In a Monte Carlo analysis of meta-analytic data, Type I and Type II error rates were compared for four homogeneity tests. The study controlled for violations of normality and homogeneity of variance. This study was modeled after Harwell (1997) and Kromrey and Hogarty's (1998) experimental design. Specifically, it entailed a 2x3x3x3x3x3x2 factorial design. The study also controlled for between-studies variance, as suggested by Hedges and Vevea's (1998) study. As with similar studies, this randomized factorial design was comprised of 5000 iterations for each of the following 7 independent variables: (1) number of studies within the meta-analysis (10 and 30); (2) primary study sample size (10, 40, 200); (3) score distribution skewness and kurtosis (0/0; 1/3; 2/6);(4) equal or random (around typical sample sizes, 1:1; 4:6; and 6:4) within-group sample sizes;(5) equal or unequal group variances (1:1; 2:1; and 4:1);(6)between-studies variance, tau-squared(0, .33, and 1); and (7)between-class effect size differences, delta(0 and .8). The study incorporated 1,458 experimental conditions. Simulated data from each sample were analyzed using each of four significance test statistics including: a)the fixed-effects Q test of homogeneity; b)the random-effects modification of the Q test; c) the conditionally-random procedure; and d)permuted Qbetween. The results of this dissertation will inform researchers regarding the relative effectiveness of these statistical approaches, based on Type I and Type II error rates. This dissertation extends previous investigations of the Q test of homogneity. Specifically, permuted Q provided the greatest frequency of effectiveness across extreme conditions of increasing heterogeneity of effects, unequal group variances and nonnormality. Small numbers of studies and increasing heterogeneity of effects presented the greatest challenges to power for all of the tests under investigation.

Le faisceau d’électrons (500 keV, 30 kA, 100 ns) produit par le générateur RKA (Relativistic Klystron Amplifier) est utilisé pour étudier des matériaux soumis à des chocs de basse fluence (< 10 cal/cm²). Leur réponse dépend des caractéristiques du faisceau, principalement en termes d’homogénéité spatiale lors de l’impact. Dans ce but, nous avons utilisé des diagnostics électriques et un diagnostic optique basé sur l’émission Cerenkov. Les photons visibles produits sont détectables par des caméras rapides. Nous avons ainsi pu étudier l’homogénéité du faisceau émis dans la diode sous vide en fonction des matériaux utilisés pour la cathode et pour l’anode, mais aussi pu suivre sa propagation dans une enceinte contenant un gaz à basse pression.Chaque partie de l’installation a été optimisée lors de cette thèse. Nous avons constaté qu’une cathode en velours avec des fibres bien ordonnées était le meilleur émetteur. Une anode d’une dizaine de micromètres d’épaisseur permet de diffuser le faisceau avant qu’il n’impacte la cible, améliorant encore son homogénéité. Ces travaux sur la diode ont été complétés par une étude de la propagation du faisceau dans une enceinte remplie d’air ou d’argon à différentes pressions, avec ou sans focalisation produite par un champ magnétique externe. D’après les résultats expérimentaux, un faisceau d’électrons de 400 keV, 4,2 kA peut être propagé, avec un rayon constant, dans 0,7 mbar d’argon. Enfin, pour interpréter les expériences, des simulations ont été réalisées à l’aide du code Monte Carlo Geant4 pour calculer l’interaction du faisceau avec la cible Cerenkov et l’anode. Au niveau de l’émission et du transport du faisceau, le bon accord obtenu avec les prédictions du code PIC Magic permet d’estimer les distributions des électrons par la simulation et d’initialiser correctement les calculs de réponse des matériaux. / The electron beam (500 keV, 30 kA, 100 ns) of the RKA (Relativistic Klystron Amplifier) generator is used to study materials under shocks at low fluences (< 10 cal/cm²). Their response depends on the beam characteristics at the impact location, mainly in terms of spatial homogeneity. We have used electrical diagnostics as well as an optical diagnostics where the visible photons produced by Cerenkov emission in a silica target are collected by fast cameras. Beam homogeneity has been studied in the vacuum diode as a function of the materials used for the cathode and the anode. Beam propagation and focusing in a chamber filled with a low-pressure gas has also been investigated.Each part of the installation has been optimized during this work. We found that, among the tested materials, a velvet cathode with well-aligned fibers is the best emitter. An anode of thickness about ten micrometers improves the beam homogeneity by scattering of electrons. Next, we focused on beam propagation and focusing in the chamber. For example, a 400 keV, 4.2 kA electron beam can be propagated at constant radius in argon at 0.7 mbar. We performed simulations with the Monte Carlo code Geant4 in order to compute the beam interaction with the Cerenkov target as well as with the anode. Beam emission and propagation were simulated with the PIC code Magic. The good agreement with the experimental results allows us to estimate the electron distributions at any position along the beam path in order to initialize correctly the computation of the beam-material interaction.

