The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the effect of sibling structure on women's and men's socialization and achievement outcomes in three areas: housework performance, education, and occupation. Data from China and the United States are used for analyses. The findings indicate that the effect of sibling structure largely depends on the cultural and structural contexts in each society. More specifically, although women and men on average have the same sibling structure, the meaning of sibling configuration is different for women and men because of macro-level factors, such as cultural expectations, gender stereotypes, historical legacy, and political propaganda, and micro-level factors, such as parental preferences, parent-child communication and sibling competition. To examine the effect of sibling structure on each outcome, I conduct three empirical studies. In the first study, using data from the 2006 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey, I investigate the effect of sibling structure on children's housework performance. The results show that sibship size, sex composition, and birth order are important predictors of children's housework performance in China. On average, children's probability of doing housework increases as number of siblings increases and singletons are least likely to do housework. In two-child families, for girls, a brother increases the likelihood of doing housework, whereas a sister has no impact. For boys, the presence of a younger brother increases the likelihood of performing housework, whereas a sister and an older brother have no impact. In the second study, I focus on the effect of sibling structure on educational attainment and the role of siblings' education in this relationship. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) are used for analyses. I find that the effects of sibship size and sibling sex composition on educational attainment are mediated through siblings' educational achievements. These effects are divergent for men and women. For women, sibship size and sex composition do not impact their educational attainment after accounting for siblings' educations. For men, only the number of brothers (but not sisters) has a negative effect on their educational attainment after controlling for siblings' educational achievements. In the third study, I investigate the influence of birth order on the prestige and sex type of adolescents' occupational aspirations using the first wave of the NLSY79. The results indicate that for both females and males, firstborn and lastborn adolescents on average expect higher prestige occupations compared to middleborns, and lastborns are more likely to have nontraditional occupational aspirations than firstborns and middleborns. Taken together, the results suggest that the gender gap in important child and adult behavioral outcomes is smaller among individuals with fewer siblings, fewer brothers, and among lastborn young adults.

This study is about daily experiences of housewives. It aims to reveal to what extend middle and lower middle class women are different as well as similar to each other. This class comparative analysis is based on their attitudes and feelings about being a housewife, employment, housework, child care, daily routine, housekeeping, and division of labour at home. The study also discusses the factors affecting women&rsquo / s attitudes towards housework such as technology and use of paid domestic service. In order to shed light upon the experiences of housewives, qualitative method is used by in-depth interviews with 14 middle class and 14 lower middle class housewives living in Ankara. In this study class is determined by taking into consideration the place of residence, monthly income and occupation of the husband.

With the rapid change of society, economy, education, and science & technology, and following the gradual crack of world, national boundaries, races and classes, modern women are stepping out their footsteps to open up the equal-rights reform for the two sexes, which reveals their different journey of life from the traditional women. Due to the social advancement, the trend of double salary for a family¡¦s income has prevailed, so it is very popular for women to enter the job field. Consequently, the situation starts the issue of equal rights between the opposite sexes. Looking into the contemporary job market, one can see that women are mistreated. For example, first, in the job field, they have to keep higher attempted motivation, more sufficient ability and stronger physical strength to compete with men. Then, they still have to play the major role of labor supplier for their families, that is, they have to deal with all the housework after they return home from work, which adds a ¡§second duty shift¡¨ to their responsibilities. Therefore, the double-folded responsibilities of both working hard in the office and taking well care of the family create a predicament to modern women who are like ¡§a candle burning at two ends.¡¨ As a result, modern women have to bear more responsibilities and heavier burdens than the traditional women do in the field of business affair and family matter. Since May 20, 1997, the government has stipulated, released, and implemented ¡§The Method for Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary¡¨. The method has been revised for four times until now. According to the statistics from the Ministry of Civil Service, there are 538 government employees who retain the jobs and suspend the salaries due to the reasons of ¡§nursing the babies,¡¨ ¡§waiting upon the parents,¡¨ and ¡§the severe injuries and sickness of the spouses and children.¡¨ Among them, male government officials are 86 persons (15.99%) while females are 452 (84.01%), that is, women¡¦s are 5.3 times as much as men¡¦s. Is the meaning in which the data show closely related to the situation that women are traditionally the main housework suppliers? In succession, what influence will it make for the future career development of the female government officials? I as a female government official feel very curios to this question and then become interested to it, so I set about my research into it. My research is centered on documental survey adopting the ¡§Analytical Approach of the Statistic Data on Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary¡¨ from the Ministry of Civil Service. My case objects of study are sampled from Chiayi County. They are nine Government employees who have retained the job but suspended the salary all because of the ¡§family cause.¡¨ My approach is to interview them with depth to see their experience and opinions, and following their thoughts, I probe into the problems and analyze the questions to study. My study discovers a fact that although the government employees work at a rather stable-income position, at the time of major events in the family, like ¡§nursing the babies,¡¨ ¡§waiting upon the parents,¡¨ and ¡§the severe injuries and sickness of the spouses and children,¡¨ they still hold the stereotype of the traditional concept of ¡§men dominate outside, women dominate inside¡¨ to deal with the problem, despite the condition that they already have the strong support from the government issued ¡§The Method for Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary,¡¨ since they are limited by gender discrimination and social recognition. Even though the trend of double salary for a family¡¦s income has prevailed, women still have to play the major role of labor supplier for their families, so female government employees are forced to retain the job and suspend the salary which may influence their promotion in the future career in the government. Therefore, the uneven relationship between the two sexes in family matters has greatly affected their future progress in private life and public service. ¡§The Method for Government Employees to Retain the Job but Suspend the Salary¡¨ surely serves as a buffer when the swing of choice between public affair and family matter comes. However, a complete set of rights and interests for the people who retain the job but suspend the salary is not established. For instance, they cannot participate in annual merit system to evaluate their efficiency of work, their seniority will be suspended, and their allowance for marriage, birth, and children¡¦s education will be cut short. Therefore, from the social welfare¡¦s point of view, I sincerely hope that our government should issue a perfect plan for women to balance their responsibilities for work and family.

