This thesis is about the contemporary challenges facing herbal medicine. Specifically it concerns the difficulties faced by Australian herbalists in their attempts to maintain authority over the knowledge base of their craft and a connection with traditional understandings of the uses of plant medicines, while at the same time engaging with biomedicine and the broader Australian healthcare system. It contributes to the study of the nascent field of qualitative studies in contemporary western herbal medicine by making three main arguments.Firstly, Australian herbal medicine is characterised by its origins as a European colonial practice and its history of professional marginalisation during most of the 20th century. Secondly herbal practitioners have been unable to capitalise significantly on a surge of public popularity in the closing years of the 20th century which brought with it the interest of industry, the scrutiny of regulators and the renewed attention of biomedicine. Herbalists continue to struggle for recognition in the face of these more powerful interests. Thirdly it is argued that herbalists are attempting to gain legitimacy and acceptance as a healthcare profession through a process of underpinning their knowledge base with science, which is replacing their traditional philosophical basis. This has the effect of weakening the ability of herbalists to maintain their identity as an independent profession and makes its knowledge base vulnerable to appropriation by other healthcare professions.Gross’ model of the cultural location of traditions in contemporary societies is used to clarify the situation of herbalists and to identify problems consequent to the political choices they have made or which have been forced upon them. Gross suggests that traditions which place themselves close to power have difficulty in maintaining their own character and integrity, but that other cultural locations are also problematic and limit full participation in society. vi It is argued that there are compelling reasons to move beyond Gross’ analysis and to find ways to strengthen the independence of the herbal profession. Given the financial problems facing the current healthcare system in Australia and the looming ecological challenges, radical changes to the current system are required. The central concepts of herbal practice, in particular vitalism and holism, lead to approaches to healthcare which are potentially both costeffective and ecologically sustainable. A robust and independent profession of western herbalists, with their philosophy articulated and restored, could provide a valuable and sustainable contribution to Australian healthcare.

Background: Mood and Anxiety disorders have a profound personal and socioeconomic impact. Response and remission rates from orthodox pharmacotherapies currently have moderate efficacy: more options are needed. Herbal and complementary medicines offer promise for the treatment of depression and anxiety, however research in this area is still in its infancy. Aims: To research the current evidence for herbal and complementary medicines in the treatment of mood (specifically unipolar depression) and anxiety disorders. To identify areas of interest where there are gaps in the literature, and to subsequently conduct two clinical trials in these areas. The research design aimed to create a thesis ‘by publication’, detailing 13 publications that pertain to the area of herbal and complementary medicine and mood and anxiety disorders. Process: Initial literature reviews on herbal medicine and psychiatric disorders, nutritional medicine and major depression, and exercise and depression were conducted to develop knowledge in the area and ascertain the gaps in the literature. Results revealed that in respect to nutritional medicines, varying levels of supportive evidence exists for using omega-3, folate, Sadenosyl methionine (SAMe), and L-Tryptophan as monotherapies and with synthetic pharmacotherapies to treat unipolar depression. A review of exercise in the treatment of depression revealed robust evidence for the use of physical activity as a mood elevating intervention. In regards to herbal interventions, Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort: SJW) and Piper methysticum (Kava) were found to have the most evidence in the herbal treatment of depression and anxiety, respectively. A subsequent literature review was conducted on these herbal medicines. SJW was revealed via review of randomised controlled studies and meta-analyses to be equally effective to antidepressants in treating major depressive disorder. This activity is posited to occur via modulation of neurotransmission and neuroendocrine pathways, including non-selective inhibition of re-uptake of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, decreased degradation of neurochemicals and sensitisation and binding to various neuroreceptors, dopaminergic activity (prefrontal cortex) and cortisol/hypothalmic pituitary adrenal -axis modulation. Kava was also revealed to have meta-analytic evidence in support of anxiolytic activity. This is postulated to occur via GABA membrane modulation, weak GABA binding and blockage of voltage-gated channels, and β-adrenergic