Esta dissertação é composta por dois ensaios, ambos se referem aos jovens brasileiros. O primeiro deles, busca identificar características ligadas à alocação do tempo entre trabalhar e estudar. Para tal duas definições de trabalho são utilizadas, a de ocupação remunerada, e outra que inclui também os trabalhos sem remuneração, entre estes à responsabilidade sobre os afazeres domésticos. Na primeira definição, destacaram-se o papel da educação dos pais e da renda do domicílio, reforçando a idéia de que existe uma transmissão intergeracional da educação e de oportunidades. Além disso, habitar o meio rural e o casamento foram identificados como maiores influências para que as jovens não estivessem mais estudando, principalmente na definição que inclui os afazeres domésticos. Ainda, no que se refere à probabilidade de ser NEET, isto é, jovem que não estuda e não trabalha, a comparação entre as duas definições mostrou que quando se consideram apenas o trabalho remunerado, as mulheres possuem elevadas chances de estarem nesta categoria e, inclusive, com menor tendência de queda nestes valores com a idade. Já o segundo ensaio objetiva identificar os determinantes dos salários dos jovens. Neste sentido, o nível educacional e o papel do mercado formal de trabalho foram destacados os principais promotores de melhores salários, beneficiando principalmente as mulheres. Assim, de forma geral, destacou-se a necessidade de buscar instrumentos que permitam uma maior conciliação entre os afazeres domésticos, o mercado de trabalho e os estudos. Além de ressaltar a necessidade de políticas que promovam a formalidade no mercado de trabalho e incentivem a escolaridade, dois aspectos cruciais para reduzir a desigualdade de gênero. / This dissertation consists of two essays, both refer to young people living in Brazil. The first essay seeks to identify characteristics related to the allocation of time between work and study. For that, two definitions of work are used, one considering only paid labor, and the other including unpaid labor, among these are the responsibility for housework. In the first definition, the role of parents’ education and household income are underlined, reinforcing the idea that there is an intergenerational transmission of education and opportunities. Furthermore, living in rural areas and marriage were identified as major influences for the youth being outside of school, especially in the definition that includes the housework. Besides that, with regard to the likelihood of being a NEET, the comparison between the two definitions showed that when only paid work was considered, women have higher chances of being in this category, and with a less downward trend in these probabilities with age. The second study aims to identify the determinants of wages of young people. In this sense, the educational level and the role of the formal labor market were highlighted as major promoter of better wages, benefiting mainly women. Thus, in general, the results of this dissertation emphasize the need for the adoption of tools so that women can be more able to combine housework, market work and study. In addition, it highlights the need for policies that promote labor market formality and encourage schooling, two crucial aspects to reduce gender inequality.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sueley Luana da Silva - 2016.pdf: 1948792 bytes, checksum: 777fcc737dc78c28bf662a9478f6f775 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The contemporary urban space is a product of history, of social struggles, labor relations and public policy. It is noticed that there are several political and economic agents, intertwined gender, race and social class that contribute to the perpetuation of exploitation and discrimination of various working in space - such as maids. Therefore, in this research, it is recognized that domestic workers are among the working with lower purchasing power, with the worst pay and, to be mostly women, with lower wages than men, since the value of women's labor force is produced by patriarchy as being of less value, which, in fact, influence the use and appropriation of urban space. To realize this reality, we interviewed ten