Summary: Consilia played an important role in medieval but also early modern professional health literature. Literary "consilium" contained a written statement of one particular case, the patient's condition and disease as well as advice on a medical procedure where a doctor in accordance with the contemporary discourse analyzed symptoms, determined the diagnosis, prognosis and recommended its pharmacological treatment including possible technical interventions (venesection etc.). In the 16th century, the Consilia Literature was a common part of many eminent physicians' practice whereas nowadays it is unjustly neglected source of history of medicine, pharmacology, dietetics and so on. The first part of the dissertation is devoted to the definition of genre, the initial stages of its development and description of the specifics of the Middle Ages. However the results of fifteen eminent physicians of Italy (B. Vettori, G. B. Da Monte, V. Trincavelli, A. M. Venusti, G. Capodivaccio, C. Guarinoni), France (J. Fernel, G. de Baillou) and of the German-speaking areas of Central Europe (J. Crato, R. Solenander, L. Scholz, D. Cornarius, J. Wittich, T. Mermann, J. Matthaeus), became the main theme of work of early modern consultative collections. On examination of nearly seven thousand consilia from twenty two...

Orientadores: Eros Antonio de Almeida, Rachel Lewinsohn / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T21:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gurgel_CristinaBrandtFriedrichMartin_D.pdf: 1275536 bytes, checksum: 77133d53d149a9f5e8d593647cb11de7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Isolados durante milhares de anos, os indígenas não desenvolveram imunidade diante de vírus e bactérias originários de outros continentes. Apesar de seu habitat não ser destituído de uma grande variedade de moléstias (dentre elas o pian, a leishmaniose cutânea e a doença de Chagas), no contato com o colonizador, a deficiência de resposta imune Th2 para micro-organismos autóctones causou verdadeiras tragédias entre os brasilíndios, que sucumbiam por gripes, sarampo, disenterias e principalmente varíola. Médicos formados constituíam um grupo insignificante no Brasil colonial e diante do vazio profissional, jesuítas (os primeiros que se lançaram nas práticas médicas), curiosos, curandeiros, barbeiros, benzedeiras compunham um contingente expressivo. Todos praticavam uma medicina híbrida, formada inicialmente pela medicina popular européia e indígena; ambas possuíam uma noção materializada da doença que, uma vez instituída, deveria abandonar o organismo. Diante disso, a terapêutica baseava-se em sangrias, purgas e vomitórios, além de rituais, rezas e uso de amuletos para satisfazer o sobrenatural. Estas práticas médicas concomitantemente valeram-se da variada flora medicinal nativa e foram difundidas pelos bandeirantes, que desbravavam os sertões de norte a sul - por este motivo esta terapêutica foi denominada "Remédios de Paulistas" - e foi usada para diversos males como opilação (anemia), escrófulas, "carneiradas" (malária) e "meia-cegueira" (tracoma?), comuns nas matas e vilas incipientes. Nenhuma das medicinas, erudita ou popular - que na realidade eram muito semelhantes entre si - foi eficaz diante das epidemias. A despeito de serem os indígenas suas principais vítimas, elas matavam de senhores de engenho a escravos, faziam ruir a economia e causavam fome e desalento. Falências, crescentes dívidas para importar escravos africanos (mais caros, porém mais resistentes às doenças) constituíram por muitos anos um quadro sombrio da vida no Brasil. Num círculo cruel de causa e efeito, os escravos negros substituíram gradativamente o trabalho indígena nas lavouras, mas trouxeram mais doenças, como o maculo, a febre amarela, a malária (por P. falciparum) e a própria varíola. As tentativas indígenas na defesa de seu território resultaram em fracasso; a morte, na grande maioria das vezes, foi causada direta ou indiretamente pelas doenças infecciosas de além-mar e não por canhões e arcabuzes. Assim, na falta de uma imunidade eficaz, as guerras contra os colonizadores já estavam vencidas, antes mesmo de iniciadas. / Abstract: Isolated during thousands of years, native Brazilians did not developed immunity to microorganisms from another continent. Despite the presence of diseases in their habitat, (such as non venereal treponematosis, cutaneous leshmaniosis and Chagas' disease), with exposure to alien explorers, the deficiency of an immune response Th2 to viruses and foreign bacteria, truly decimated the native population of Brazil, which succumbed secondary to primarily small pox, but also to the flu, measles and dysentery. Trained physicians were scarce in colonial Brazil, and due to this professional void, Jesuits (the first to start medical practices), curious people, shamans, barbers and faith healers tried to replace them; all practiced a hybrid form of medicine, based initially in the popular European medicine combined with native roots. Both schools of thought had a "material" concept of the diseases; that is, once developed, it had to abandon the organism. As such, therapy was based in exsanguinations, intestinal cleansing and forced vomit, in addition to rituals, praying and use of amulets to appease the supernatural world. These medical practices made extensive use of the varied native medicinal flora, and this knowledge was spread out by the alien explorers of the north and south remote regions - as a consequence, this therapy was called " Remedios de Paulistas", i. e., Medicine of Sao Paulo - , and it was used for a variety of maladies such as anemia, scrofula, malaria, and trachoma, diseases common in the jungle and adjacent hamlets. None of the medical practices - classic or popular (very similar to each other) - was efficacious against any epidemics. Despite native Brazilians being most affected, epidemics also killed African slaves and their owners, ruining the economy and causing hunger and discouragement. Personal bankruptcy, increased debts for buying African slaves (more expensive, however more resistant to diseases) lead to, for many years, a somber lifestyle in Brazil. In a cruel circle of cause and effect, African slaves gradually replaced native Brazilians as work force in the plantations; on the other hand, they also brought in diseases such as infectious recto colitis, yellow fever and malaria - caused by P. falciparum, and even small pox. All native Brazilian resistance to colonization resulted in failure; death, in the vast majority of cases, was caused directly or indirectly by the exposure to alien diseases, and not by cannons or guns. As a consequence, due to lack of an efficient immune system, the battle against the colonizers was already lost, even before it had started. / Doutorado / Clinica Medica / Doutor em Clínica Médica