downregulation. From this review a deficit in the area of treating comorbid depression and anxiety was identified, and no studies were found using SJW and Kava concomitantly. Due to this, the first study was formulated and conducted, hypothesising that a combination of SJW and Kava may be more effective in reducing participants’ co-occurring depression and anxiety than placebo. First clinical trial: A world-first randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot trial was conducted, involving SJW and Kava in the treatment of major depressive disorder and comorbid anxiety. Twenty eight adults with major depressive disorder and co-occurring anxiety were recruited. After a placebo run-in of two weeks, the trial had a crossover design testing SJW and Kava against placebo over two controlled phases, each of four weeks. The primary analyses used intention-to-treat and completer analyses. On both intention-to-treat (p = 0.047) and completer analyses (p = 0.003), SJW and Kava gave a significantly greater reduction in selfreported depression on the Beck Depression Inventory II over placebo in the first controlled phase. However in the crossover phase, a replication of those effects in the delayed medication group did not occur. Nor were there significant effects on anxiety or quality of life. Possible explanations for the absence of anxiolysis may include a potential interaction with SJW, the presence of depression, or an inadequate dose of Kava. Furthermore, the high dropout significantly reduced the statistical power of the study, precluding firm conclusions. Second clinical trial: The next study sought to determine if the presence of depression affected participants’ anxiolysis from Kava by using a sample of people with chronic anxiety and varying levels of depression. The hypothesis was that higher levels of depression may truncate the anxiolytic effect from Kava. A supplementary aim of the study was to use an aqueous extract of Kava, which in light of hepatotoxic effects from acetone and ethanol based preparations (and incorrect plant parts and cultivars) may be potentially safer. No previous clinical trials had used a traditional aqueous extract. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS) was a 3-week placebo-controlled, doubleblind, crossover trial in participants with elevated generalised anxiety. Piper methysticum (Kava) has been withdrawn in European, British, and Canadian markets due to concerns over hepatotoxic reactions. The WHO recently recommended research into ‘aqueous’ extracts of Kava, which may be a safer formulation of the herb (as opposed to non-traditional acetone or ethanol extracts). Sixty adult participants currently experiencing one month or more of generalised anxiety were prescribed 5 tablets per day of Kava containing 50mg of kavalactones (250mg/day). Results revealed the pooled effect of Kava vs. placebo across phases was highly significant (p < 0.0001), with a substantial effect size (d = 2.24, ηp2 = .428). Pooled analyses also revealed highly significant relative reductions on the Beck Anxiety Inventory. A previously undiscovered antidepressant effect was revealed with highly significant reductions of depression scores occurring on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (p = 0.003, d = 0.75 ηp 2 = .223). The aqueous extract was found to be safe, with no serious adverse effects, and no clinical hepatotoxicity. The aqueous Kava extract appears equally effective in cases where anxiety is accompanied by depression. This should encourage further study and consideration of globally reintroducing aqueous rootstock extracts of Kava for the management of anxiety. Conclusions: A review of the literature revealed that in the area of herbal and nutritional treatments of depression and anxiety, strong evidence exists for SJW in the treatment of depression, and for Kava in the treatment of generalised anxiety. Other herbal medicine monotherapies in the treatment of depression or anxiety or other psychiatric disorders currently have insufficient evidence to firmly recommend use. In respect to nutritional interventions, SAMe, L-Tryptophan, omega-3 and folate have limited evidence as monotherapies, while as adjuvants to antidepressants they have evidentiary support. Aside from exercise and relaxation interventions, other complementary medicine interventions currently possess limited evidence in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. The conclusions from the first study indicate that use of SJW and Kava concomitantly appears to not be an effective treatment of anxiety with or without co-occurring depression. The second study supports that an aqueous extract of Kava is an effective acute anxiolytic and tentatively demonstrates antidepressant properties. Possible future steps involve further exploration and clinical studies of promising medicinal plants in the treatment of depression or anxiety as monotherapies (or as augmenting agents with pharmacotherapies), while a larger and longer phase III Kava clinical trial is required to confirm the results of KADSS.

Thesis--Zürich. / "Arbeiten unter Leitung von Privatodozent Prof. Dr. H. E. Sigerist in Zürich."--head of title. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95).