maids in the city of Catalan (GO), recognizing the social and spatial segregation experienced daily by these workers in the early twenty-first century, after the Constitutional Amendment No. 72, 2013, which expanded the class of the employed domestics certain rights that were already enjoyed by others the working Street. In this sense, while this regulation brought rights arising from the employment relationship also led to an increase in working hours to eight hours, intensifying the exploitation of the labor force, which impacts on the health of domestic workers, which, on the double and triple journey of everyday work, suffer from pain caused by physical stress and repetitive movements and boosted the migration of domestic workers to part-time work, the contractors of cleaning and sanitizing, and informal, of diarist in Given the need to reconcile work activity with home chores. Thus, for the realization of this thesis, we make use of field research and literature review of some authors who discuss domestic labor, space and patriarchal relations and gender, as Abramo (2007), Antunes (1991), Costa ( 2013), Harvey (1992), Hirata (2007), Marx (2013), walnut (2006), Ratts (2003), Saffioti (2013), Santos (1996) Scott (1995), Smith (2009), among others. In this bias, this study is a contribution to the debate, with the society and academia, about the working conditions and relations of the maids in the city of Catalan (GO), including their socio-spatial relations, which did not have many changes at the beginning of XXI century, even after the Constitutional Amendment No. 72, 2013. / O espaço urbano contemporâneo é produto da história, das lutas sociais, das relações de trabalho e de políticas públicas. Percebe-se que são vários os agentes políticos e econômicos, entrelaçados ao gênero, à raça e à classe social que contribuem para a perpetuação da exploração e da discriminação de várias(os) trabalhadoras(es) no espaço - como as empregadas domésticas. Portanto, nesta pesquisa, reconhece-se que as empregadas domésticas estão entre as(os) trabalhadoras(es) com menor poder aquisitivo, com as piores remunerações e, ao serem majoritariamente mulheres, com salários inferiores aos dos homens, visto que o valor da força de trabalho da mulher é produzido pelo patriarcado como sendo de menor valor, o que, de fato, influencia no uso e apropriação do espaço urbano. Para constatar tal realidade, entrevistamos dez empregadas domésticas na cidade de Catalão (GO), reconhecendo a segregação social e espacial vivenciada cotidianamente por essas trabalhadoras no início do século XXI, após a Emenda Constitucional nº 72, de 2013, que ampliou à classe das(os) empregadas(os) domésticas(os) alguns direitos que já eram usufruídos por outras(os) trabalhadoras(es) urbanas(os). Nesse sentido, ao mesmo tempo em que esta regulamentação trouxe direitos decorrentes da relação de trabalho, também ocasionou o aumento da jornada de trabalho para oito horas diárias, intensificando a exploração da força de trabalho, o que impacta na saúde das empregadas domésticas, que, diante da dupla e tripla jornada de trabalho cotidiana, sofrem com dores causadas por esforço físico e movimentos repetitivos, bem como impulsionou a migração das empregadas domésticas para trabalhos de tempo parcial, nas empresas terceirizadas de limpeza e higienização, e informal, de diarista, em face da necessidade de conciliar a atividade laboral com os afazeres de casa. Assim, para a realização da presente Dissertação, nos valemos da pesquisa de campo e da revisão bibliográfica de alguns autores que discutem sobre trabalho doméstico, espaço e relações patriarcais e de gênero, como: Abramo (2007), Antunes (1991), Costa (2013), Harvey (1992), Hirata (2007), Marx (2013), Nogueira (2006), Ratts (2003), Saffioti (2013), Santos (1996) Scott (1995), Silva (2009), entre outros. Nesse viés, esta pesquisa vem contribuir para o debate, junto da sociedade e no âmbito acadêmico, acerca das condições e relações de trabalho das empregadas domésticas na cidade de Catalão, compreendendo suas relações socioespaciais, que não tiveram muitas modificações no início do século XXI, mesmo após a regulamentação da Emenda Constitucional nº 72, de 2013.

