Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2008. / Title from title screen (site viewed Jan. 13, 2009). PDF text: vii, 292 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 6 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3315886. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Georgetown University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (University of Texas Digital Repository, viewed on July 30, 2009). Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur förvandlingen kring synen påmiljonprogramsområdena gått till. Miljonprogrammet som till en början sågs som en modern satsning som skulle lösa de akuta problemen på den svenska bostadsmarknaden men som under årens gång övergått till något negativt där det talas om stigmatiserade utanförskaps områden som domineras av sociala problem. Kritiken mot områdena visar att boende i dessa områden ofta beskylls för de problemen som finns, kopplat till etniska och sociala faktorer. Studien undersöker huruvida den kritik som lyfts kring miljonprogrammet, dess områden och boende stämmer överens med verkligheten. Med hjälp av olika teorier som, stigmatisering, gentrifiering och begreppet segregation undersöka de bakomliggande faktorerna till att boende i miljonprogramsområdena beskylls för de problem som finns samt för att undersöka om denna bild stämmer överens med verkligheten. / The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate how the view of the million programareas changed from positive to negative. The million program, which at first was seen as amodern investment that would solve the problems that existed in the Swedish housing market, but through the years turned into something negative where areas are spoken of as problematic. Criticism of the areas shows that residents in these areas are often blamed for the problems that exist, linked to ethnic and social factors. The purpose of this studiy is to examine whether the criticism raised about the millionprogram and its areas is in line with reality. Using, Ervin Goffmans theory of stigmatization, Ruth Glasss definition of gentrification and the notion segregation, examine the underlying factors of people living in the million programareas that are often blamed for the problems that exist and to examine if this is a true and fair picture or not.

This project addresses how residential segregation have stymied home ownership and wealth in the black community; inhibiting true housing equity. This thesis project will attempt to use design as a means to help address past and continuing discrimination. Accessibility, affordability and accountability are central to this goal, which will be addressed in the project. The site chosen for this project is the St. Luke’s Building located in Richmond, VA. This building was home to the Independent Order of St. Luke, a fraternal and cooperative insurance society for blacks. It also housed the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank which was founded in 1903 by Maggie Walker. Walker was the first woman to charter a bank in the United States.

South African cities are still largely unequal where the urban poor’s right to the city is not adequately addressed. As a result of the legacy of apartheid and the various housing policies that have been adopted to address housing segregation, Johannesburg remains spatially fragmented with the urban poor remaining isolated in the periphery of the city far from places of employment and opportunity. With the decentralization and deindustrialization of employment, commuting for the urban poor has become more time consuming and costly with an average monthly commute costing R1 500.00. The City of Johannesburg has committed to tackling these structural and spatial inequalities that exist in Johannesburg through its flagship programme called Corridors of Freedom. Corridors of Freedom aims to transform the spatial inequalities in Johannesburg through the creation of geographies of inclusion using transit oriented development (TOD). This is through investing in public transport with the development of the Rea Vaya Bus Rapid Transit System (BRT) and inclusionary housing as the backbone to eradicate spatial. Corridors of Freedom aims to address housing segregation through the extension of the Rea Vaya BRT system in peripheral townships and through inclusionary housing provision to promote inclusive development in Johannesburg. This study will evaluate whether Corridors of Freedom and its associated developments have the potential to improve the lives of potential beneficiaries of two townships, Kagiso in the West Rand and Soweto. The study seeks to understand how the presence of the Rea Vaya BRT system can assist the urban poor’s access to the city and places of employment and opportunity. A comparison is made between Soweto residents who directly benefit from using the Rea Vaya buses and the Kagiso residents who do not have access to the Rea Vaya buses. Several stakeholders were interviewed including both the residents of Kagiso and Soweto. It was concluded that the Rea Vaya BRT system is a poverty-reduction strategy for the urban poor and an attempt from the City of Johannesburg to correct the existing spatial inequalities.The Rea Vaya Bus Rapid Transit system along with well-located social housing is an important step towards addressing inclusivity and bringing people close to places of employment and opportunity.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>The purpose of this essay is to compare the integration policy between Socialdemokraterna, Moderaterna and Sverigedemokraterna with focus on labor-market integration, housing segregation and language knowledge. The international immigration has in recent years increased significantly and this has also enriched the receiving countries and still the numbers of extreme right parties have increased. In Sweden a racist populist party, Sverigedemokraterna, are only a few steps away from entering the parliament.</p><p> </p><p>The question in focus is: <em>What differences or similarities are there between the integration politics between Moderaterna, Socialdemokraterna and Sverigedemokraterna with focus on the areas housing, work and language? </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p>By applying the theoretical framework to the data, I have been able to present answers and build up an analysis. The study concludes that there are more similarities than differences in the integration policy between Moderaterna and Socialdemokraterna. Sverigedemokraterna on the other hand have very radical integration politics in comparison to the two other parties.</p>

