This study explores the relationship between emigration and cholera in British North American port towns, between 1832 and 1866. It focuses specifically on three established and growing port towns located directly off of the Atlantic Ocean – St. John's, Newfoundland, Halifax, Nova Scotia and Saint John, New Brunswick. The pressures of mass immigration from the British Isles, the transmission of highly-feared diseases from emigrant and cargo ships to port towns in British North America, and the dependence, vulnerability and constraints felt by colonial governments and their citizens are three important themes that emerge and are continually challenged throughout this dissertation. This thesis presents the way in which colonial port towns managed the recurrent and unpredictable threats to their health, wellbeing and prosperity during this period, and highlights the increasing strain and growing dislocation felt by British North Americans under colonial rule. The history of cholera in Canada has focused overwhelmingly on Upper and Lower Canada, with little exploration or comparative analysis of the outbreaks in the Atlantic region. The following research examines the interconnected, complex and at times distant relationship between Britain and its North American colonies, under the influence of emigration and transmission of disease from coloniser to colonised. High points of calamity and upheaval clarified the extent to which the colonies were responsible for themselves, forcing many towns to re-evaluate their ability to control emergencies on their soil, with or without the help of the mother country. This study contributes not only to the historical understanding how cholera was managed in British North American ports, but it also provides a unique perspective on understanding the greater struggles of nineteenth-century colonial life.

This thesis examines attitudes toward infertility in early modern England and colonial New England from c.1620 to 1720 through infertility’s representation in contemporary medical, religious, and literary sources. This study uses an expanded definition of infertility, namely a 'spectrum of infertility', to capture the tensions that arose during periods of infertility and experiences of reproductive failure such as miscarriages, stillbirths, monstrous births, and false conceptions. A spectrum, more than a modern definition, more accurately represents the range of bodily conditions experienced by early modern women and men that indicated reproductive disorder in the body; by extension, the language of infertility expressed fears about disorder in times of social, religious, and political crisis in early modern society. The two societies' relationship was often described through reproductive language and the language of infertility appears in both societies when order - within the body, within marriages, or within and between communities - was threatened. This thesis contributes to a growing body of scholarship on infertility in early modern society by analysing its presence in communications within and between early modern England and colonial New England. It argues that understanding the English origins of the colonists' attitudes toward infertility is fundamental both to understanding the close connection between the two societies and to providing context for the colonists' perceptions about their encounters with new lands, bodies, environments, and reasons for emigration. As a result, this thesis seeks to break new ground in providing an overview of social, medical, and cultural reactions in both England and New England, demonstrating that similar language and tropes were used in both regions to communicate concerns about infertility. Exploring the interplay between the many sources addressing this health issue more accurately represents the complexity of early modern attitudes toward infertility, and the intimacy of the relationship between the fledgling New England colonies and their metaphorical Mother England.

Many patent law dilemmas arise from a failure to understand technologies as embedded in broader social, economic and political realities and to contextually analyze these legal phenomena. This narrowness leads to poor legal development, of which the modern medical exception from patentability is one example. Judges have difficulty interpreting it, patentees do not understand its purpose and it does not protect the important medical technologies to which the public would like access. This thesis applies a legal pluralist analysis to examine the emergence of the medical methods exception in order to understand why it was created and legislated. It starts by examining the origins of the exception in the caselaw, and the informal, concurrent norm established by the emerging medical profession in the early 20th century. It then proceeds to examine why the medical profession might have sought and enforced a norm prohibiting its members from patenting, and concludes that this arose from the need of the medical profession to distance itself from the patent law. As a result, professionalizing physicians established an internal normative order that mimicked and in many cases replaced the effect of the formal law. The thesis then proceeds to examine how the form of the informal norm evolved in the period between WWI and WWII, finding that the profession’s norm transformed and broke down concurrently with its efforts to achieve external legitimacy through legislation. That breakdown arose from factors which included growing labour mobility, greater understanding of the benefits of patents, and a growing role of science and industry in medicine that threatened the profession’s access to valuable medical innovation. The thesis concludes with a study of a current case (Myriad Genetics) that applies the thesis’ theoretical framework to a present dispute over the role the law should play in regulating genetic diagnostic tests.