Research into the material culture of the household and the domestic interior has increased rapidly during recent years. It has primarily focused on the appearance and use of domestic space leaving household management and maintenance a neglected area of study. Furthermore the relationship between the ownership of goods, the domestic interior and the use of the home has not been studied in conjunction with the management and maintenance of the household. Additionally, research into the material culture of the household has predominantly focused on quantitative changes experienced during the late seventeenth century and early eighteenth. It has long been established that the ownership of household goods increased in this period, but similar research has not taken place to explore the nature of these goods, nor to extend this work to the subsequent period. This thesis brings these aspects of research together for the first time to create a synthesis between the ownership of goods and the changing nature and use of the home and household maintenance and management. The argument proposed here suggests that the changing nature of the material culture of the household and developments to the use of the home had an impact upon the way that the household was managed and maintained. The complex inter-woven relationship between the material culture of the domestic interior and the ways in which it was maintained and managed reveals that both elements were a part of an emerging middle class culture of domesticity. Therefore, this thesis makes a significant contribution to a holistic understanding of the household by looking at the ownership of goods and the use of domestic space within the context of maintenance and management.

The structure of the family unit in the United Kingdom has undergone monumental changes in recent decades. The legal definition of a family has evolved substantially to include a wider range of family forms, most recently same-sex marriage, which became legal in the United Kingdom (excluding Northern Ireland) in 2014. Legal changes in the family accompany a range of social changes - among the most common of these is an expansion in the number of different-sex non-marital co-residential unions (concisely called "cohabitation") (Ermisch and Francesconi, 2000; Beaujouan and Bhrolcháin, 2011). Since the 1970s, these types of relationships have become widely accepted (Coast, 2009) and increasingly common (Office for National Statistics, 2012a). However, despite its prevalence, cohabitation in the United Kingdom is seldom studied independently of marriage. My dissertation strives to fill this gap in the literature. Specifically, my dissertation adds to the understanding of the household division of labour during cohabitation. Instead of merely examining cohabitation as one homogenous relationship type, Chapter 2 profiles three groups of cohabitants: 1) pre-marital cohabitants; 2) non-marital short-term cohabitants; 3) long-term cohabitants who reside together for five years or longer. Subsequent chapters examine how each of these groups, in turn, addresses the household division of labour - pre-marital and early couple formation cohabitation in Chapter 3, couples transitioning from cohabitation to marriage in Chapter 4, and during long-term cohabitation in Chapter 5. This dissertation is a significant contribution to the field of economic sociology because the household division of labour has not yet been explored during cohabitation in this way.