Gender equality work has been and continues to be an ongoing topic not only in Sweden but also in other parts of the western world. Even though the topic about gender equality work has been going on for a long time, there are still various inequalities when it comes to the division of housework. The purpose of this study is to investigate how couples view and reason about the division of housework among the younger and older generation. By the younger generation we mean those between 25-35 years old and the older generation, between 50-70 years old. The questions at issue used in this thesis are: How do heterosexual couples reason about the division of responsibilities of homework? In which ways does it differ between the younger and older generations regarding the division of household chores? The theory used in analysing our results was the capital metaphors described by Pierre Bourdiue and Beverly Skeggs. Furthermore, we have used the qualitative method of research. We used qualitative interviews with semi-structured questions. This way we gave our participants more room to answer questions freely in their own way, but it also enabled us to ask some follow up questions in areas we wanted to understand more. The results show that couples divide housework in different ways. The central part in the division of responsibilities is that whoever is available or free is the one who is currently allowed to perform the task. Some divide housework according to skills, interest, or gender. Furthermore, the older generation gender-marks household chores to a greater extent than the younger generation. In the older generation, women tend to account for tasks that are seen traditionally feminine and men those that are masculine. In the younger generation, the division of household chores is more mixed. Where both accessibility and interest play a big role. Anyone who likes certain tasks may perform them, it does not necessarily have to link to a gender. / Jämställdhetsarbetet har varit och fortsätter att vara en pågående diskurs inte bara i Sverige utan också i övriga västvärlden. Även om jämställdhetsarbetet har pågått länge finns det fortfarande olika ojämlikheter när det gäller fördelningen av hushållsarbetet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur par ser på och resonerar kring fördelningen av hushållsarbete hos den yngre och äldre generationen. Med den yngre generationen menar vi de mellan 25–35 år och den äldre generationen, mellan 50–70 år. Frågorna som används i denna undersökning är: Hur resonerar heterosexuella par kring ansvarsuppdelning av hemarbetet? På vilka sätt skiljer det sig mellan den yngre och äldre generationen när det gäller uppdelningen av hushållssysslor? Teorin som används för att analysera vårt resultat var de kapitalmetaforer som redogörs av Pierre Bourdieu och Beverly Skeggs. Vidare har vi använt den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden där vi använde kvalitativa intervjuer med semistrukturerade frågor. På det här sättet gav vi våra deltagare mer utrymme att svara på frågor fritt på sitt eget sätt, men det gör det också möjligt för oss att ställa några uppföljningsfrågor inom områden vi vill förstå mer. Resultaten visar att par delar hushållsarbete på olika sätt. Den centrala delen i ansvarsfördelningen är att den som är tillgänglig eller fri är den som för närvarande får utföra uppgiften. Vissa par delar även upp hushållsarbetet efter färdigheter, intresse eller kön. Vidare könsmarkerar den äldre generationen hushållssysslor i större utsträckning än den yngre generationen. I den äldre generationen tenderar kvinnor att ta på sig hushållssysslor som ses som traditionellt kvinnliga och männen de manliga. I den yngre generationen är det mer blandat hur man delar upp hushållssysslorna. Där både tillgänglighet och intresse spelar en roll. Den som gillar vissa uppgifter får utföra dem, det behöver inte nödvändigtvis kopplas till ett kön.

I examined how dual-earner households manage the often-competing demands of work and family life through an in-depth analysis of time allocated to housework and child care while testing the theories of gender display and economic dependency. I developed new measures for occupational nurturance and authority and applied these measures to the housework and child care literature by conducting a series of replication studies. My work supports the relationship between employment characteristics and remaining gender inequalities in unpaid household labor. I was able to shed light on how dual-earner households attempt to manage the complicated work-family time bind, while adding to the field of replication studies in quantitative sociology. I constructed new measures for occupational nurturance and authority to offer alternative ways to assess occupational traits that were not mutually exclusive or dichotomous. I conducted year fixed effects multilevel models of General Social Survey (GSS) respondents nested within occupations. Using these models, I constructed empirical Bayes (EB) estimates of the occupational effects and aggregated the data set at the occupation-level for easy merging to any data set using Census occupation codes. I showed the utility of my new measures by merging them to the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) and American Time Use Survey (ATUS) for further analysis. I found overwhelming support for gender conventionality for married men and women working in gender atypical occupations who displayed less stereotypical gendered behavior at home. However, separate from occupational sex composition, my findings also provided support for the influence of gender ideology on married men and women’s gendered display of housework at home. For child care, I found consistent and overwhelming support for fathers’ and mothers’ time spent with children and economic dependency’s time availability perspective. These results illuminated the “time crunch” that dual-earners face as they juggle work and family obligations. Across both studies