This study addresses the problem critics have faced in identifying contemporary perceptions of the barber, surgeon and barber-surgeon in early modernity by examining the literature, predominantly the drama, from the period. The name ‘barber-surgeon’ is not given formally to any character in extant early modern plays; only within the dialogue or during stage business is a character labelled the barber-surgeon. Barbers and surgeons are simultaneously separate and doubled-up characters. The differences and cross-pollinations between their practices play out across the literature and tell us not just about their cultural, civic and occupational histories but also about how we interpret patterns in language, onomastics, dramaturgy, materiality, acoustics and semiology. Accordingly, the argument in this study is structured thematically and focuses on the elements of performance, moving from discussions of names to discussions of settings and props, disguises, stage directions and semiotics, and from sound effects and music, to voices and rhetorical turns. In doing so, it questions what it means in early modernity to have a developed literary identity, or be deprived of one. The barber-surgeon is a trope in early modern literature because he has a tangible social impact and an historical meaning derived from his barbery and surgery roots, and consequently a richly allusive idiom which exerted attraction for audiences. But the figure of the barber-surgeon can also be a trope in investigating how representation works. An aesthetic of doubleness, which this study finds to be diversely constructed, prevails in barbers’, surgeons’ and barber-surgeons’ literary conception, and the barber-surgeon in the popular imagination is created from opposing cultural stereotypes. The literature from the period demonstrates why a guild union of barbers and surgeons was never harmonious: they are opposing dramaturgical as well as medical figures. This study has a wide-ranging literary corpus, including early modern play texts, ballads, pamphlets, guild records, dictionaries, inventories, medical treatises and archaeological material, and contributes to the critical endeavours of the medical humanities, cultural materialists, theatre historians and linguists.

La médecine connaît actuellement en France une crise de ses repères et de ses valeurs conséquente aux bouleversements scientifiques, techniques et sociologiques qu'elle a connue au cours du XXe siècle. Cette thèse vise à explorer les tenants et les aboutissants de cette situation, à partir d'une étude historique et philosophique de l'émergence et du développement de la médecine française moderne puis contemporaine, entendue à la fois comme profession, discoursscientifique et pratique sociale. De la formation du corps médical à l'apparition d'un discours autonome des usagers de santé, nous défendons l'idée selon laquelle la genèse et l'évolution du discours médical, depuis le XVIIIe siècle jusqu'à nos jours, repose sur sa capacité à répondre à la question fondatrice des possibilités d'objectivation scientifique et technique de la subjectivité humaine. Ce problème, originairement épistémologique, se révèle au cours de notre généalogie de nature tant philosophique qu'éthique et sociopolitique, nous conduisant finalement àrechercher les outils de problématisation de la crise contemporaine au fondement de la relation médicale moderne. L'étude de la correspondance du médecin des Lumières Samuel-Auguste Tissot (1728-1797) nous offre finalement un contre-point essentiel pour préciser les conditions de possibilités d'une médecine, que nous souhaitons pour le XXIe siècle, et au sein de laquelle est assuré le respect de l'autonomie et de l'identité propres à l'ensemble des sujets, qu'ils soient soignés ou soignants. / Medicine in France is currently undergoing a crisis, with respect to its establishedreferences and values, as a result of the major technical, sociological and scientific changes undergone in the twentieth century. This thesis aims to explore the ins and outs of this crisis through an historical and philosophical study of the emergence and development of modern and contemporary French medicine as a profession, scientific discourse and social practice. From the forming of the medical body to the emergence of an autonomous non-professional discourse, wedefend the idea following which the genesis and evolution of medical discourse, from the eighteenth century to the present day, rests on its ability to answer the foundational problem of the possibility a scientific and technical objectivation of the human subjectivity. Originally of an epistemological nature, this problem reveals itself, through our genealogy, to be rather of a philosophical, ethical and sociopolitical nature, which leads us to conceive a frame of reference by means of which to better understand the contemporary crisis underlying the modern doctorpatient relation. Finally, a case study of the correspondence of Enlightenment's medical doctor Samuel-Auguste Tissot (1728-1797) offers an essential viewpoint from which to reflect on the possibility and conditions of a medical epistemology that ensures the respect of the autonomy andidentity of all subjects, patients and practitioners alike.