Bien que le travail des enfants semble être une pratique hors du temps, dans l’actualité une partie non négligeable d’enfants — dans les grandes villes du Mexique, ainsi que dans plusieurs pays en développement — travaillent de manière quotidienne. Nous allons tenter de connaître l’importance du travail dans la vie des enfants à travers deux approches : qualitative et quantitative. La première est basée sur des entretiens, que nous avons spécialement réalisés auprès des enfants travailleurs et non travailleurs à Mexico ; la deuxième est appuyée sur une source secondaire, une base de données nationale sur le travail des enfants. Grâce à l’utilisation de ces deux sources complémentaires, nous avons réussi à aborder plusieurs aspects de cette problématique si complexe, en donnant une place privilégiée à la famille et en regardant les enfants travailleurs comme protagonistes dans tout ce qui les concerne. Or, les enfants travailleurs ne représentent pas une population homogène. Nous avons montré que les raisons, les processus de mise au travail, les activités, les conditions, les déterminants et les conséquences varient selon leur domaine de participation (extradomestique ou domestique) et leur lien de parenté avec l’employeur (familial ou non familial). Cependant, les différences ne se limitent pas au terrain des faits, elles s’observent aussi dans les représentations sociales qu’ont les enfants sur les types distincts de travail des enfants. Enfin, des contrastes marqués existent par âges et par sexes, témoignant que des inégalités de genres et de générations touchent déjà les plus jeunes. / Although child labour is thought to be an outdated practice, currently a significant proportion of children - in the big cities of Mexico and in many developing countries - are working on a daily basis. We have looked into the importance of work in the lives of children using two different approaches: qualitatitve and quantitative. The first is based on interviews, which we specifically carried out with both working and non-working children in Mexico City; the second approach uses a national database on child labour. By using these two complementary sources, we were able to cover several aspects of this complex problem, in particular by emphasising the role of the family and observing child workers as protagonists in their lives. However, child workers are not a homogeneous population. We have shown that the reasons for working, the type of work, the working conditions, and the determining factors and consequences of working vary according to the area of activity (domestic or not) and the child's relationship to their employer (family member or not). However, the differences are not confined to simply facts, they are also observed in the social representations that children have about the distinct types of child labour. Finally, there are marked differences determined by age and gender, showing that inequality already affects the youngest members of society.

Domestic work is an area of labor which is mainly occupied by women, most of them black or of mixed race, migrant and poor. Those characteristics lead to a view of domestic work as a non-professional activity and thus to discrimination by societies and governments throughout the world. Considering the International Law, human rights at work apply to the domestic workers as well as to other workers. ILO recognizes that expressly. However it is a fact that States throughout the world keep depriving domestic workers of several rights at work by editing discriminatory laws or even by refusing to protect them under the national labor laws. In that sense, domestic work is being apart from decent work, as pursued by ILO. Faced with discriminatory practices by too many States, International Labor Conference 2011 adopted the Convention n. 189 and Recommendation 201 in order to specifically protect the rights of domestic workers. By those instruments ILO expressly recognizes that all its Conventions, as well as the Human Rights Treaties also apply to that specific group or workers. Therefore, Brazil initiates a changing in the Constitution by amendment, altering the sole paragraph of article 7, which addresses the social the social rights at work for domestic workers. By modifying that article the Constitution expressly recognizes most of the social rights at work to the domestic workers. This achievement was obtained with the political participation of women domestic workers whose fighting spirit and determination towards the recognition of rights precedes the Constitution of 1988. However, Brazil, up to this date (July 2014), has not stated the internal procedure towards the ratification of ILO’s Convention n. 189 yet, without which the use of monitoring mechanisms as well as the international accountability of the country are hindered. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O trabalho doméstico é um setor do trabalho ocupado principalmente por mulheres, na maioria negra ou mestiça, migrante e pobre. Essas características contribuem para que não seja respeitado como uma atividade profissional e, por conseguinte, para que seja discriminado pela sociedade e pelos governos dos diversos países no mundo. No âmbito do Direito Internacional, as normas de direitos humanos no trabalho se aplicam tanto às trabalhadoras domésticas como a qualquer outro trabalhador. Isso é reconhecido pela OIT. No entanto, verificou-se que os Estados nacionais as privavam de determinados direitos humanos no trabalho, editando normas expressamente discriminatórias ou mesmo sequer tutelando as trabalhadoras domésticas nas normas trabalhistas. Nesse sentido, o trabalho doméstico se distancia do trabalho decente segundo os objetivos propugnados pela OIT. Diante das constatações de políticas discriminatórias por parte dos Estados, em 2011, a Conferênci Internacional do Trabalho adotou a Convenção n. 189 e a Recomendação n. 201, especificamente tutelando os direitos das trabalhadoras e trabalhadores domésticos, e reconhecendo expressamente que todas as demais convenções, bem como os tratados de direitos humanos se aplicam também a tais trabalhadoras e trabalhadores. O Brasil, em consequência, promoveu modificação na sua Constituição, alterando o parágrafo único do artigo 7º, que trata dos direitos sociais no trabalho, para reconhecer diversos direitos às empregadas domésticas, tentando igualá-las aos demais trabalhadores. Essa conquista teve a participação política das mulheres trabalhadoras domésticas, cuja luta e determinação em busca do reconhecimento de direitos antecede mesmo a Constituição de 1988. Mas o Brasil até esta data (julho de 2014) ainda não deu início ao procedimento para ratificação da Convenção n. 189 da OIT, sem a qual a utilização do mecanismo de monitoramento da OIT e sua responsabilização na seara internacional, quanto ao cumprimento das normas dessa Convenção, ficam obstaculizadas.