of unpaid household labor, the overall findings suggest a gendered picture. Married women completed more housework than married men, and mothers completed more child care than fathers. The housework findings were further supported by gender ideology, or that those with more traditional views on housework and family life completed more traditionally gendered housework tasks. Although, my findings also suggested more nuanced housework for those in gender atypical workplaces in support of gender conventionality. Finally, even though I found strong support for economic dependency’s time availability perspective for time spent with children in dual-earner households, mothers still completed more child care than fathers regardless of all other factors further highlighting a stalled revolution for working mothers. Women made strides in the workplace, but still faced gendered unpaid household labor at home. Throughout my studies, I added new measures to the field and I built on the great work of leaders in the field of housework and child care through replication. I conducted robustness and generalizability checks of prior work and made a case for replication studies in quantitative sociology. / Sociology

The aim of this diploma thesis was to provide the insight into the issue of housework among same-sex couples from their perspective. The research was conducted in sense of feminist perspective, which main considered advantages are increased reflexivity in relation to power at all stages of research and more space for the perspective of participators themselves. As a basic technique for data collection semi-structured dyadic interviews with each partner of the couple separately were used, they focused on their individual construction of reality in the context of housework among these couples, but also on participants' thoughts about housework in general. Three lesbian and two gay couples participated in this research. The analysis shows that there prevails egalitarian gender ideology in the context of housework which corresponds to the egalitarian view of the division of housework among same-sex couples in minds of the participants. The division of housework within the participating same- sex couples was mainly governed by the principle of fairness of the distribution, which consists of an equal division of household chores and is affected by personal preferences and previous experience in performing household chores. Fairness of the division, however, rather than with actual equal division of housework is...

Sammanfattning Detta är en sociologisk studie som med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer har undersökt hur föräldrar upplever övergången från par till föräldrar, samt hur föräldraskapet inverkar på jämställdhet. Att bli förälder är något många i vårt samhälle upplever. Denna övergång är fylld av emotioner, krav och förväntningar. I det svenska samhället har jämställdhet länge varit en högaktuell fråga. Lagar har konstituerats, belöningar har skapats för den som förmått vara jämställd i den bemärkelsen att de delat lika på föräldraledighetsdagarna. Att få barn och skapa en familj är ofta förknippat med kärlek och gemenskap, men sällan synonymt med att känna sig ledig. Snarare är det förknippat med oro, stress, ansvar över såväl barn som att sköta om hemmet. Hemmet kräver omsorg och arbete, men vem som ska utföra arbetet har blivit en fråga att diskutera både i politiken och i familjens vardag. Jämställdhet borde innebära lika ansvar och delaktighet i barnomsorg och hushållsarbete för båda föräldrar. Denna studie visar hur övergången från par till föräldrar ökar känslan av trygghet och gemenskap hos individerna, men också att övergången är liktydig med stress och förväntningar om jämställdhet. Studien visar även att dessa föräldrars syn på jämställdhet är förknippat med arbetsdelning och omsorg främst kring barnet. Då arbetsdelning och jämställdhet kring hushållsarbetet och i parrelationen verkar bortprioriteras, kan fädernas engagemang i barnen skapa en skenbar jämställdhet. I vår studie ser vi en anpassning som är gynnsam för männens relation till sina barn, men ogynnsam för kvinnors rättighet till lika möjligheter och samma värde. / Abstract This is a sociological study using qualitative interviews examining how parents experience the transition from couple to parenthood, and how parenthood affects equality. Becoming a parent is something many in our society experience during their lifetime. This transition is full of emotions, needs and expectations. In Swedish society, gender equality has long been a highly topical issue. Legislation has been constituted, and rewards have been created for those who manage to be equal in the sense that they share equally on parental leave days. To have children and create a family is often associated with love and fellowship, but rarely synonymous with feelings of freedom. Rather, it is associated with anxiety, stress and responsibility over children, as well as taking care of the home. The household requires care and work, but who of the parents that will carry out the work has become an issue to discuss, both in politics and in the family's everyday life. Gender equality should mean equal responsibility and involvement in childcare and household work for both parents. This study shows how the transition from couple to parents increases the sense of a stronger connection between the family members, but also that the transition is synonymous with stress and expectations of equality. This study also shows that the parents' views on gender equality are associated with the division of labor and care primarily concerning the child. As the division of labor and gender equality concerning the household work and in the couple’s relationship lack priority, the father’s involvement in the children create an apparent equality. In our study we see an adaptation favorable to men's relationship with their children, but unfavorable for women's rights to equal opportunities and equal value.