Propomos uma investigação simultaneamente histórica e epistemológica dos trabalhos de Georges Canguilhem, buscando alargar e aprofundar nossa compreensão dos critérios que determinam tanto a escolha dos objetos, quanto os métodos de investigação e regras para a escrita da história das ciências. Essa investigação é reforçada por uma reconstrução dos debates intelectuais nos quais Canguilhem esteve envolvido ao longo da sua carreira acadêmica, debates que conduziram a verdadeiras reviravoltas na elaboração do seu pensamento. Assim, essa pesquisa trata da formação acidentada de um pensamento e de uma obra preocupada com a elaboração de uma teoria da História das Ciências a partir da superação da falsa dicotomia entre internalismo e externalismo. / We propose a simultaneously historical and epistemological exploration of Georges Canguilhems work, seeking to broaden and deepen our understanding of the criteria that determine both how objects of study are chosen, and how the investigative methods and rules for writing the history of the sciences are defined. This exploration is further supported by a reconstruction of the intellectual debates in which Canguilhem became involved over the course of his academic career, leading to various twists and turns in his thought. Hence the project involves an inquiry into the eventful formation of a body of thought of key importance to the general theory of the History of Science, seeking to move beyond the dichotomy between internalism and externalism.

O presente trabalho trata-se de uma biografia do psiquiatra Antonio Carlos Pacheco e Silva (1898- 1988) que, entre outros cargos e funções, foi diretor do Hospital de Juquery, professor catedrático da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, presidente da Federação Mundial para a Saúde Mental, deputado federal e estadual e dirigente de diversas entidades médico-científicas. O estudo almeja captar as especificidades das ações do personagem, bem como as relações que ele estabeleceu com os contextos históricos em que viveu. Pretende-se, assim, romper com as análises biográficas heroicas e laudatórias que invariavelmente incidem em determinismos e cristalizações. Para tanto, o trabalho explora os conceitos de biografia hermenêutica e de singularidade desenvolvidos respectivamente por François Dosse e Carlo Ginzburg. A carreira política de Pacheco e Silva, por sua vez, é investigada a partir das teorias acerca do pensamento conservador brasileiro e sob as indicações metodológicas sobre a construção e as implicações da paulistanidade. Considerando a necessidade de se definir uma clara e coesa periodização sobre o objeto de análise, foi realizado um recorte temporal em três Eras que tomam como base os processos históricos mais amplos e a dimensão particular da vida do biografado na perspectiva de sua atuação nos campos da psiquiatria e da política. Ao considerar a inserção do presente trabalho no campo da Saúde Coletiva, partimos do pressuposto que a História pode ser uma grande aliada na compreensão dos fenômenos sociais que permeiam os processos saúde-doença-cuidado e as ações de determinados grupos e indivíduos em meio a eles. Sendo assim, a História, ciência que se volta para a ação do homem no tempo, encontra neste campo um espaço privilegiado de troca capaz de enriquecer tanto as pesquisas realizadas pelos profissionais mais próximos dos serviços de Saúde quanto as análises dos profissionais dedicados às Ciências Sociais e Humanas. Com isso em vista, estudo empreendido se subdivide em cinco capítulos. Os dois primeiros englobam as opções teórico-metodológicas adotadas e o debate historiográfico acerca do campo biográfico, da história das práticas médicas e de Saúde, bem como sobre a vida e obra de Antonio Carlos Pacheco e Silva. Os três últimos capítulos analisam as especificidades dos diferentes momentos de sua vida, classificados como Era formativa, Era do fulgor e Era dos acirramentos. Finalmente, entende-se que o personagem analisado teve sua biografia marcada pelos diferentes contextos históricos em que viveu e que, da mesma forma, foi um indivíduo singular que assumiu posições próprias, que direcionou com maior ou menor grau de autonomia as suas escolhas, construindo, assim, um caminho biográfico peculiar / The present work deals with a biography of the psychiatrist Antonio Carlos Pacheco e Silva (1898-1988), who, among other positions and functions, was director of the Juquery Hospital, professor at the University of São Paulo Medical School, president of World Federation for Mental Health, federal and