The purpose of this thesis project was to investigate the role played by the internet in the movement to abolish the Harmonized Sales Tax in British Columbia. A constructivist grounded theory approach was applied to data collection and analysis: specifically, five participants in the anti-HST movement were interviewed, and interview data was triangulated with observations of the movement's online activities. This study analysed the relationship between social forces and the structures of online spaces, identifying several ways that internet structure affected the shape of the movement. In addition, this study found that while the anti-HST movement bore many traits of a traditional, political-economic social movement, some elements of new social movement theory and practice were present within the movement. Finally, the study explored the homogenizing tendencies of online interaction, and how those tendencies affected individuals' interaction with the movement, and the discourses that informed and organized the movement. / Graduate

Στην εργασία αυτή μελετώ την τοποθέτηση μιας ομάδας εκπαιδευτικών στο ζήτημα της ομοιογένειας (language homogeneity) ή ομοιομορφίας της σχολικής τάξης όπως αυτή εκφράζεται στο Γυμνάσιο κυρίως μέσα από την επιπεδοποίηση του μαθητικού δυναμικού και τη διδασκαλία της Αγγλικής ως ξένη γλώσσα κατά επίπεδα γνώσης. Οι διάφορες και διαφορετικές τοποθετήσεις ή στάσεις (attitudes) των εκπαιδευτικών στο σχολικό περιβάλλον (school context) αποτελούν χαρακτηριστικά στοιχεία που στο σύνολό τους επιδρούν στην σύνθεση των γλωσσικών τους ιδεολογιών, σε ατομικό και κοινωνικό επίπεδο, και επηρεάζουν τις εκπαιδευτικές τους επιλογές και πρακτικές μέσα στην σχολική τάξη. / In this work I discuss the positioning of a group of Junior High School teachers on the issue of language homogeneity in teaching classes as it is expressed in Junior High School through the classification of students in different levels of linguistic performance. Teachers’ various attitudes and positioning on this classification are components which affect or illustrate language ideologies and influence teaching practices and options in the teaching process.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In order to determine the variability for the culture of Italian pumpkin with passing of the multiple harvests in protecting environment and verifying the influence of the plants that had not presented apt fruits to be harvested in definitive harvest in its variance in different handling one conducted a work in the stations winter-spring and summer-autumn 2004/2005, in pertaining area to the Department of Fitotecnia, in UFSM, SantaMaria, RS. The experiment consisted in two tunnels with different handlings, three lines of twenty and three meters length of twenty and five plants in each. The pants had been being for the plastic greenhouse with spacing of 0,80 m between plants and 1,0 m between lines. Had been carried the harvests of the fruits with length 18 cm. Applied the test of Bartlett between the six variances of the lines of culture of each harvest and, it between the average variances of the six to verify the homogeneity between harvests in each station of culture. For comparison of the averages of production of each line of culture, in each harvest inside of each tunnel, and between lines of culture, with the same position in the tunnels test t in the first work was applied. Variances and