This thesis is about the contemporary challenges facing herbal medicine. Specifically it concerns the difficulties faced by Australian herbalists in their attempts to maintain authority over the knowledge base of their craft and a connection with traditional understandings of the uses of plant medicines, while at the same time engaging with biomedicine and the broader Australian healthcare system. It contributes to the study of the nascent field of qualitative studies in contemporary western herbal medicine by making three main arguments.Firstly, Australian herbal medicine is characterised by its origins as a European colonial practice and its history of professional marginalisation during most of the 20th century. Secondly herbal practitioners have been unable to capitalise significantly on a surge of public popularity in the closing years of the 20th century which brought with it the interest of industry, the scrutiny of regulators and the renewed attention of biomedicine. Herbalists continue to struggle for recognition in the face of these more powerful interests. Thirdly it is argued that herbalists are attempting to gain legitimacy and acceptance as a healthcare profession through a process of underpinning their knowledge base with science, which is replacing their traditional philosophical basis. This has the effect of weakening the ability of herbalists to maintain their identity as an independent profession and makes its knowledge base vulnerable to appropriation by other healthcare professions.Gross’ model of the cultural location of traditions in contemporary societies is used to clarify the situation of herbalists and to identify problems consequent to the political choices they have made or which have been forced upon them. Gross suggests that traditions which place themselves close to power have difficulty in maintaining their own character and integrity, but that other cultural locations are also problematic and limit full participation in society. vi It is argued that there are compelling reasons to move beyond Gross’ analysis and to find ways to strengthen the independence of the herbal profession. Given the financial problems facing the current healthcare system in Australia and the looming ecological challenges, radical changes to the current system are required. The central concepts of herbal practice, in particular vitalism and holism, lead to approaches to healthcare which are potentially both costeffective and ecologically sustainable. A robust and independent profession of western herbalists, with their philosophy articulated and restored, could provide a valuable and sustainable contribution to Australian healthcare.

This thesis is about the contemporary challenges facing herbal medicine. Specifically it concerns the difficulties faced by Australian herbalists in their attempts to maintain authority over the knowledge base of their craft and a connection with traditional understandings of the uses of plant medicines, while at the same time engaging with biomedicine and the broader Australian healthcare system. It contributes to the study of the nascent field of qualitative studies in contemporary western herbal medicine by making three main arguments.Firstly, Australian herbal medicine is characterised by its origins as a European colonial practice and its history of professional marginalisation during most of the 20th century. Secondly herbal practitioners have been unable to capitalise significantly on a surge of public popularity in the closing years of the 20th century which brought with it the interest of industry, the scrutiny of regulators and the renewed attention of biomedicine. Herbalists continue to struggle for recognition in the face of these more powerful interests. Thirdly it is argued that herbalists are attempting to gain legitimacy and acceptance as a healthcare profession through a process of underpinning their knowledge base with science, which is replacing their traditional philosophical basis. This has the effect of weakening the ability of herbalists to maintain their identity as an independent profession and makes its knowledge base vulnerable to appropriation by other healthcare professions.Gross’ model of the cultural location of traditions in contemporary societies is used to clarify the situation of herbalists and to identify problems consequent to the political choices they have made or which have been forced upon them. Gross suggests that traditions which place themselves close to power have difficulty in maintaining their own character and integrity, but that other cultural locations are also problematic and limit full participation in society. vi It is argued that there are compelling reasons to move beyond Gross’ analysis and to find ways to strengthen the independence of the herbal profession. Given the financial problems facing the current healthcare system in Australia and the looming ecological challenges, radical changes to the current system are required. The central concepts of herbal practice, in particular vitalism and holism, lead to approaches to healthcare which are potentially both costeffective and ecologically sustainable. A robust and independent profession of western herbalists, with their philosophy articulated and restored, could provide a valuable and sustainable contribution to Australian healthcare.

Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa) is one of the highest selling medicinal plants, ranking as the sixth best seller in the US in 2015 (Smith et al., 2016). However, this popularity has been tarnished by claims of hepatotoxicity. The investigation of these reports has determined that implicated products did not contain Black Cohosh plant material. Other reports were shown to be incomplete or had other factors contributing. This has led to the suspicion that cases of adverse reactions may in fact be linked to cases of substitution or adulterations with Asian species of Actaea, rather than to A. racemosa. (Jordan et al., 2010). This shows the need for authentication of Black Cohosh products. In this study various DNA based authentication methods were developed. The first, PlantID is capable of discriminating between Actaea racemosa and four potential adulterant species; Actaea cimicifuga, Actaea cordifolia, Actaea podocarpa and Caulophyllum thalictroides, in a single PCR reaction. The resulting fragments are scrutinized using gel electrophoresis. Other platforms of analysis were trialled with little success. The second was a qPCR based method. These assays are competent in detecting A. racemosa, A. cimicifuga and A. dahurica species and are compared to a generic primer capable of amplification of ten Actaea species. This enables the user to detect specific species in comparison to how much Actaea species are present as a whole. This assay was extensively tested on many materials and products available in the UK and the USA. Out of 34 products assessed it was possible to extract DNA from 32. From the UK market it was found that five products contained undeclared species. From the US market it was found that six products contained undeclared species. All of the THR registered products were found to contain only the authentic species Actaea racemosa. This was a reassuring result from the analysis and adds further value to the scheme of THR. Sequence data from GenBank was used to assist in assigning species to sequenced DNA samples. The data contained on GenBank was scrutinised using various bioinformatics tools. Sequences were organised into molecular taxonomic units using tree diagram software. This showed efficiently and iii visually which sequence entries were reliable to use based upon grouping. This analysis showed that the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) was an ideal barcoding region and that maturase K (MatK) was a poor choice for Actaea species. To address the issue of hepatotoxicity claims, cultured human hepatocyte derived cells were treated with 60% ethanol extracts of Actaea racemosa and Asian Actaea. A qPCR array was utilised to assess 84 genes associated with hepatotoxicity across various concentrations of extract. The collective array output gave a plethora of data which was analysed using bespoke online software from the manufacturer. Stringent quality controls were included on the arrays which gave confidence of results. There were small changes noted for Actaea racemosa and some activity for the Asian Actaea treated cells was also seen. An LDH and MTT assay were used to assess cell viability and toxicity in two human hepatocyte derived cell lines. Actaea racemosa showed no significant effects whereas the Asian Actaea extract showed a notable decrease in cell viability and significant release of LDH indicating toxicity. The Asian Actaea material used to manufacture extracts was of questionable species origin but determined to be either A. dahurica or A. cimicifuga. The results from these experiments were unfortunately not as conclusive as hoped, but did show some evidence of a more likely culprit of toxicity originating from Asian Actaea species.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-19T15:31:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ZulieteAASF_TESE.pdf: 1241282 bytes, checksum: 77075ec3ef268d08c1bb2fd92bab3dba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:15:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ZulieteAASF_TESE.pdf: 1241282 bytes, checksum: 77075ec3ef268d08c1bb2fd92bab3dba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:17:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ZulieteAASF_TESE.pdf: 1241282 bytes, checksum: 77075ec3ef268d08c1bb2fd92bab3dba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T12:17:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ZulieteAASF_TESE.pdf: 1241282 bytes, checksum: 77075ec3ef268d08c1bb2fd92bab3dba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants cause severe pathology and are a major cause of economic losses in sheep and goat farming, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Therefore, the development of sustainable, environmentally acceptable methods of nematode control has become a necessity. To evaluate the anthelmintic action of hydroalcoholic extract of Momordica charantia (EHMC) in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, the egg hatch test (EHT), larval development test (LDT), and toxicity test using mices Balb/c and reduced eggs count in the feces (FECRT), were conducted. To evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy in vitro, TEO and TDL tests were conducted using EHMC at concentrations of 0.05; 0.1; 0.3; 0.7; 