state deputy and leader of several medicalscientific entities. The study aims to capture the specificities of the character\'s actions, as well as the relationships he established with the historical contexts in which he lived. It is intended, therefore, to break with the heroic and laudatory biographical analyzes that invariably affect determinism and crystallization. For this, the work explores the concepts of hermeneutic biography and singularity developed respectively by François Dosse and Carlo Ginzburg. The political career of Pacheco e Silva, in turn, is investigated from theories about conservative brazilian thought and under the methodological indications about the construction and implications of \"paulistanity\". Considering the necessity to define a clear and cohesive periodization on the object of analysis, a temporal cut was made in three Ages based on the broader historical processes and the particular life dimension of the biographer in the perspective of his work in the fields of psychiatry and politics. In considering the insertion of the present work in the field of Public Health, we assume that History can be a great ally in the understanding of the social phenomena that permeate the health-disease-care processes and the actions of certain groups and individuals among them. Thus, history, a science that turns to the action of man in time, finds in this field a privileged space of exchange capable of enriching both the researches carried out by professionals closer to the health services and the analyzes of professionals dedicated to the Social and Human Sciences. With this in view, study undertaken is subdivided into five chapters. The first two encompasses the theoretical-methodological options adopted and the historiographic debate about the biographical field, the history of medical and health practices, as well as the life and work of Antonio Carlos Pacheco e Silva. The last three chapters analyze the specificities of the different moments of his life, classified as Formative Age, Age of Glow and Age of Disputes. Finally, it is understood that the analyzed character had his biography marked by the different historical contexts in which he lived and that, likewise, it was a singular individual who assumed his own positions, that directed with a greater or lesser degree of autonomy his choices, constructing, thus, a peculiar biographical path

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-22T12:45:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo de Oliveira Andrade.pdf: 1064494 bytes, checksum: 538b5c2fe9f0ed25b6af19d72a15810f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-22T12:45:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo de Oliveira Andrade.pdf: 1064494 bytes, checksum: 538b5c2fe9f0ed25b6af19d72a15810f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The 19th century constitutes a period of strong incidence of researches on cell biology. With the advent of new microscopy techniques, a more comprehensive study of cells behaviour has allowed a better understanding of the conditions that could favour or even determine the appearance of tumours. From then on, several scientists have proposed conceptual, medical and institutional pathways of research and treatment against the disease. The aim of this work is to analyse the panorama of studies and theories on cancer etiology proposed between the latest decades of 19th century and the first two decades of 20th century. We intend to understand how the concepts related to cancer mechanisms have been built and reinterpreted over those decades, and how has this knowledge arrived in Brazil. In this regard, Brazilian doctor Alfredo Leal Pimenta Bueno’s work is going to be used as a case study. Pimenta Bueno presented his ideas on the biochemical phenomena that could trigger cancer in a series of scientific articles published in the Brazilian scientific journal O Brasil Médico between 1926 and 1928. In this dissertation, we show that cancer has transformed into an entity that was more and more discussed and studied in the Europe over the 19th century, and that its construction as a medical problem in Brazil during the first two decades of the 20th century occurred in a scenario in which the attention was still focused on diseases with a greater social impact, such as tuberculosis. At the same time, we have verified that Pimenta Bueno was one of the few Brazilian scientists who investigated cancer etiology, constructing his theory based on the writings of several scientists, appealing to them whenever necessary