The thesis will deal with the views and ideas of expectant parents how to articulate concerns for their child with employment and unpaid domestic work. The thesis will also focus on the transition to parenthood as a new phase of family life. The author will try to uncover the current situation and strategies of young couples. Keywords Maternity leave, parental leave, strategies, housework Obsah Úvod............................................................................................................................................7 1. Teoretická část........................................................................................................................8 1.1 Rodina...............................................................................................................................8 1.1.1 Proměny rodiny..........................................................................................................8 1.1.2 Demografické trendy vývoje české rodiny................................................................9 1.2 Představy a změny očekávané s narozením potomka - kvantitativní pohled.................11 1.3 Rodinné a pracovní dráhy...............................................................................................13 1.4 Slaďování rodinného a...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:19:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joanice Maria Barreto.pdf: 814434 bytes, checksum: a106fc861500dc77875626564c0f8817 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-19 / The central research question is related to the activities of the seamstresses, sewing women in Divinópolis, MG, whose work is considered a domestic order, a natural aptitude and subject to lower wages. However, by sewing, women ensure the maintenance of home and family, break down stigma in relation to paid work and their role in society. One of the main objectives would be to show that sewing women who are in clothing industries or subcontracting for sewing services, play an important role in the process of economic development of the town, one of the poles of clothing production in the country. To write this dissertation were analyzed published reports in newspapers from the town and nearby region. Apart from written sources, there were made twelve interviews with a group of seamstresses who work in the clothing industry and others who worked in their homes, the professionals who work with subcontracting for sewing services. The collapse of the steel industry in the town and region in 1960 was one of the factors that contributed to women taking over leadership of the economy, trying to reverse the disastrous situation. Considering the situation of many unemployed men, women become visible in the job market through the sewing know-how that was successfully passed from generation to generation. The conquest of women barely changes its position inside and outside their homes. Besides there is a sexual division of labor unfairly and unequally, which still claims that women are responsible for almost all tasks and household chores / A questão central da pesquisa se relaciona às atividades das costureiras em Divinópolis, MG, cujo trabalho é considerado de ordem doméstica, uma aptidão natural e está sujeito a remunerações inferiores. No entanto, através da costura, as mulheres garantem a manutenção da casa e da família, rompem estigmas em relação ao trabalho assalariado e ao papel delas na sociedade. Um dos principais objetivos seria mostrar que as mulheres costureiras, que estão nas indústrias de confecções ou facções, desempenham um papel importante no processo de desenvolvimento econômico da cidade, um dos polos de confecção do país. Para escrever esta dissertação foram analisados jornais e relatórios publicados na cidade e região. Além das fontes escritas, foram realizadas, doze entrevistas com um grupo de costureiras, que trabalham na indústria de confecção e outras que trabalhavam em suas casas, nas chamadas facções. A quebra do setor siderúrgico na cidade e região nos anos de 1960 foi um dos fatores que colaborou para que as mulheres assumissem a liderança da economia, tentando reverter a situação desastrosa. Com os homens desempregados, as mulheres se tornam visíveis no mercado de emprego através do saber fazer que foi passado de gerações a gerações com êxito através da costura. A conquista das mulheres pouco modifica a sua posição dentro e fora das suas casas. Além de ocorrer uma divisão sexual do trabalho de forma injusta e desigual, ainda cabe às mulheres a responsabilidade quase exclusiva, das tarefas e atividades domésticas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:52:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joanice Maria Barreto.pdf: 814434 bytes, checksum: a106fc861500dc77875626564c0f8817 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-19 / The central research question is related to the activities of the seamstresses, sewing women in Divinópolis, MG, whose work is considered a domestic order, a