1.5 mg ml-1 on eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus. For the toxicity tests, Balb/c mice were randomly divided in groups (n = 12), based on the following treatments: 4.000 (G1), 6.000 (G2), 8.000 (G3), 10.000 mg.kg-1 (G4) and control group (G5), administered by gavage and observed for 14 days. To evaluate the anthelmintic action in vivo, 50 sheep naturally infected were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 per group) where: G1 was the control group, G2 was treated with 350 mg kg-1 EHMC, G3 with 7.5 mg kg-1 of Levamisole, G4 with 0.2 mg.kg-1 of Ivermectina and G5 with 10 mg.kg-1 of Albendazol. The efficacy on the control of gastrointestinal nematodes was valued 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment for the calculation of the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). In the in vitro tests, the EHMC turned out to be very effective by reducing 98.81% of the hatching eggs and the development 99.61% of H. contortus larvae in the dose of 1.5 mg.ml-1. In the acute toxicity test, the EHMC produced no signs of toxicity or death at a concentration of 4.000 mg kg-1, showing that doses below that value are considered safe for use in sheep naturally infected. In the FECRT, the reduction in OPG in sheep was 57% and 56% for EHMC, 93% and 74% for levamisole on days 7 and 14 after treatment, respectively. On day 14 after treatment, there was no significant difference between EHMC and levamisole (p<0.05), there was a reduction of 54% and 69% of excretion of eggs of Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus respectively in the group treated with EHMC in the same period. We conclude that the hydroalcoholic extract of M. charantia showed significant anthelmintic effect in vitro and in vivo, providing an alternative for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep / Nematóides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes causam patologias graves e são uma das principais causas de perdas econômicas para criação de ovinos e caprinos, principalmente em áreas tropicais e subtropicais em todo o mundo. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de métodos sustentáveis, ambientalmente aceitáveis de controle de nematóides tornou-se um estudo necessário. Objetivando avaliar a ação anti-helmíntica do extrato hidroalcoólico de Momordica charantia (EHMC) no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais de ovinos foi realizado teste de eclosão de ovos (TEO), teste de desenvolvimento larvar (TDL), assim como testes de toxicidade e teste de redução de contagem de ovos nas fezes (FECRT). Para avaliação da eficácia anti-helmíntica in vitro os testes TEO e TDL foram realizados utilizando EHMC nas concentrações de 0,05; 0,1; 0,3; 0,7 e 1,5 mg ml-1 sobre ovos e larvas de Haemonchus contortus, já para o teste de toxicidade foram utilizados camundongos Balb/c agrupados aleatoriamente (n=12), com base nos tratamentos: 4000 (G1), 6000 (G2), 8000 (G3), 10.000 mg kg-1 (G4) e grupo controle (G5), administrados por gavagem e mantidos em observação durante 14 dias. Para avaliar a ação anti-helmíntica in vivo, 50 ovinos infectados naturalmente foram divididos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos (n=10 por grupo): G1 (grupo controle), G2 tratado com 350 mg kg-1 EHMC, G3 com 5 mg kg-1 de Levamisol, G4 com 0,2 mg kg-1 de Ivermectina, G5 com 10 mg kg-1 de Albendazol. A eficácia no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais foi avaliada 7, 14 e 21 dias pós-tratamento para o cálculo do teste de redução da contagem de ovos nas fezes (FECRT). Nos testes in vitro o EHMC mostrou eficácia elevada reduzindo 98,81% a eclosão de ovos e 99,61% o desenvolvimento de larvas de H. contortus na dose de 1,5 mg ml-1. Para o teste de toxicidade aguda, o EHMC não produziu sinais de toxicidade ou morte na concentração de 4000 mg kg-1, mostrando que doses abaixo do valor referido são consideradas seguras para utilização em ovinos infectados naturalmente. A redução no OPG observada no FECRT em ovinos foi de 57% e 56% para EHMC, 93% e 74% para Levamisol nos dias 7 e 14 póstratamento, respectivamente. No dia 14 pós-tratamento, não houve diferença significativa entre EHMC e Levamisol (p<0,05), ocorrendo redução de 54% e 69% da excreção de ovos do gênero Haemonchus e Trichostrongylus respectivamente no grupo tratado com EHMC no mesmo período. Concluímos que o EHMC mostrou efeito anti-helmíntico significativo in vitro e in vivo, constituindo uma alternativa para o controle de nematóides gastrintestinais em ovinos / 2017-04-19