I mitten av 1900-talet skedde en radikal förändring av bostadsutvecklingen i Sverige. Förändringen kom att kallas miljonprogrammet där en miljon nya och moderniserade bostäder och bostadsområden uppfördes under en tioårsperiod. Många av dessa bostadsområden upplevs som otrygga, nedgångna och flera av dessa områden är idag segregerade. Syftet med studien är att genom förändring av miljonprogramsområdens gårdsmiljö skapa möjlighet att kunna påverka segregationen i ett område med hänsyn till bostadsområdets kvalitéer. Målet är att studera hur gårdsmiljön i ett miljonprogramsområde kan påverka segregation genom utveckling och säkerställande av utomhusmiljöns värden. Syftet och målet nås genom litteraturstudier, fältstudier och intervjuer. Resultaten från de tillämpade metoderna visar att områdena är slitna, ovårdade och torftiga. Förslag presenteras även för potentiella åtgärder. Undersökningens slutsats beskriver vikten av omsorgsfull skötsel, zonering och avskärmning i miljonprogramsområdens gårdsmiljö när integration ska möjliggöras för de boende. Dock påverkas även segregationen och integrationen av fler andra samhällsenliga aspekter och åtgärder som bör beaktas vid planerad förändring av ett segregerat område. / In the middle of 20th Century, there was a significant change in the development of housing in Sweden. The change came to be called the Million house programme, where one million new and modernized houses and residential areas were erected over a ten-year period. Many of these residential areas are perceived as insecure, run down and several are today segregated. The purpose of this study is by development of a million house programme external environment affect segregation, with reference to the quality of the residential area. The goal is to study how the external spaces in a million house programme area can affect segregation through the development and ensuring of the outdoor environment values. The purpose and goal is achieved through literature studies, field studies and interviews. The results from the applied methods notes that the areas are worn, unkempt and scanty. Suggestions are also presented for action. In conclusion, the importance of careful management, zoning and foreclosure in the million house programme areas external spaces have an impact on segregation. However, the affects of segregation and integration depends also on other societal aspects and measures that should all be considered in the planned change of a segregated area.

Social dumpning innebär att kommuner får personer som är i behov av ekonomiskt bistånd att flytta till andra kommuner. Syftet med studien var att undersöka olika professioners upplevelse av vilka konsekvenser social dumpning kan ha för individer som utsätts för detta. Forskningsansatsen var kvalitativ och intervjuer genomfördes med sju personer med olika professioner. Intervjupersonerna upplevde att social dumpning medför många negativa konsekvenser för de utsatta, däribland boendesegregation med boende i undermåliga bostäder, förlust av sociala nätverk och dåliga utsikter att ta sig in på arbetsmarknaden. Empirin analyserades utifrån teorier om stigma samt makt och resultatet visade att de som utsätts för social dumpning ofta blir stigmatiserade och socialt exkluderade. Det framkom även att kommunerna, genom att utsätta personer för social dumpning, i många fall går emot socialtjänstlagen. Dessutom fråntas de drabbade personerna rätten till tillfredsställande levnadsförhållanden och andra mänskliga rättigheter som anges i FN:s konventioner. / Social dumping refers to the actions of local authorities that cause people in need of financial assistance to move to other local authorities. This study investigates how different professions experience the consequences of social dumping on affected individuals. The research approach was qualitative and seven people with different professions were interviewed. The interviewees observed that social dumping had a range of negative consequences for vulnerable individuals, including housing segregation caused by housing individuals in substandard accommodation, loss of social networks and poor employment prospects. The empirical data was analysed according to stigma and power theories and the results showed that social dumping often causesstigmatisationand social exclusion. It was also observed that social dumping often occurs in conjunction with local authorities disregarding the Social Services Act. Victims are often deprived of their right to a satisfactory standard of living and other human rights in UN conventions.

