur fractures seen at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Batatais Hospital São Paulo. A total of 258 patient records were analyzed, corresponding to 260 proximal femur fractures (two bilateral fractures) of individuals seen at Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Batatais between January of 2007 and December 2010. Most subjects were women (64.6%) with a mean age of 74.8 years, most in the age group between 80 and 89 years (35.8%), and self-declared being white (73%). Trochanteric fractures were the most common, with 60% of cases. The most common trauma mechanism was falling from ones own height with 91.1%, and the most affected side was the right side with 51.9%. Surgery was the chosen treatment in 95.7% of the proximal femur fractures. Of all the 258 study patients, 50 died, mostly women (61.6%), and the most incident time was at three months after the fracture.

Introdução- O aumento da ingestão de bebidas açucaradas tem sido relacionado à epidemia de obesidade e de outras doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNTs). Essa ingestão promove menor saciedade e difere quanto ao mecanismo de resposta ao apetite quando comparado a alimentos sólidos, estimulando o consumo em excesso e, consequentemente, o maior consumo energético e ganho de peso. Compreender as características associadas a esse comportamento pode contribuir para a prevenção e controle das DCNTs no Brasil. Objetivo- Analisar o consumo e as características associadas ao consumo de bebidas açucaradas por adultos no Estado de São Paulo. Métodos- Trata-se de um estudo transversal que utilizou os dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico no Estado de São Paulo (VIGITEL São Paulo). Os dados corresponderam à coleta em 2012/2013 e 2014, realizadas por meio de entrevistas padronizadas com indivíduos adultos. Foi realizada análise descritiva da prevalência do consumo regular de bebidas açucaradas segundo as características sociodemográficas, nutricionais e comportamentais da população adulta do Estado de São Paulo. As estimativas foram calculadas com intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento e a associação entre o consumo de bebidas açucaradas e as características estudadas foi avaliada através de modelo de regressão de Poisson. Resultados- Foram estudados 11.320 indivíduos, representativos da população adulta do Estado de São Paulo. A maioria era do sexo feminino e o consumo regular de bebidas açucaradas foi observado em 28,6 por cento da população. O consumo regular dessas bebidas foi observado em maior frequência entre homens, indivíduos jovens, com escolaridade intermediária e que consomem lanches em substituição das refeições. Conclusão: O consumo regular de bebidas açucaradas é elevado na população do Estado de São Paulo. Desta forma, estratégias e políticas públicas baseadas no perfil de consumo na população são essenciais para reverter esse quadro / Introduction- The increased intake of sugar sweetened beverages is related to the epidemic of obesity and other noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs). Since the intake of these beverages promotes less satiety and differs in the mechanism of response to appetite compared to solid foods, it induces overconsumption, resulting in a greater energy consumption and weight gain. Understanding the characteristics associated with this behavior may contribute to the prevention and control of NCDs in Brazil. Objective- To analyze the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages by adults in the State of São Paulo and its characteristics. Methods- This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Surveillance System for Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey in the State of São Paulo (VIGITEL São Paulo). The data collection was conducted from 2012 to 2014 through standardized interviews with adult individuals. A descriptive analysis of the prevalence of regular consumption of sugar sweetened beverages according to the sociodemographic, nutritional and behavioral characteristics of the adult population of the State of. Estimates were conducted with a 95 per cent confidence interval. The association between consumption of sugar sweetened beverages and the population characteristics was evaluated using the Poisson regression model. Results- We studied 11,320 individuals, in a representative sample of the adult population of the State of São Paulo. The majority were female and regular consumption of sugar sweetened beverages was observed in 28.6 per cent of the population. Regular consumption of sugar sweetened beverages was observed more frequently between men, young individuals with middle education level and who consume snacks instead of meals. Conclusion- The regular consumption of sugar sweetened beverages is high in the population of the State of São Paulo. In this way, strategies and public policies based on the population profile of consumption are essential to reverse this situation