This qualitative study was aimed at exploring midwives’ responses and attitudes towards women in labour, as well as their perception of the pain experienced during labour. A non-probability purposive sampling method was followed, and the data collection methods selected were in-depth individual interviews and focus-group interviews, with the aid of an interview guide for both methods, the researcher being the main data collecting instrument. More than one data collection method (triangulation) was used to ensure the trustworthiness of the study. Concerning the perception of midwives towards women experiencing labour pain, the study revealed that firstly, labour pain is unique to individual women, it is natural and bearable. Secondly, labour pain may be unbearable, and the women in labour need to be given medication for pain. Furthermore, certain behaviour was identified and viewed as unacceptable by participating midwives because it could put both the lives of the mother and the unborn baby at risk; these include: drinking herbal medicines during pregnancy and childbirth; extreme activities like jumping out of bed and rolling on the floor. These behaviours were sources of frustration to midwives. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Submitted by AMANDA FIGUEIREDO null (ffigueiredo.amanda@gmail.com) on 2017-04-10T14:46:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AMANDA FIGUEIREDO_DissertaçãoMestrado1004.pdf: 2196239 bytes, checksum: 95b634a045041887f91f2979d0896cb5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T17:30:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 figueiredo_a_me_jabo.pdf: 2196239 bytes, checksum: 95b634a045041887f91f2979d0896cb5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T17:30:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 figueiredo_a_me_jabo.pdf: 2196239 bytes, checksum: 95b634a045041887f91f2979d0896cb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O parasitismo por Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ocasiona grandes perdas econômicas nos rebanhos bovinos, e seu controle por meio de carrapaticidas sintéticos enfrenta problemas de resistência, além do risco de resíduos nos alimentos e ambiente. Com o objetivo de contribuir com informações relevantes para o controle desse parasita, o presente estudo teve três objetivos: 1) avaliar in vitro o efeito do óleo essencial de Ocotea elegans “canela-sassafrás” sobre larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. (B.) microplus; 2) avaliar medicamento homeopático no controle de infestações naturais; 3) comparar as técnicas de estimativa visual e de quantificação por amostragem de larvas eclodidas no teste de imersão de fêmeas adultas, visto a importância dessas no levantamento de substâncias com ação carrapaticida. No primeiro experimento “Efeito acaricida e repelente in vitro do óleo essencial de Ocotea elegans (canela-sassafrás) sobre Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus”, foram adotados os testes: contato de larvas em papel impregnado (LPI), teste de repelência larvar (TR) e imersão de fêmeas adultas (AIT). A fim de verificar a eficácia, O. elegans foi avaliada nas concentrações de 0,78 mg/mL a 100 mg/mL. No AIT, a partir da concentração de 25 mg/mL, a eficácia foi superior a 90%. Os LPI (48h) a 100 mg/mL resultaram em taxas de mortalidade acima de 70%. Já o TR obteve repelência superior a 80% a partir da menor concentração avaliada. Em relação às concentrações letais (CL), a menor CL50 obtida no LPI foi de 25,59 mg/mL 48h pós tratamento. As CL50 e CL90 no AIT foram de 4,96 e 17,37 mg/mL e no TR de 0,04 e 1,24 mg/mL, respectivamente. Foi possível concluir que O. elegans demonstrou efeito significativo sobre fêmeas ingurgitadas e de repelência das larvas, e possivelmente pode ser um adjuvante no controle do carrapato bovino, devendo-se priorizar testes in vivo. No segundo experimento, “Estudo da homeopatia no controle de infestações naturais por R. (B.) microplus em bovinos de leite”, 24 fêmeas da raça Holandesa e Jersey x Holandesa foram divididas nos grupos controle (placebo) (n=12) e tratado (bioterápico 30 CH + Sulphur 30 CH) (n=12), administrado no concentrado (2kg/animal/dia) por 12 meses. De cada grupo coletou-se fêmeas ingurgitadas, a fim de comparar os parâmetros reprodutivos, e semi-ingurgitadas para avaliações morfo-histológicas dos ovários. Mensurou-se o peso vivo (PV), volume globular (VG) e realizou-se contagens de fêmeas ingurgitadas no corpo dos animais. Os resultados médios de PV, VG e n° de carrapatos não foram diferentes estatisticamente para os grupos controle e homeopatia: 616,5 kg e 618,6 kg, 27,9% e 27,3%, 12,19 e 13,58 carrapatos, respectivamente. Nas análises in vitro, as médias do peso das fêmeas (0,18 e 0,17 g), peso dos ovos (0,07 e 0,06 g), % de eclosão de larvas (70,1 e 76,6%) e índice de eficiência reprodutiva (54,3 e 60,6%), para os grupos controle e homeopatia, respectivamente, também não tiveram diferença estatística. Além disso, nenhuma alteração nos ovários foi observada nos estudos em foto-microscopia. Portanto, o medicamento homeopático avaliado não foi eficaz no controle de R. (B.) microplus e não interferiu nos parâmetros reprodutivos das fêmeas ingurgitadas. Finalmente, no estudo “Alternative methods for egg hatch evaluation of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus” em que comparou-se duas técnicas de estimativa de eclosão de ovos, fêmeas ingurgitadas coletadas de bovinos foram submetidas ao AIT com extratos vegetais e mantidas em incubadora para realizar a oviposição. Os ovos foram transferidos para seringas e incubados por 15 dias. A eclosão dos ovos foi avaliada em 210 seringas por estimativa visual (%) e também contadas até 100, em três repetições. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois testes. Na estimativa visual (56,8%) a porcentagem de eclosão média foi maior do que na quantificação por amostragem (48,0%). Na quantificação por amostragem, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas nas contagens das três amostras (48,1, 47,8 e 48,1%) e a correlação entre as repetições foi de 0,96, sugerindo que a contagem de uma amostra é suficiente e o resultado independente do avaliador. O presente estudo contribuiu com informações inéditas sobre o potencial acaricida e repelente de O. elegans. Discutiu-se que apesar do medicamento homeopático não ter tido efeito, tal conclusão não pode ser estendida a outras formulações homeopáticas, vias de aplicação e condições de manejo adversas às do presente estudo. Por fim, os resultados do estudo comparativo contribuem para o aperfeiçoamento do AIT e podem estimular os pesquisadores a optar por técnicas mais confiáveis na avaliação da eclosão de ovos. / The parasitism by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus causes large economic loss in cattle herds and its control through chemical acaricides faces problems of resistance and residues in food and in the environment. Aiming to contribute with relevant information for the control of this parasite, the present study had three objectives: 1) evaluate the effect in vitro of Ocotea elegans essential oil on larvae and engorged females of R. (B.) microplus, 2) evaluate homeopathic medicine to control R. (B.) microplus natural infestations, and 3) compare visual estimation and quantification by sampling techniques of larvae hatching in the engorged females immersion test, due to the importance of this technique in the screening of substances with antiparasitic action. In the first experiment, "In vitro acaricidal and repellent effect of Ocotea elegans essential oil on R. (B.) microplus", were adopted the tests: larval packet test (LPT), the larval repellency test (RT) and the adult immersion test (AIT). In order to verify efficacy, O. elegans was evaluated at concentrations of 0.78 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL. In the AIT, from the concentration of 25 mg/ml, the efficacies were higher than 90%. LPT (48h) at 100 mg/mL resulted in mortality rates higher than 70%. The RT obtained repellency higher than 80% sice the lowest concentration evaluated. In relation to the lethal concentrations, the lowest LC50 obtained in the LPT was 25.59 mg/mL, 48 hours post treatment. The LC50 and LC90 in the AIT were 4.96 and 17.37 mg/mL and in TR were 0.04 and 1.24 mg/mL, respectively. It was possible to conclude that O. elegans had significant effect in engorged females and larvae repellency and may be in the future an adjuvant for tick control, prioritizing in vivo tests. In the second experiment, “Study of homeopathy in the control of natural infestation of R. (B.) microplus in dairy cattle”, 24 females of the Dutch and Jersey x Dutch breed were divided in the control group (placebo) and treated (biotherapic 30 CH + Sulphur 30 CH) (n=12), administered in the concentrate at 2 kg/animal/day for 12 months. It was collected in each group engorged females to compare the reproductive parameters, and semi-engorged females for the ovaries histologic evaluation. The live weight (LW), packed cell volume (PCV) and counts of engorged females in the animals’ body were held. The average results of LW, PCV and ticks were not statistically different in the control and homeopathic groups: 616.5 kg and 618.6 kg, 27.9% and 27.3%, 12.19 and 13.58 ticks, respectively. In the in vitro analyzes, the average weight of females (0.18 and 0.17 g), egg weight (0.07 and 0.06 g), larvae hatching % (70.1 and 76.6%) and reproductive efficiency index (54.3 and 60.6%), to control and homeopatic groups, respectively, had no statistical difference as well. In addition, no changes in the ovaries were observed in microscopy. Therefore, the homeopathic medicine assessed didn’t present efficacy in the R. (B.) microplus control, and didn’t interfere in the reproductive parameters of engorged females. Finally, in the study "Alternative methods for egg hatch evaluation of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus" in which two techniques of egg hatching estimation were compared, engorged females collected from cattle were subject to the AIT with plant extracts and kept in an incubator to perform oviposition. Eggs were transferred to syringes and incubated for 15 days. Egg hatching was evaluated in 210 syringes by visual estimation (%) and also counted until 100 in three repetitions. Significant differences were found between the two tests. In the visual estimation (56.8%) the hatching percentage average was higher than in the quantification by sampling (48.0%). In quantification by sampling, no statistical differences were observed in the pairwise counts between the three samples (48.1, 47.8 and 48.1%) and, the correlation of repetitions was 0.96, suggesting that the count of one sample is sufficient and the result should not differ much, regardless of the evaluator. The present study contributed with unreleased information about the acaricide and repellent effect of O. elegans. It was discussed that despite the homeopathic medicine had not effect, such conclusion cannot be extended to other homeopathic formulations, process of application and management conditions adverse to the present study. Finally, the results of the comparative study contribute for the improvement of the AIT and may encourage researchers to choose more reliable techniques in the assessment of the egg hatching. / CNPq: 134124/2015-4