A presente pesquisa tem como tema o meio ambiente do trabalho doméstico e o Reconhecimento da desigualdade ambiental e relaciona o meio ambiente natural com o meio ambiente artificial e do trabalho. O principal objetivo é o reconhecimento da predominância feminina no meio ambiente do trabalho doméstico, assalariado e não assalariado, decorrente do reflexo histórico-cultural humano. O estudo foi baseado em análises doutrinárias sobre o meio ambiente e a sua relação com o meio ambiente do trabalho e com o trabalho doméstico. A utilização da Teoria de Justiça pela crítica de Nancy Fraser é imprescindível para se reconhecer a desigualdade de gênero referente ao meio ambiente do trabalho doméstico. Ao mostrar que as mulheres são, eminentemente, a maioria no trabalho doméstico, é demonstrado que a responsabilidade no que se refere ao meio ambiente do trabalho doméstico, preservação ou degradação é feita, em maior concentração, pelo do gênero feminino. Tal relação foi analisada, também, por estudos sobre a desigualdade de gênero e divisão sexual do trabalho, além dos indicadores de taxa de ocupação e emprego provenientes do Instituto Brasileiro de Economia e Estatística (IBGE). A partir disto foram traçados aspectos referentes às características do trabalho doméstico e sua importante relação com o meio ambiente. Em síntese, pretende-se efetuar um estudo no sentido de demonstrar a desigualdade de gênero na realização do trabalho doméstico em seu meio ambiente, levando em conta a herança sociocultural, e demonstrar a importância da utilização da teoria do reconhecimento como forma de enfatizar o assunto. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-07-01T14:02:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marilia de Fatima Bueno Zaquera.pdf: 1520489 bytes, checksum: d311da90d705937f386b71ef63a0fbda (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T14:02:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marilia de Fatima Bueno Zaquera.pdf: 1520489 bytes, checksum: d311da90d705937f386b71ef63a0fbda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-01 / This research theme is the environment of domestic work and the recognition of environmental inequality and relates the natural environment with artificial environment and labor. The main objective is the recognition of female predominance in the environment of domestic work, salaried and self-employed, resulting from human historical and cultural reflection. The study was based on doctrinal analysis of the environment and its relationship with the environment of work and housework. The use of Nancy Justice for critical theory Fraser is essential to recognize gender inequality regarding the environment of domestic work. By showing that women are eminently most domestic work, it is shown that the responsibility regarding the environment of domestic work, preservation or degradation is done in higher concentration, the female. This relationship was analyzed also for studies on gender inequality and sexual division of labor, in addition to the occupancy rate and employment indicators from the Brazilian Institute of Economics and Statistics (IBGE). From this they were drawn aspects related to the characteristics of domestic work and its important relationship with the environment. In short, we intend to carry out a study to demonstrate gender inequality in the realization of domestic work in their environment, taking into account the socio-cultural heritage, and to demonstrate the importance of using the theory of recognition as a way to emphasize the subject .