averages oscillate of significant form between the lines of culture with passing of the productive cycle and of the multiple carried through, independent harvests of the station of culture, and still, they tend to be significantly different between the culture lines, when in climatic conditions of limitation. In as the work, the test of Bartlett was applied to verify the homogeneity enters the variances of each plant, for the situations where had been considered the all plants of the line of culture and for only with the harvested plants, in each type of irrigation, the two stations of culture. In the cases where the behavior of the variances was presented as heterogeneous, new tests of Bartlett between the variances had been become fulfilled, grouping the multiple successive harvests. The system of irrigation for dripping compared with the one for aspersion presented behavior of bigger heterogeneous between the variances. With the methodology of considering value zero, in the plants without fruits harvested in determined harvest, the heterogeneous between the variances tends to increase. / Para se determinar a variabilidade da produção de frutos de abobrinha italiana com o passar das múltiplas colheitas em ambiente protegido e verificar a influência das plantas que não apresentaram frutos aptos a serem colhidos em determinada colheita na sua variância em diferentes manejos conduziu-se um trabalho nas estações sazonais inverno-primavera e verão-outono 2004/2005, em área pertencente ao Departamento de Fitotecnia, na UFSM, Santa Maria, RS. O experimento constituiu-se em dois túneis com diferentes manejos, três linhas de vinte e três metros de comprimento compostas de vinte e cinco plantas em cada. As mudas foram transplantadas para a estufa plástica com espaçamento de 0,80 m entre plantas e 1,0 m entre filas. Foram realizadas as colheitas dos frutos com comprimento ≥ 18 cm Aplicou-se o teste de Bartlett entre as seis variâncias das linhas de cultivo dentro de cada colheita e, entre as variâncias médias das seis para verificar a homogeneidade entre colheitas em cada estação sazonal de cultivo. Para comparação das médias de produção de cada linha de cultivo, em cada colheita dentro de cada túnel, e entre linhas de cultivo, com a mesma posição nos túneis foi aplicado o teste t no primeiro trabalho. Variâncias e médias oscilam de forma significativa entre as linhas de cultivo com o passar do ciclo produtivo e das múltiplas colheitas realizadas, independentes da estação sazonal de cultivo, e ainda, tendem a ser significativamente diferentes entre as linhas de cultivo, quando em condições de limitação climáticas. No segundo trabalho, aplicou-se o teste de Bartlett para verificar a homogeneidade entre as variâncias de cada planta, para as situações onde foram consideradas todas as plantas da linha de cultivo e para apenas com as plantas colhidas, em cada tipo de irrigação, nas duas estações sazonais de cultivo. Nos casos em que o comportamento das variâncias apresentou-se como heterogêneo, realizaram-se novos testes de Bartlett entre as variâncias, agrupandose as múltiplas colheitas sucessivas. O sistema de irrigação por gotejamento comparado com o por aspersão apresentou comportamento de maior heterogeneidade entre as variâncias. Com a metodologia de se considerar o valor zero, nas plantas sem frutos colhidos em determinada colheita, a heterogeneidade entre as variâncias tende a aumentar.

