The present thesis focuses on causes and consequences of paid working hours and housework hours among women and men in Sweden and Europe. It consists of four studies. Study I investigates changes in the division of housework in Swedish couples when they become parents. The study shows that women adjust their housework hours to the number and age of children in the household, whereas men do not. Longer parental leave periods among fathers have the potential to counteract this change towards a more traditional division of housework. Study II explores the associations between psychological distress and paid working hours, housework hours and total role time in Sweden. The results suggest that women’s psychological distress decreases with increasing paid working hours and housework hours, but that a long total role time is associated with high levels of distress. The gender difference in time spent on housework accounts for 40 per cent of the gender difference in psychological distress. Study III asks whether hours spent on paid work and housework account for the European gender difference in well-being, and whether the associations between well-being and hours of paid work and housework is influenced by gender attitudes and social comparison. The results indicate that gender differences in time spent on paid work and housework account for a third of the gender difference in well-being. Gender attitudes and social comparison do not to any great extent influence the associations between well-being and paid work and housework, respectively. Study IV examines possible differences between European family policy models in the associations between well-being and hours of paid work and housework. Some model differences are found, and they are accounted for by experiences of work-family conflict among men, but not among women. For both women and men, work-family conflict appears to suppress positive aspects of paid working hours.

Economists have rejected the popular view that time use is primarily influenced by local customs and law, and instead argue that it is determined by optimal choices of economic agents and the market mechanism. However the analysis of time allocation has been focused on the labor-leisure choice problem which posits a worker who wants more leisure because of his preference for leisure over work. Thus going beyond the standard model, these essays add to the theory of the economics of time use. First I examine why married men earn more. I explore the possibility that differences in household work by marital status can explain the observed male marital wages advantage. Depending on the type and timing of household work, I segregate it into flexible and inflexible household work, using the American Time Use Survey. Empirical results provide strong support for the productivity difference between married and never married men. Household work has significant negative and differential effects on wages. The effects are not only driven by total time spent on household work, but also by types and timing of household work. The result shows that inflexible household work has a stronger negative effect on wages than flexible household work. Second I study how taxes affect time and goods allocation in home production. I claim that an increase in sales taxes encourages households to substitute away from the market goods input in favor of untaxed non-market time input. I explore the substitution response by relating household market purchases and time use. The theory part shows that the size of elasticity of substitution between market goods input and time input is crucial for understanding the government's optimal tax policy. Then I show that it is optimal to impose lower taxes on goods used in the production of commodities with a higher elasticity of substitution. In the empirical part, I estimate sizes of elasticities of substitution of goods for time with the combined survey of Mexican household consumption expenditures and time allocation for 2002. I find that the elasticity of substitution for 'Eating' is lowest. Finally wage compensation for climate is examined. Using the Merged Outgoing Rotation Group File from 2002 to 2007, I find that the North-South wage differential in construction and extraction occupations is much higher than in any other occupations. I claim that this is because weather affects wage determination. If individuals are to locate in both desirable and undesirable locations, undesirable locations must offer higher wages. Using the O*NET database, I obtain information on how often an occupation requires exposure to weather conditions. Estimation results of the wage equation show that wage compensation for living in bad weather amounts to 11.9 percent of hourly wages evaluated at sample means. The difference in wage compensation for working in bad weather between the most exposed (outdoorness index = 5) and least exposed (outdoorness index = 0) occupations is estimated to be 9.6 percent of hourly wages evaluated at sample means. In addition, I find that the occupational injury risk is related to weather conditions in the case of construction and extraction occupations. / text

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Ett övergripande mål regeringen i Sverige har är att kvinnor och män ska ha samma makt att forma samhället och sitt eget liv, detta mål innefattar sex delmål. Delmål fyra handlar om en jämn fördelning av det obetalda hem och omsorgsarbetet. Tidigare forskning av Goldberg (2013) visar att kvinnor i samkönad relation är bättre på att skapa en känsla av jämlikhet i sina förhållanden och är mer flexibla i uppdelningen av hushållsarbete. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur kvinnor i samkönade relationer fördelade ansvarsområdena och hur de upplevde att ansvarsfördelning påverkade deras relation. Sju kvinnor intervjuades med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer för ökad förståelse av deras upplevelser. Intervjuerna analyserades med en tematisk analys och med hjälp av rollteori och social utbytesteori försökte författarna förstå hur informanterna fördelade ansvaret i sin relation och hur de upplevde ansvarsfördelningen. Resultatet visar att informanterna upplevde en relativt jämlik och rättvis fördelning. Resultatet visar vidare att fördelningen skapats genom kommunikation, struktur, intresse och förutsättningar. Informanterna beskrev att det var viktigt att fördelningen inte var ett krav utan en överenskommelse och att det fanns en respekt för varandras ansvar. Detta innebär att ansvarsfördelningen bidrar till graden av trygghet, jämlikhet och rättvisa i relationen. / An overall goal of the Swedish government is for women and men to have the same power to shape society and their own lives, this goal includes six sub-goals. Subsection four is about an even distribution of unpaid homes and care work. Previous research by Goldberg (2013) shows that same-sex women are better at creating a sense of equality in their relationships and are more flexible in the division of housework. The purpose of this study was to investigate how women in same-sex relationships divided their responsibilities and how they perceived that division of responsibilities affected their relationship. Seven women were interviewed using semi-structured interviews to increase the understanding of their experiences. The interviews were analyzed with a thematic analysis and with the help of role theory and social exchange theory the authors tried to understand how the informants divided responsibility in their relationship and how they experienced the division of responsibility. The result shows that the informants experienced a relatively equal and fair distribution. The result further shows that the distribution was created through communication, structure, interest and conditions. The informants described that it was important that the distribution was not a requirement but an agreement and that there was a respect for each other's responsibilities. This means that the division of responsibility contributes to the degree of security, equality and justice in the relationship.