in order to justify his points of view. In his articles, Pimenta Bueno concludes that cancer could be caused by different agents — all of them would act in the way of causing an irritation, resulting in an over hydration inside cells, which would return to their embryonic stage and, finally, reacquire their proliferation capacity / O século XIX constitui um período de forte incidência de pesquisas no campo da biologia celular. Com o advento de novas técnicas de microscopia, o estudo detalhado do comportamento das células possibilitou um melhor entendimento das condições que favorecem ou determinam o surgimento dos tumores. A partir de então, diversos cientistas propuseram caminhos conceituais, médicos ou institucionais de pesquisa e tratamento para a enfermidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o panorama de estudos e teorias sobre a etiologia do câncer em fins do século XIX e início do século XX. Pretendemos compreender como os conceitos relacionados aos mecanismos da doença foram construídos e reinterpretados ao longo daquelas décadas e como esse conhecimento chegou ao Brasil. Para isso, usaremos como estudo de caso os trabalhos do médico mineiro Alfredo Leal Pimenta Bueno, que apresentou suas ideias sobre os fenômenos bioquímicos que desencadeariam o câncer em uma série de artigos na revista O Brasil Médico entre 1926 e 1928. Nesta dissertação, mostramos que o câncer se transformou durante o século XIX em uma entidade cada vez mais discutida e estudada na Europa, e que sua construção como problema médico no Brasil nas primeiras décadas do século XX se deu em meio a um cenário em que a preocupação maior ainda se centrava em doenças de maior impacto social, como a tuberculose. Ao mesmo tempo, verificamos que Pimenta Bueno foi um dos poucos cientistas brasileiros a investigar a etiologia do câncer, construindo seu discurso a partir dos escritos de diversos cientistas, recorrendo a esses autores sempre que preciso a fim de justificar seus pontos de vista. Pimenta Bueno conclui que o câncer teria as mais variadas causas, todas idênticas pelo só fato de que agiam produzindo uma irritação, de que resultaria uma super hidratação celular, sua volta ao estágio embrionário, e, finalmente, o reestabelecimento de sua capacidade de proliferação

Em 1904, o médico Alcindo de Azevedo Sodré publicava no periódico nacional Brazil Médico as dificuldades de se conseguir dados epidemiológicos sobre tumores malignos na população, enquanto o cirurgião paulista Arnaldo Viera de Carvalho, no mesmo ano, dissertava sobre as definições das formações cancerosas. Iniciava-se em São Paulo, nesse período, um processo de construção de representações sobre o câncer, a partir da imprensa jornalística, dos anuários estatísticos, dos boletins médicos e de teses doutorais. Carentes de uma especialidade médica voltada para o tratamento exclusivo desse flagelo, restavam aos órgãos públicos registrar o vertiginoso crescimento da mortalidade; paralelamente, os anseios da comunidade hipocrática, na busca de patrocínios para pesquisas e instituições, tal como da população, que queria a cura, ganhavam tonalidade frente a insidiosidade do então chamado \"mal da civilização\". Não demoraria para que os paulistas, prescindindo da ajuda federal, organizassem uma maneira de enfrentar a doença. Em 1934 seria fundada a Associação Paulista de Combate ao Câncer, uma entidade filantrópica com o propósito de facilitar o diagnóstico precoce, possibilitar sua profilaxia, realizar assistência hospitalar, social e moral, e elaborar pesquisas nos diversos ramos da \"cancerologia\". Seu fundador, o médico Antonio Prudente, escreveria no ano seguinte o livro \"O câncer precisa ser combatido\", consolidando um corpo material para essa nova questão de Saúde Pública. Assim, entre 1892, que marca a origem de instituições que transformam o câncer em um problema, e 1953, quando o Hospital A. C. Camargo foi construído e celebrado nos jornais como um grande trunfo contra esse mal, se compõe essa narrativa com o propósito de trazer à tona a história social do câncer em São Paulo / In 1904, doctor Alcindo de Azevedo Sodré published an article in the national medical journal Brazil Médico, regarding the difficulties of obtaining epidemiological data about malignant tumors. In that same year, surgeon Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho gave lectures about the definitions of cancerous formations. Those facts were the inception of the construction of representations about cancer in São Paulo, prompted by the journalistic press, statistical