This search analyses the religious speech of Baptist missionaries women, understanding it as discursive practice in use by the announcer as a mean to reproduce the uniqueness of divine thought, purposing to maintain homogeneity in the religious discursive formation and in the subject identity unity. The analysis and the explanation of the concepts on discussion gain support in the theoretical-methodological reference from the French Discourse Analysis once that reference has as a principle that all speech is ideological, therefore it deletes its contradictions through evidences of the unity of the meaning and of the subject. A dialogue with that theoretical line turned possible to discover how some elements work in the discursive plan, such as the paraphrase, the unspoken and the moving of the subject, demonstrating that a discursive identity is brought up by the subject representation means. By this way, this search shows up that a religious discursive formation features itself by the attempt of closing the meaning and by the attempt of the subject centralization, one submissive to religious and ideological thought. / Este trabalho analisa o discurso religioso das missionárias Batistas, compreendendo-o como prática discursiva utilizada pelo locutor para reproduzir a unicidade do dito divino, objetivando a manutenção da homogeneidade da formação discursiva religiosa e da unidade identitária do sujeito. A análise e a explicitação dos conceitos discutidos sustentam-se no referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa porque parte do princípio de que todo discurso é ideológico, portanto apaga suas contradições através da evidência da unidade do sentido e do sujeito. A interlocução com essa linha teórica possibilitou o desvelamento do funcionamento discursivo da paráfrase, do silenciamento e do movimento do sujeito, demonstrando que a identidade discursiva se constitui pelo modo de representação do sujeito. Com isso, constatamos que a formação discursiva religiosa se caracteriza pela tentativa de fechamento do sentido e pela tentativa de centramento do sujeito, assujeitado às idéias religiosas e ideológicas.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-10T13:59:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita de Cassia de Lima Idalino.pdf: 2600123 bytes, checksum: 41f878b68e3437742821d874a6955502 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T13:59:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rita de Cassia de Lima Idalino.pdf: 2600123 bytes, checksum: 41f878b68e3437742821d874a6955502 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Given the large amount of data that is generated in the field of molecular genetics, is of paramount importance that techniques which allow the organization and interpretation of such data be developed and widely disseminated. Initially, we carried out a composition analysis of three gene sequences of the species: ox (Bos taurus), goat (Capra hircus), and sheep (Ovis aries), then we applied alignment techniques for identification of similarities between them. Subsequently, we used the Markov Chain theory with hidden states, i.e. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs, hereafter), in the application of discrimination problem of homogeneous regions in DNA sequences. We used the Viterbi algorithm as an auxiliary tool to obtain homogeneous regions, and then the Baum-Eelch algorithm in order to maximize the probability of a sequence of observations. We analyzed portions of HSP70.1 and NRAMP-1 genes for three different species. / Diante da grande massa de dados que é gerada na área da genética molecular, é de suma importância que técnicas que possibilitem a organização e interpretação desses dados sejam desenvolvidas e amplamente divulgadas. Inicialmente, neste trabalho, foi realizada uma análise da composição de três sequências genéticas, das espécies Bovina (Bos taurus), Caprina (Capra hircus) e Ovina (Ovis aries), em seguida aplicamos técnicas de alinhamentos para identificação de similaridades entre estas. Posteriormente, utilizamos a teoria das cadeias de Markov com estados ocultos, HMM’s (Hidden Markov Models), na aplicação do problema de discriminação de regiões homogêneas em sequências de DNA. Utilizamos o algoritmo de Viterbi como uma ferramenta auxiliar para obtenção de regiões homogêneas e em seguida o algoritmo Baum-Welch para maximizar as probabilidades de uma sequência de observações. Foram analisados trechos dos genes HSP70.1 e NRAMP-1 para três espécies diferentes.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a influência da agitação no cultivo em meio sólido, FES, quanto a crescimento microbiano, homogeneização do meio e remoção de calor. As correlações obtidas contribuem na definição de critérios para ampliação de escala da FES. O modelo adotado foi o cultivo do fungo Monascus sp. em arroz. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em reator tubular horizontal de 40 l, com agitação interna intermitente, camisa de resfriamento e vazão de ar de 2 l.min-1.Kgms-1. Os cultivos foram realizados com base num planejamento fatorial rotacional: 12 a 60 rotações das pás em 24 horas; 2 a 12 horas de intervalo entre os eventos de agitação. A intensidade do crescimento celular foi considerada com base no consumo de O2, produção de CO2 , concentrações de proteína e ergosterol. O consumo de O2 apresenta correlação de 81% com os padrões de agitação sendo que tanto o número de rotações quanto o intervalo entre os eventos de agitação influenciam negativamente o crescimento celular assim estimado. Por outro lado, a máxima velocidade de consumo de oxigênio, OUR, obtida por volta de 24 horas, em cultivos com menores intervalos entre os eventos de agitação, indica efeito positivo da agitação sobre a velocidade do crescimento de fungos em superfície, enquanto não ocorre compactação do meio de cultivo. Conclui-se, portanto, que a natureza do substrato empregado, arroz, cuja reologia é sensivelmente alterada pela agitação, contribuiu de modo deletério à respiração celular e que a adoção de reatores com agitação na FES, requer substrato com baixo teor de amido e elevado teor de fibras. As medidas de ergosterol apresentaram correlação de 85% com os padrões de agitação mostrando que o intervalo entre os eventos de agitação é o fator com maior impacto nesta resposta e os ensaios com maiores intervalos entre os eventos de agitação e maior número de voltas apresentaram concentrações aproximadamente dez vezes maiores de ergosterol em relação aos outros ensaios. Os coeficientes de variação de umidade em cinco pontos do reator representam a homogeneidade, pois relacionam-se com os padrões de agitação com correlação de 95%. / This investigation aimed to verify the influence of mixing microbial growth, medium homogenization and heat removal within a solid state fermentation (SSF) bioreactor. The correlations obtained will help to establish the scale-up criteria. The model system involved the cultivation of the fungi Monascus sp. on rice. The assays were performed in a 40 l bioreactor under internal intermittent mixing with a cooling jacket and an air flux of 2 l.min-1 kgdm-1. The cultivations followed a rotational factorial plan: 12 to 60 paddle revolutions in 24 hours; with an interval of 2 to 12 hours between mixing events. Cellular growth rate was estimated by O2 consumption, CO2 production, and protein and ergosterol concentrations. The O2 consumption showed an 81% correlation with the revolutions pattern, and both the number of revolutions and interval between mixing events, influenced cell growth negatively. The maximal oxygen consumption rate (OUR) was reached after about 24 hours in cultivations submitted to shorter intervals between mixing events which indicates a positive effect of shaking on the fungal growth rate on the particle surface, as long as no medium compaction occurs. Thus it was concluded that the kind of used substrate (rice), whose reology was perceptively modified by the mixing process, acted harmfully on microbial respiration. If mixing is to be used in SSF bioreactors, the substrate used should have a low starch content and a high fiber content Ergosterol content showed an 85% positive correlation with the revolution pattern, indicating that the interval between mixing events is the most important factor. Assays performed with longer intervals between mixing events and greater numbers of turns achieved about 10 times higher ergosterol concentration than the others. The coefficient of variation of the moisture at five sites of the reactor represents the homogeneity, since they are related to the revolution patterns by 95%.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela Cristiane Santos Povoa.pdf: 2285398 bytes, checksum: 43e1329d0533527d9021eb1ee5dea95f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-14 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Although the issue of capital structure is one of the most researched in corporate finance such research , in general, treat the debt capital as a source of homogeneous and uniform features , nevertheless this is often formed by a variety of debt instruments which differ from each other in various aspects, such as access to resources , transaction costs, maturity, collaterality among others . This study sought to contribute innovatively to the understanding of the determinants of capital structure in view of the prospect of debt structure and its impact on the way businesses structure their capital. Therefore, it was proposed to reach four main objectives : i ) Identify whether the debt structure of Brazilian companies is marred by patterns debt heterogeneous or homogeneous , ii ) identify which factors may explain the observed patterns of indebtedness ; iii ) evaluate how choices in relation to sources of debt vary depending on the characteristics of firms (size , risk , leverage etc ) iv ) assess the implications of the use of dependent variables in studies of aggregate leverage of firms . The results showed that, in Brazil , you can find both patterns debt homogeneous heterogeneous, and such patterns attributed to four main factors : company size, market to book ratio , degree of tangibility and presence of grade rating . Business characteristics were identified as determinants for the choice of specific sources of debt and the use of general measures of debt as dependent variables factors can effectively promote generalizations that fail to observe the factors that are relevant to the composition of the debt structure and which therefore affect the decision between using equity and debt. / Embora o tema estrutura de