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-21T15:09:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Iana Luísa Melo de Assunção.pdf: 25322449 bytes, checksum: 291474ff35f85d58865c6f6a8e6ea732 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-23T17:00:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Iana Luísa Melo de Assunção.pdf: 25322449 bytes, checksum: 291474ff35f85d58865c6f6a8e6ea732 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T17:00:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Iana Luísa Melo de Assunção.pdf: 25322449 bytes, checksum: 291474ff35f85d58865c6f6a8e6ea732 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Every year, an average of 2 million people are victims of burns in Brazil. The treatment of the lesions is complex and requires care in order to avoid mainly local and generalized infections. Plants with antimicrobial activity may help in the microbiological treatment of these lesions. Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of fungal and bacterial infections. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop a topical, semi-solid formulation with antimicrobial activity from the dry extract of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler. The hydroalcoholic extract was produced from a 70% (v / v) hydroalcoholic solution with the leaves of S. brasilienses, then nebulized by spray using Aerosil 200® as a pharmacotechnical adjuvant. The extract was analyzed against the strains ATCC of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, by the microdilution technique. After this, a compatibility study was carried out, using the binary mixtures system, between the extract and excipients used in the cream formulation. The mixtures were submitted to studies by differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetry (TG) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Phytochemical prospecting for secondary metabolites was also carried out by ultraviolet spectroscopy. The results showed that the extract was sensitive to all strains tested, being the most sensitive to Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC of 0.031 mg.mL^-1 and that the polyphenols were the secondary metabolites in the most analyzed extract. The compatibility study showed that there were no interactions of chemical origin in the binary mixtures studied, with cold cream being chosen. The cream produced had an average pH within that considered acceptable, between 5.5 and 6.5. Among the preliminary stability tests, only the centrifugation test showed a change in its appearance. In the analysis of the efficacy of the formulation, the cream was classified as active and moderately active for the analyzed strains. Thus, it was possible to obtain a formulation from the dried extract of Schinopsis brasiliensis with proven antimicrobial activity in vitro. / Todos os anos, em média, 2 milhões de pessoas são vítimas de queimaduras no Brasil. O tratamento das lesões é complexo e exige cuidados, a fim de se evitar principalmente as infecções locais e generalizadas. Plantas com atividade antimicrobiana podem ajudar no tratamento microbiológico dessas lesões. A Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler é uma planta utilizada na medicina popular no tratamento de infecções fúngicas e bacterianas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma formulação tópica, semissólida e com atividade antimicrobiana a partir do extrato seco de Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler. O extrato hidroalcoólico foi produzido, a partir de uma solução hidroalcoólica 70% (v/v) com as folhas de S. brasilienses, em seguida foi nebulizado por aspersão, utilizando Aerosil 200® , como adjuvante farmacotécnico. O extrato produzido foi analisado frente às cepas ATCC de Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli e Candida albicans, pela técnica da microdiluição. Após isto foi realizado um estudo de compatibilidade, utilizando o sistema de misturas binárias, entre o extrato e excipientes usados na formulação de creme. As misturas foram submetidas a estudos por análise térmica diferencial (DTA), termogravimetria (TG) e espectroscopia por infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Foi realizada também a prospecção fitoquímica para metabólitos secundários por espectroscopia de ultravioleta. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o extrato foi sensível a todas as cepas testadas, sendo a mais sensível a Pseudomonas aeruginosa com CIM de 0,031 mg.mL^-1 e que os polifenóis foram os metabólitos secundários em maior quantidade no extrato analisado. O estudo de compatibilidade demonstrou que não houve interações de origem química nas misturas binárias estudadas, sendo escolhido o cold cream. O creme produzido apresentou pH médio dentro do considerado aceitável, entre 5,5 e 6,5. Dentre os testes de estabilidade preliminar, apenas o teste de centrifugação apresentou alteração em sua aparência. Na análise da eficácia da formulação, o creme foi classificado entre ativo e moderadamente ativo para as cepas analisadas. Assim, foi possível obter uma formulação a partir do extrato seco de Schinopsis brasiliensis com atividade antimicrobiana comprovada in vitro.