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-11T10:44:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ederschmidt.pdf: 1289167 bytes, checksum: 940c0a29647adcf0becbe8b6d86e2e69 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-23T13:11:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ederschmidt.pdf: 1289167 bytes, checksum: 940c0a29647adcf0becbe8b6d86e2e69 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T13:11:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ederschmidt.pdf: 1289167 bytes, checksum: 940c0a29647adcf0becbe8b6d86e2e69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 / Na literatura especializada sobre a história da histeria, a carreira do neurologista francês Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), chefe do serviço de patologias do sistema nervoso no hospital da Salpêtrière, em Paris, é comumente descrita como uma progressão a partir de importantes equívocos iniciais na compreensão do quadro histérico, até uma tardia antecipação das concepções psicanalíticas. A tese ora apresentada é a de que a leitura de sua obra sobre a histeria não autorizaria tal afirmativa: a noção charcotiana da doença se manteve plenamente inserida no campo da clínica do sistema nervoso. Em outras palavras, não é possível identificar no texto de Charcot nenhuma pretensão de aproximar a histeria da esfera das doenças mentais. Foi realizada uma revisão cronológica de sua obra referente à histeria, empreendendo-se uma análise de sua abordagem do quadro a partir da lógica interna dos conceitos que a fundamentaram. Os escritos do autor se constituíram como a fonte primária e principal para esta pesquisa. Foram também utilizados como fontes, textos de seus principais colaboradores, e de comentadores que se dedicaram à sua biografia e à sua obra. Os anos de 1870 e 1893 demarcaram o recorte temporal do presente estudo, precedido por um exame das teorias anteriores formuladas a respeito da histeria, desde sua compreensão como uma alteração do cérebro e dos nervos, até ser tomada por Charcot como objeto de interesse científico. A conclusão é a de que, na obra de Charcot, os fenômenos histéricos são sistematicamente remetidos à neuroanatomia e à neurofisiologia. Os novos conhecimentos expressos por ele nas teorizações referentes à doença se mantêm consistentemente dentro dos limites da neurologia / In the scholarship on the history of hysteria, the career of the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), director of the section of pathologies of the nervous system at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, is commonly described as the progression from important early misconceptions in the understanding of the hysterical condition to a belated anticipation of psychoanalytic conceptions. This dissertation proposes that a close reading of Charcot’s work on hysteria disavows such interpretation and that his conception of hysteria remained fully inserted in the clinical field of the nervous diseases. In other words, it is not possible to identify in Charcot’s texts any intent to bring hysteria closer to the field of mental pathology. A chronological revision of his work on hysteria was undertaken, and an analysis of his approach to this disease was made based on the internal logic of the underlying concepts. Charcot’s own writings were the primary and main source for this research. Other sources were the works of his main collaborators and the scholarship dedicated to his biography and work. The years between 1870 and 1893 defined the timeframe of this study, preceded by an examination of previous theories formulated about hysteria from the time it began to be related to a change in the brain and nerves until it was taken by Charcot as an object of scientific interest. The conclusion is that, in Charcot’s work, hysterical phenomena are systematically referred to neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. The new knowledge expressed in Charcot’s theories about this disease remains consistently within the limits of neurology