capital seja um dos mais pesquisados em finanças corporativas, tais pesquisas, em geral, tratam o capital de terceiros como uma fonte de recursos homogênea e uniforme, não obstante este ser muitas vezes formado por uma variedade de instrumentos de dívida que se diferenciam uns dos outros em vários aspectos, tais como acessibilidade aos recursos, custos de transação, maturidade, colateralidade entre outros. Esse trabalho buscou contribuir de forma inovadora para a compreensão dos determinantes da estrutura de capital tendo em vista a perspectiva da estrutura de dívida e seu impacto sobre a forma pela qual as empresas estruturam seu capital. Para tanto, foi proposto o alcance de quatro objetivos principais: i) Identificar se a estrutura de dívida das empresas brasileiras é marcada por padrões de endividamento homogêneos ou heterogêneos; ii) Identificar quais fatores podem explicar os padrões de endividamento observados; iii) Avaliar como as escolhas em relação às fontes de dívida variam em função das características das empresas (tamanho, risco, tangibilidade etc); iv) Avaliar as implicações do uso de variáveis dependentes agregadas em estudos sobre a alavancagem das empresas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, no Brasil, é possível encontrar tanto padrões de endividamento homogêneos quanto heterogêneos, sendo tais padrões atribuídos a quatro fatores principais: tamanho da empresa, relação market to book, grau de tangibilidade e presença de grau de rating. As características das empresas foram apontadas como fatores determinantes para a escolha por fontes específicas de endividamento e o uso de medidas gerais de endividamento como variáveis dependentes pode, efetivamente, promover generalizações que deixam de observar os fatores que são relevantes para a composição da estrutura de dívida e que, portanto, afetam a decisão entre uso de capital próprio e de terceiros.

A participação de laboratórios nacionais em ensaios de proficiência internacionais expõe a fragilidade técnica na produção de Materiais de Referência (MR) no Brasil, devido à insuficiência desse tipo de material, tanto para ensaio de proficiência quanto para a rotina laboratorial. A capacitação de um Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública (LACEN) como produtor de MR, em bioquímica laboratorial, permitirá a disponibilização para toda rede de laboratórios públicos do estado de São Paulo, contribuindo na melhoria da qualidade das análises laboratoriais em bioquímica. A Secretaria de Estado da Saúde (SES) poderá padronizar a qualidade desses exames em toda rede pública estadual, detendo a tecnologia necessária para o controle de qualidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi mostrar a viabilidade de produção de MR candidatos à certificação para os perfis: lipídico, renal, hepático, glicêmico, cardíaco e ósseo e a utilização como controle de qualidade em laboratórios clínicos de bioquímica. A produção foi feita a partir de soro de origem animal, estabilizado e liofilizado, com caráter específico para dosagens bioquímicas, seja em metodologia manual, semi-automatizada ou automatizada. Para a análise quantitativa dos dados foi utilizado o aplicativo Action Act versão 8.2.1. O modelo possibilitará o uso para desenvolvimento de outros programas de ensaio de proficiência. A implementação resultará em um ganho de qualidade a baixo custo e incentivo para a implantação de sistemas de qualidade que garantam a confiabilidade dos exames laboratoriais da rede de laboratórios públicos estadual / The participation of national laboratories in International Proficiency Testing demonstrates the technical weakness in the production of Reference Materials (RM) in Brazil, due to the failure of this type of material for use both as proficiency testing for the routine laboratory. It is vital to encourage training providers to produce reference materials control serum, high quality and low cost in clinical biochemistry and encourage the implementation of quality systems to ensure the reliability of clinical laboratory. Accreditation biochemical testing and qualification of a Central Public Health Laboratory (LACEN) as a producer of Reference Materials for proficiency testing in clinical biochemistry allow it to be available for the entire network of public laboratories in the State of São Paulo, contributing to improving the quality of laboratory analyzes biochemical processes for measurands and accredited. The State may standardize the quality of clinical examinations in all public schools, holding the technology needed to quality control. The aim of this study is to show the viability of producing candidates for certification for the profiles: renal, hepatic, lipid, glucose, cardiac and bone and the use in biochemistry laboratories. The reference material in biochemistry will be produced from biological material of animal origin, stabilized and lyophilized serum with specific character to be used in biochemical, whether in methodology manual, semi-automated or automated. For the quantitative analysis of the data the Action Act version 8.2.1 application was used. The implementation will result in a gain of quality at low cost and incentive for the implementation of quality systems to ensure the reliability of laboratory tests of state public health laboratories network