yearbooks, doctor\'s newsletters and doctoral thesis. Lacking a medical specialty concerned exclusively with the treatment of this disease, all that was left to public services was to register the vertiginous growth of the mortality rates; at the same time, the aspirations of the hippocratic community, in search of sponsors for research and institutions, as well as the population that wanted healing, gained tonality in the face of the insidiousness of the so-called \"evil of the civilization\". It would not take long for paulistas, regardless of federal aid, to find a manner of dealing with the disease. In 1934 the Associação Paulista de Combate ao Câncer was founded as a philanthropic entity, whose purpose was to facilitate early diagnosis, enable its prophylaxis, provide hospital, social and moral assistance, as well as to research the various branches of \"cancerology\". Its founder, doctor Antonio Prudente, would write in the next year the book \"Cancer needs to be fought\", consolidating a material body for this new issue of Public Health. Thus, between 1892, which marks the origin of institutions that transform cancer into a problem, and 1953, when the Hospital A. C. Camargo was constructed and celebrated in the newspapers as a great asset against this evil, this narrative is composed, with the aim of elaborating a social history of cancer in São Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Conrado Mariano Tarcitano Filho.pdf: 1162182 bytes, checksum: e6b87d57637f3c65a45050f360c0326a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the second half of the 20th century, conventional medicine became the target of strong criticism due its focus on disease with the consequent dehumanization of the doctor-patient relationship, among other reasons. Such criticism also made room for a variety of so-called alternative approaches in the medical marketplace, including homeopathy. Nevertheless, the brand of homeopathy that came to the foreground starting in the 1970s was not the traditional one, but a variety resulting from the elaboration of the ideas of American homeopath James T. Kent (1849-1916) by an Argentinian physician, to wit, Tomás Pablo Paschero (1904-1986). Paschero s homeopathic views are quite complex, and include a multiplicity of different components. For that reason, the aim of the present study was to identify the sources that grounded Paschero s work, and to analyze the particular use he made of them in the construction of his particular theoretical and practical approach to homeopathy, which he assimilated to an anthropological medicine . As neither Paschero nor the contemporary Argentinian homeopaths wrote any substantial work, the present study is based on thorough archival work, as well as on the resources afforded by oral history, including interviews with Paschero s colleagues and disciples. In parallel, the present study sought to circumscribe the particular context within which Paschero developed his ideas, relative to both to his place in the history of homeopathy, and the overall socio-historical and historical-scientific circumstances / Na segunda metade do século XX, a medicina convencional começou a ser amplamente questionada, entre outros motivos, devido à priorização da doença à custa da desumanização da relação médico-paciente. Essa crítica, por outro lado, abriu espaço para uma variedade de abordagens médicas, ditas alternativas, dentre elas, a homeopatia. No entanto, a homeopatia que ganharia destaque a partir da década de 1970 não era a tradicional, mas uma variante resultante da releitura feita pelo argentino Tomás Pablo Paschero (1904-1986) das ideias do homeopata norte-americano James T. Kent (1849-1916). A proposta de Paschero é extremamente complexa e inclui múltiplos e diversos componentes. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as fontes utilizadas por Paschero e analisar a forma particular como ele as articulou de modo a construir sua peculiar abordagem teórico-prática da homeopatia, que assimilou a uma medicina antropológica ou medicina da pessoa . Uma vez que nem Paschero nem seus contemporâneos produziram obras substanciais, o presente estudo baseou-se em intensa pesquisa em arquivos e valeu-se, também, de recursos da história oral, como entrevistas com colegas e discípulos de Paschero. Ao mesmo tempo, procurou-se circunscrever o contexto em que Paschero desenvolveu seus trabalhos, tanto no sentido de sua localização na história da homeopatia mundial e argentina, quanto em função da conjuntura sócio-histórica e histórico-científica mais geral