This Master's thesis covers a business plan for a web project whose aim is to facilitate communication between a provider of a service known as housework and a potential client. The business plan will be used as a basis for a real project.

Absract This master thesis deals with an analysis of media discourse of domestic workers in the Czech Republic. The work was based on discourse analysis of media articles generated by Anopress, which is a professional supplier of media monitoring. Through analyzing the way how media portrays institution of domestic workers, the paper tries to point out the media discourse that produces an image of domestic workers as an attractive products and organization of domestic work as a mediator for balancing public and private lives of women. Through concepts of feminist research I am going to try to prove that the media discourse is based on essentialist and discriminatory practices that have a major impact on shaping the image of institution of domestic workers and actors who are connected with this institution. Since this is a media production of information's construction thus it has a significant influence on the conceptualization of institutions of domestic workers in public sphere. Keywords: rental housework, domestic workers, media discourse, discourse analysis

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第20470号 / 人博第820号 / 新制||人||196(附属図書館) / 28||人博||820(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻 / (主査)教授 前川 玲子, 教授 佐野 亘, 教授 小畑 史子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Title: Fertility changes in the context of gender revolution with focus on the man's role in the family in the Czech republic Author: Mgr. Pavel Koudelka Department: Department of Demography and Geodemography Statistics Supervisor: Prof. RNDr. Jitka Rychtaříková, CSc. Abstract: Profound changes are occurring in the relations between men and women in European families and societies, a transformation that is referred to as the 'gender revolution'. Considering the unprecedented drop in fertility, some important questions may be asked: in a more egalitarian society/family, could we expect a rise in the birth rate? Does men's participation in housework and child- care have an impact on the number of children born (in a family)? Czech society is slowly adapting to gender equality, but this is more apparent in the general mood and opinions than in the reality of households and families. We drew on two waves of a panel study Generations & Gender Survey (GGS) performed in the Czech republic and compared the information about the real involvement of men in households in which (a number of) children were born in between the waves. This is an advantage of GGS over similar studies: we have information about real- ity, real facts, and not only values and attitudes to gender equality or the number of children a...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Apparecida Gomes.pdf: 4004130 bytes, checksum: 350751a8a7fd8557e6564e377a75b3a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-05 / The research was done in an ONG located in a city in central-western of Sao Paulo State. It's goal was to realize how the female identity was built in it's original family and how they live their woman function in their present family. The specific goals were: to think about principIes in the construction of the female identity, how women notice themselves. The interest by this text came because of mothers'complaint about their lives. They must work to survive and after that they need to do a lot of housework at home. Four mothers with children between 5 and 10 years old participated in this research. They were alphabetized and hired. They were from 22 and 42 years old. The method used was based in the qualitative research. Under the focus of social constructionism those assumptions were derived from conversational exchan,ges in which meanings are socially constructed and language is understood in its active character is considered a social practice, constituent of the reality. To achieve the objective instruments were used such as: History Life, Reflection Group, Focal Group. It is showed as results work overload, insufficient wages to keep family and answer the unexpected even:ts of life. They work in their jobs for 46 hours per week and then for doing housework they spend, on average, 20 hours per week. These data are in accordance with Brazilian demographic surveys. It was also showed by the survey the lack of dialogue with their original family about sex education. They know that they are doing the same with their children / A pesquisa foi realizada em uma ONG localizada em uma cidade no centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Teve como objetivo compreender como foi construída a identidade feminina na família de origem por um grupo de mulheres e como elas vivenciam seu papel de mulher na família atual. Os objetivos específicos foram: refletir sobre os valores envolvidos na construção da identidade feminina; como as mulheres percebem a si mesmas. O interesse pelo tema surgiu a partir das queixas de cansaço e de tensão enunciados por mães que iam buscar seus filhos na ONG, ap6s o trabalho no espaço publico. Além das horas dedicadas ao trabalho remunerado iam, em seguida, para suas casas executar os afazeres domésticos. Participaram da pesquisa quatro mães com filhos entre 5 a 10 anos de idade, alfabetizadas, assalariadas. A idade delas ficou num intervalo entre 22 a 42 anos. O método utilizado baseou-se na pesquisa qualitativa. A base epistemológica foi o construcionismo social com seus pressupostos derivados das trocas conversacionais em que os significados são construídos socialmente e a linguagem e entendida em seu carácter ativo sendo considerada uma pratica social, constituinte da realidade. Para atingir o objetivo foram usados instrumentos: entrevistas individuais e grupais. Com estes instrumentos foram construídas as atividades grupais: História de Vida, Grupo Reflexivo e Grupo Focal. Apontam-se como resultados do cansaço a sobrecarga de trabalho, os salários insuficientes para manterem a família e atenderem os acontecimentos inesperados da vida. Trabalham em seus empregos durante 46 horas semanais, em media. Para os afazeres domésticos empregam 20 horas semanais, em media. Tais dados estão em conformidade com os levantamentos demográficos brasileiros. Constatou-se que seus parceiros dedicam momentos aleatórios para os afazeres domésticos. Elas aprenderam, em suas famílias de origem, as habilidades de donas de casa e o valor que se deve dar ao trabalho remunerado. Outro resultado apontado pela pesquisa consiste na falta de dialogo com sua família de origem sobre as questões de educação da sexualidade. Reconhecem que estão reproduzindo com os filhos e filhas semelhante educação