O presente estudo aborda o tema da eugenia - ciência que pregava a aplicação de práticas de melhoramento e aprimoramento da espécie humana - e suas influências nas pesquisas e práticas médicas no início do século XX. A eugenia consistiu em uma importante estratégia para enfrentamento da diversidade imposta nas cidades, contribuindo para a construção da ordem e civilidade, baseada no progresso e na superioridade moral e física dos indivíduos. Ao defender a reprodução humana controlada para obter uma raça pura, pregava a eliminação dos \"inferiores\" e \"degenerados\" por meio de práticas de saneamento, exclusão social, isolamento compulsório, controle de casamentos e, em alguns casos, esterilização involuntária. A transição dos séculos XIX e XX marcou o período de ascensão do movimento eugenista, onde os médicos ganharam posição de destaque como representantes da ciência, exercendo influência sobre diferentes esferas da sociedade, com o objetivo de sanear o meio e oferecer condições para a elevação da raça. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência da eugenia nos estudos e práticas médicas entre 1920 e 1939, a partir da produção das teses doutorais da antiga Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de São Paulo (atual Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo), especificando os elementos relacionados às práticas eugênicas lamarckistas (positivas) e mendelistas (negativas). Para a realização do estudo, foram realizados levantamento e análise de 45 teses doutorais, analisadas sob os referenciais metodológicos pautados no conceito da lógica histórica (Thompson, 1981), do paradigma indiciário (Ginzburg, 1989) e das leituras como representações (Chartier, 1991). A pesquisa encontra subsídios nos estudos em Saúde Coletiva, buscando fornecer elementos no sentido de compreender os princípios do discurso médico-eugênico nas práticas médicas e educacionais do período, contribuindo para a análise de processos de rupturas e permanências históricas nas práticas em saúde. As teses doutorais podem ser consideradas representativas na apresentação das temáticas médico-eugênicas, que estavam presentes, de alguma forma, na estrutura de ensino da faculdade, reforçando a importância atribuída à eugenia no meio científico da época / This study addresses the theme of eugenics - science that proclaimed the application of practices for improvement and enhancement of human species - and its influences on medical practices and research in the early 20th century. Eugenics consisted of an important strategy for coping with the diversity imposed in cities, contributing to the foundation of order and civility, based on progress and moral and physical superiority of individuals. By supporting the idea of controlled human reproduction to obtain a pure race, it preached the elimination of the \"inferior\" and \"degenerate\" by means of sanitation practices, social exclusion, compulsory isolation, marriage control, and, in some cases, involuntary sterilization. The transition of the 19th and 20th centuries has marked the period of ascension of the eugenic movement, in which doctors have gained prominent position as science representatives, exerting its influence on diverse spheres of society, aiming to sanitize the environment and offering conditions for the rise of the race. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of eugenics on medical studies and practices between 1920 and 1939, from the production of doctoral theses of the former Medicine and Surgery College of São Paulo [Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo] (currently Medicine College of São Paulo University [Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo]), specifying elements related to lamarckist (positive) and mendelist (negative) eugenic practices. In order to fulfil the study, 45 doctoral theses were surveyed and analyzed according to the methodological guidelines based on the concept of historical logic (Thompson, 1981), the indiciary paradigm (Ginzburg, 1989) and the readings as representations (Chartier, 1991). The research finds subsidies in Collective Health studies, seeking to provide elements to understand the principles of medical-eugenic discourse in the medical and educational practices of the period, contributing to the analysis of processes of historical rupture and maintenance in health practices. The doctoral theses can be considered representative in the presentation of the medical-eugenic themes that were present, in some way, in the teaching structure of the college, reinforcing the importance attributed to eugenics in the scientific environment of the time