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 528245 bytes, checksum: db1c21270f86cda15c98f4c428cd3dc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This essay aims to study domestic employment in João Pessoa city in order to investigate the working conditions of unionized housekeepers in the labor market in the city of João Pessoa, the difficulties faced in the workplace and to lesser qualifications and remuneration of those employed are settled in the permanence of sexism, racism and poverty in society. Presents the historical context of gender category and feminism in Brazil, a critical reading of the sexual division of labor, a reflection about domestic work in Brazil and specifically in Paraiba, pointing some legal goals and union struggles. The research reveal that the devaluation of domestic work in João Pessoa is permeated by gender discrimination, social class and race / ethnicity that are intertwined with each other, as structural dimensions of social reality. Thus, research about housekeepers in João Pessoa indicated the same category challenges in Brazil, such as the exploitation of the working day, the double shift and informality, revealing a inferior and enslaved job. However, there is recognition of domestic work as a worthy and decent profession by these workers. This research helped to subsidize the academia data through about the domestic work reality in Joao Pessoa - the union of the maids, the social movement and feminist with data regarding (housekeepers employment socioeconomic conditions affiliated to the Union of Workers and Housekeepers in the city of João Pessoa. Besides collaborating with reflections on gender inequalities and work in this middle in Social Service. / A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o emprego doméstico na cidade de João Pessoa, buscando investigar as condições de trabalho das empregadas domésticas sindicalizadas do município de João Pessoa; às dificuldades enfrentadas no trabalho e se a menor qualificação e remuneração dessas empregadas estão assentadas na permanência do machismo, do racismo e da pobreza na sociedade. Apresenta o contexto histórico da categoria gênero e do feminismo brasileiro, uma leitura crítica da divisão sexual do trabalho, uma reflexão sobre o trabalho doméstico no Brasil e especificamente na Paraíba, pontuando alguns marcos legais e lutas sindicais. A pesquisa indicou que na desvalorização do trabalho doméstico na cidade de João Pessoa é permeada por discriminações de gênero, de classe social e de raça/etnia que estão imbricadas entre si, como dimensões estruturantes da realidade social. Desse modo, apresentou os mesmos desafios da categoria no Brasil, como a exploração da jornada de trabalho, a dupla jornada e a informalidade, revelando um trabalho subalternizado e escravizado. Contudo, há um reconhecimento do trabalho doméstico como uma profissão digna e decente por parte dessas trabalhadoras. Esta pesquisa contribuiu para subsidiar o meio acadêmico, o Sindicato das empregadas domésticas, o movimento social e feminista com dados a respeito do trabalho doméstico em João Pessoa, especialmente as condições socioeconômicas de trabalho das empregadas domésticas filiadas ao Sindicato das Trabalhadoras e Trabalhadores Domésticos do Município de João Pessoa e Região. Além de colaborar com as reflexões sobre as desigualdades de gênero e trabalho nesse campo no Serviço Social.

A presente pesquisa tem como tema o meio ambiente do trabalho doméstico e o Reconhecimento da desigualdade ambiental e relaciona o meio ambiente natural com o meio ambiente artificial e do trabalho. O principal objetivo é o reconhecimento da predominância feminina no meio ambiente do trabalho doméstico, assalariado e não assalariado, decorrente do reflexo histórico-cultural humano. O estudo foi baseado em análises doutrinárias sobre o meio ambiente e a sua relação com o meio ambiente do trabalho e com o trabalho doméstico. A utilização da Teoria de Justiça pela crítica de Nancy Fraser é imprescindível para se reconhecer a desigualdade de gênero referente ao meio ambiente do trabalho doméstico. Ao mostrar que as mulheres são, eminentemente, a maioria no trabalho doméstico, é demonstrado que a responsabilidade no que se refere ao meio ambiente do trabalho doméstico, preservação ou degradação é feita, em maior concentração, pelo do gênero feminino. Tal relação foi analisada, também, por estudos sobre a desigualdade de gênero e divisão sexual do trabalho, além dos indicadores de taxa de ocupação e emprego provenientes do Instituto Brasileiro de Economia e Estatística (IBGE). A partir disto foram traçados aspectos referentes às características do trabalho doméstico e sua importante relação com o meio ambiente. Em síntese, pretende-se efetuar um estudo no sentido de demonstrar a desigualdade de gênero na realização do trabalho doméstico em seu meio ambiente, levando em conta a herança sociocultural, e demonstrar a importância da utilização da teoria do reconhecimento como forma de enfatizar o assunto. / This research theme is the environment of domestic work and the recognition of environmental inequality and relates the natural environment with artificial environment and labor. The main objective is the recognition of female predominance in the environment of domestic work, salaried and self-employed, resulting from human historical and cultural reflection. The study was based on doctrinal analysis of the environment and its relationship with the environment of work and housework. The use of Nancy Justice for critical theory Fraser is essential to recognize gender inequality regarding the environment of domestic work. By showing that women are eminently most domestic work, it is shown that the responsibility regarding the environment of domestic work, preservation or degradation is done in higher concentration, the female. This relationship was analyzed also for studies on gender inequality and sexual division of labor, in addition to the occupancy rate and employment indicators from the Brazilian Institute of Economics and Statistics (IBGE). From this they were drawn aspects related to the characteristics of domestic work and its important relationship with the environment. In short, we intend to carry out a study to demonstrate gender inequality in the realization of domestic work in their environment, taking into account the socio-cultural heritage, and to demonstrate the importance of using the theory of recognition as a way to emphasize the subject .