natural aptitude and subject to lower wages. However, by sewing, women ensure the maintenance of home and family, break down stigma in relation to paid work and their role in society. One of the main objectives would be to show that sewing women who are in clothing industries or subcontracting for sewing services, play an important role in the process of economic development of the town, one of the poles of clothing production in the country. To write this dissertation were analyzed published reports in newspapers from the town and nearby region. Apart from written sources, there were made twelve interviews with a group of seamstresses who work in the clothing industry and others who worked in their homes, the professionals who work with subcontracting for sewing services. The collapse of the steel industry in the town and region in 1960 was one of the factors that contributed to women taking over leadership of the economy, trying to reverse the disastrous situation. Considering the situation of many unemployed men, women become visible in the job market through the sewing know-how that was successfully passed from generation to generation. The conquest of women barely changes its position inside and outside their homes. Besides there is a sexual division of labor unfairly and unequally, which still claims that women are responsible for almost all tasks and household chores / A questão central da pesquisa se relaciona às atividades das costureiras em Divinópolis, MG, cujo trabalho é considerado de ordem doméstica, uma aptidão natural e está sujeito a remunerações inferiores. No entanto, através da costura, as mulheres garantem a manutenção da casa e da família, rompem estigmas em relação ao trabalho assalariado e ao papel delas na sociedade. Um dos principais objetivos seria mostrar que as mulheres costureiras, que estão nas indústrias de confecções ou facções, desempenham um papel importante no processo de desenvolvimento econômico da cidade, um dos polos de confecção do país. Para escrever esta dissertação foram analisados jornais e relatórios publicados na cidade e região. Além das fontes escritas, foram realizadas, doze entrevistas com um grupo de costureiras, que trabalham na indústria de confecção e outras que trabalhavam em suas casas, nas chamadas facções. A quebra do setor siderúrgico na cidade e região nos anos de 1960 foi um dos fatores que colaborou para que as mulheres assumissem a liderança da economia, tentando reverter a situação desastrosa. Com os homens desempregados, as mulheres se tornam visíveis no mercado de emprego através do saber fazer que foi passado de gerações a gerações com êxito através da costura. A conquista das mulheres pouco modifica a sua posição dentro e fora das suas casas. Além de ocorrer uma divisão sexual do trabalho de forma injusta e desigual, ainda cabe às mulheres a responsabilidade quase exclusiva, das tarefas e atividades domésticas

This dissertation addressed whether and how theories of marriage apply to same-sex relationships. These theories correspond to two main research questions. First, does the legal recognition of same-sex relationships provide the same benefits for members of same-sex couples that it does for different-sex spouses? Second, how do same-sex couples divide household labor, and, should inequalities emerge, what factors explain the division of labor? Marriage provides numerous benefits to husband/wife couples who wed, including better mental and physical health, greater financial security, and higher levels of sexual satisfaction. Using results from a web-based survey of members of same-sex couples and same-sex-attracted singles (N=429), I tested the applicability of the "marriage benefits model" to same-sex marriages, civil unions, domestic partnerships, and cohabiting couples. Although the focus of the same-sex marriage debate has been on the positive attributes of marriage, marriage for different-sex couples is also associated with great inequity in the division of household labor. Explanations for the housework gap point to gender or are tied up in correlates of gender, such as income and work hours. I also explored variations in the division of household labor in same-sex marriages and partnerships and tested extant theories of housework inequality. Results indicated that legal recognition (marriages and civil unions) does provide some benefits to financial well-being and physical health. Defining one's own relationship as a marriage (regardless of legal recognition) was more strongly associated with "marriage" benefits, including greater financial well-being, an improved sexual relationship, and fewer health-risk behaviors. Femininity was positively related to proportional housework contributions, and proportional work hours were inversely related, to proportional housework, supporting both the gender and time availability explanations of housework inequalities. Interactions between gender and relationship characteristics and between time availability and relationship characteristics were also explored.