This study uses the professional trajectory of the Harvard-trained physical chemist and physiologist Lawrence Joseph Henderson to show how the nascent and highly mobile interconnections between biomedicine and social theory began to crystallize around the concept of the social system in the middle decades of the twentieth century. The social system became a powerful and persuasive way of relating vastly different concepts and their consequences, e.g., the laboratory and social life. By focusing on L.J. Henderson and the social system, this study brings the history of biomedicine into dialogue with the history of the social sciences in a new and interesting way by offering an alternative (pre-cybernetics) genealogy of systems theory. This dissertation is an examination of Henderson's cross-disciplinary application of the concept of the social system in three domains: the social sciences, medicine, and industry. Henderson is a historically interesting case because he allows us a unique point of view--the ability to see border crossings between the social sciences and the life sciences in more than one domain. I argue that the transformation of social theory in inter-war America should be understood as part of a broader set of mid-twentieth century developments in the life sciences in general, and human physiology in particular. / History of Science

'Reconceptualising the Birth Process in Eighteenth-Century England' employs a broad range of historical sources to construct a richly detailed account of childbirth. By examining women's life-writings, manuscript recipe books, medical texts, court records, collections of folklore, Anglican prayerbooks and material culture this thesis moves away from an historiographical focus on the delivery of the infant to explore the embodied experience of 'giving birth' in the eighteenth-century from the perspective of the labouring woman, her family and the friends and neighbours that visited her. Birth, it is argued, was a process of four distinct phases that lasted between four and six weeks in total. These phases - confinement, labour, delivery and lying-in - were flexible, highly adaptable and indispensable components of 'giving birth'. In exploring birth as a process, this thesis challenges the dominant historiography of the rapid professionalisation of childbirth during the eighteenth century by tracing high levels of continuity in community practices of childbirth management. By broadening the focus of research to include each phase of the birth process this thesis highlights the wide range of cultural, social and emotional behaviours that constituted the embodied experience of giving birth. In reconceptualising childbirth as a process, the thesis refocuses attention on the woman giving birth and the rich networks of friends, family and neighbours that were so crucial to the management of birth in eighteenth-century England.