Housing segregation implicates that people with socioeconomic similarities live in the same residential area, which divides the society in a way that creates unequal childhood and living conditions. Research shows that the segregation, despite continued engagement from authorities and other organisations, is increasing. A major part of the efforts against housing segregation has been focusing on individual issues and solutions. Research shows that housing segregation however should be tackled through concurrent working arrangements regarding two concepts,structural barriers and individual preferences. The purpose of this study is to show how municipal planning strategies contribute to counteract housing segregation. The goal is to compare municipal strategy documents to scientific research in the area. In that way the hope is to chart how possibilities and challenges regarding structural barriers as well as individual preferences can be taken into account to optimize the continued work forward.The study is delimited to the two largest municipalities of the Gävleborg county in Sweden. The major method used was a qualitative content analysis of three subjectively chosen municipal strategy documents. The analysis was prepared by producing key concepts based on underlying causes to housing segregation according to scientific research in the field. The key concepts were divided into several key words. The qualitative content analysis was then accomplished by reading the documents and gather all relevant text units according to the key concepts and key words. The second part of the method was about compiling the strategies into SWOT analyses where strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were summarized. The results showed that strategies by both Sandviken´s and Gävle´s municipalites contain efforts regarding structural barriers as well as individual preferences. In the discussion the strategies were connected to the scientific research in the area. That generated a discussion about how segregation is an issue of complexity making it complicated to concretise both in relation to causes and solutions. Even the most thought out strategy can lead to unexpected results which some of them are only possible to evaluate decades later. Therefore, the conclusion was that there is no complete and full answer to the research question about how municipal planning strategies contribute to counteract housing segregation. However, both municipalities show indication of a decrease of housing segregation, based on today´s research.To further develop this study, interviewing representatives from the municipals could have explored the strategies from another angle. Comparing representative’s approaches to the document´s approaches towards the subject could have enriched the results, but also made it possible to raise the question of the document´s silence.Keywords: Segregation, housing segregation, physical planning, mixed landuse / Bostadssegregation innebär att människor med liknande socioekonomiska egenskaper bor i samma område, vilket delar upp samhället på ett sätt som skapar ojämlika uppväxt- och levnadsvillkor. Forskning visar att segregationen trots ett fortsatt engagemang från såväl myndigheter som andra verksamheter ökar. Stor del av insatserna mot bostadssegregation har å andra sidan fokuserats till enskilda insatser, medan tidigare forskning visar att bostadssegregation bör tacklas genom samverkande åtgärder både gällande samhällsstrukturella orsaker och individuella preferenser. Studiens syfte är att synliggöra hur kommunala planeringsstrategier bidrar till att förhindra bostadssegregation. Målet är att jämföra kommunala strategidokument med forskningsteoretiskt underlag för att kartlägga vilka möjligheter och utmaningar avseende både samhällsstrukturella orsaker och individuella preferenser som kan tas i beaktning för att optimera det fortsatta arbetet framåt. Arbetet avgränsades till region Gävleborgs största kommuner; Gävle och Sandviken. Den huvudsakliga metoden som användes var en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av tre subjektivt valda kommunala strategidokument. Analysen förbereddes genom att framställa nyckelbegrepp som genomgående lyftes som bakomliggande orsaker till bostadssegregation enligt tidigare forskning inom ämnet, och som delades in i ytterligare nyckelord. Därefter genomfördes innehållsanalysen genom att läsa samtliga dokument och plocka ut relevanta textenheter som rörde de förvalda nyckelbegreppen och nyckelorden. Den andra delen av metoden innebar att sammanställa strategierna i SWOT-analyser där styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot sammanfattades. Resultatet visade att strategier av både Sandvikens och Gävle kommun innehåller åtgärder mot både samhällsstrukturella orsaker och individuella preferenser som får en samverkande effekt. I diskussionen drogs kopplingar mellan kommunens strategier och tidigare forskning, vilket genererade en diskussion om hur segregation innefattar en komplexitet som gör att det är svårt att konkretisera både gällande orsaker och lösningar, även genomtänkta strategier mot bostadssegregation riskerar att få oväntade resultat som vissa kan utvärderas först decennier senare. Således drogs slutsatsen att framtida forskning och årens gång krävs för ett komplett svar på frågan om hur de kommunala planeringsstrategierna bidrar till att förhindra fortsatt bostadssegregation som studien syftade till. Däremot har kommunernas strategier potential och goda förutsättningar för att lyckas. För att vidareutveckla arbetet hade intervjuer med kommunerna kunnat undersöka kommunernas strategier från en annan vinkel. Att jämföra dokumentens och kommunrepresentanters förhållningssätt till frågan hade kunnat ge ett ytterligare djup till resultatet men även synliggöra eventuell tystnad i dokumenten.