Summary: Consilia played an important role in medieval but also early modern professional health literature. Literary "consilium" contained a written statement of one particular case, the patient's condition and disease as well as advice on a medical procedure where a doctor in accordance with the contemporary discourse analyzed symptoms, determined the diagnosis, prognosis and recommended its pharmacological treatment including possible technical interventions (venesection etc.). In the 16th century, the Consilia Literature was a common part of many eminent physicians' practice whereas nowadays it is unjustly neglected source of history of medicine, pharmacology, dietetics and so on. The first part of the dissertation is devoted to the definition of genre, the initial stages of its development and description of the specifics of the Middle Ages. However the results of fifteen eminent physicians of Italy (B. Vettori, G. B. Da Monte, V. Trincavelli, A. M. Venusti, G. Capodivaccio, C. Guarinoni), France (J. Fernel, G. de Baillou) and of the German-speaking areas of Central Europe (J. Crato, R. Solenander, L. Scholz, D. Cornarius, J. Wittich, T. Mermann, J. Matthaeus), became the main theme of work of early modern consultative collections. On examination of nearly seven thousand consilia from twenty two...

This thesis examines the history of diphtheria in Ontario between 1880 and 1940. The purpose of this thesis is to look past the bacteriological excitement of the nineteenth century, and the discoveries that have often been reported by historians and popular media and explore why diphtheria remained an enigmatic disease despite the discovery of a single bacterial cause. Drawing on a variety of primary and secondary sources, this thesis also uncovers the social, personal and often fatal consequences that arose following the appearance of diphtheria within communities. The unresolved enigmatic nature of diphtheria allowed for the creation of a conceptual space in which both medical and non-medical members of Ontario’s society often found themselves competing to promote their own conceptualizations of diphtheria. These conceptualizations, combined with the threat diphtheria posed to the health of a community, resulted in further confusion regarding the nature of the disease. Many historical concerns regarding diphtheria and its enigmatic nature have never been resolved.

This essay presents a case study about the development of income levels in the medical sector during Sweden´s period of modernization, 1890-1920, focusing specifically on the five wage groups which comprised the medical staff at Uppsala´s Ulleråker hospitalum (=mental asylum). This institution, though different in it´s stated mission from hospitals and the like, was similarily organized, and staffed with employees belonging to the same categories as regular hospital staff - they shared similar social backgrounds, education levels, work tasks and conditions. This was thanks to the centralized nature of the Swedish medical sector, which was governed mainly by the Medicinal Board, which in turn was influenced by the government on one side, and influential individuals, schools for medical education and employee organisations/unions on the other. The objective of the essay is to establish a timeline of the wage development, and to identify factors which influenced this development. Furthermore, it seeks to identify differences between genders, wherefore the male orderlies and female nursing aides are given special focus throughout. Although the hospitalum has been the subject of previous books, the financial records have never been used in research before. The essay begins with presenting a history of Swedish societal development - and the simultaneous development of the medical sector - before moving on to establish a timeline of the nominal wage data. Using methodology developed by previous historical wage development research, it then calculates the real wages with the help of a converted consumer price index. It also makes use of a separate, in-depth study to try and showcase differences between genders; primarily, it calculates the share of bonuses of total income and what the maximum earning capacity of the male and female staff was. The essay concludes that the wage development was influenced by multiple factors. Primarily, education level was a crucial factor for the employee in securing higher wages. Not only did it serve as basis for securing higher wages, it also came with the bonus of educational organisations oftentimes aiding their graduates in discussion with prospective employers. Secondarily, collective bargaining (and, from 1904, unions), along with influential members of the national doctor´s corp (who were realizant about the need for better work conditions in order to retain talented employees) allowed the staff to directly influence decisions in the Medicinal Board, and use the conditions at other medical institutions as motivation for implementing improvements. Additionally, larger societal trends also played a part. In particular, the real wages show clearly that the wage development to a great extent followed the trends in cost of living, and obviously the extreme influence of World war I also necessitated extreme adjustments - though, interestingly, these adjustments consisted more of increased bonus payouts that wage increses, perhaps due to bonuses being easier to lower or discontinue after the expensive times were over. In all, education appears to have been the most important factor in securing high wages - other research reveals some wage groups used professionalization to improve their work conditions, to the detriment of lower level wage groups. Since market forces had little impact on the medical sector, due to it not producing marketable goods and services or competing for workers, collective bargaining and larger societal developments became the main influences for less educated staff.

No description available.