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Fatores que envolvem o alcance da maternidade por meio de material genético de terceirosLozzo, Claudia Ines Aparecida da [UNIFESP] 17 April 2017 (has links) (PDF)
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Previous issue date: 2017-04-17 / Introdução: Mulheres que apresentam impossibilidade ou dificuldade para engravidar muitas vezes recorrem às técnicas de reprodução humana assistida (RHA). A tomada de decisão quanto à utilização da RHA com ovodoação pressupõe o rompimento de paradigmas e representações sobre a transmissão sanguínea/ genética e a ideia de que a maternidade inclui a experiência da gestação e parto. Considerando a RHA heteróloga como tema contemporâneo e polêmico, mulheres interessadas podem buscar nas mídias sociais, blogs, websites de clínicas particulares e hospitais públicos informações para subsidiar sua tomada de decisão. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar alguns dos obstáculos enfrentados por mulheres que buscam a maternidade utilizando material genético de terceiros. Método: O estudo teve como foco depoimentos disponíveis em dois espaços virtuais voltados para mulheres envolvidas no processo de RHA heteróloga. Os comentários realizados pelas participantes foram analisados e categorizados considerando as barreiras enfrentadas referentes às vivências e dúvidas quanto aos seus projetos de maternidade. Resultados: A análise dos relatos possibilitou identificar alguns dos obstáculos, objetivos e subjetivos, enfrentados por mulheres que buscavam a maternidade com a utilização de material genético de terceiros, valorizando o blog como espaço de circulação de informação e socialização. Pode-se destacar a importância do espaço virtual em diversas situações: incentivo ao processo de tomada de decisão, ou não, quanto à RHA heteróloga para alcançar a maternidade; necessidade de vínculo genético, ou não, para a construção da família; construção sociocultural relacionada à consanguinidade e laços familiares; solidariedade diante das vivências relatadas; socialização de experiências e compartilhamento do conhecimento construído; apoio a outras mulheres; doação compartilhada de oócitos como solução para diminuição de custos do tratamento de alta tecnologia; enfrentamento do preconceito quanto à utilização de gametas doados; exposição do diagnóstico de infertilidade para realizar a maternidade monoparental; discussão sobre a idade e certas patologias como fatores de restrição à maternidade. Conclusão: Os blogs têm sido um importante fórum de discussões onde há compartilhamento de dúvidas, conhecimentos e explicitação das ambiguidades em relação ao tema. O anonimato parece favorecer essas trocas. Informações somadas a experiências podem proporcionar reflexões a respeito da RHA, favorecendo a desconstrução de barreiras e a mudança de valores e atitudes relativas a esse tema. / Introduction: Women who can’t get pregnant or face some difficulties for it, sometimes search for assisted reproduction techniques (AHR). To make the decision to use the Assisted Human Reproduction (AHR) with the donation of oocyte, requires the breaking of paradigms and representations of blood / genetic transmission and the acceptance of the idea that having a child means the experience of pregnancy and birth. Considering AHR a different and controversial contemporary theme, interested women can search for private clinics, hospitals and public information in social medias, blogs and websites that will help them making their decision. Objective: The purpose of this research is to identify some obstacles faced by women who desire the motherhood by using other people’s genetic material. Method: The essay had a focus on available collected testimonies from two selected virtual space aimed at women involved with the AHR process. The participants’ comments were examined and classified considering the obstacles they had about their experience and doubts related to their motherhood projects. Results: The reports analysis permitted the identification of a series of objective and subjective problems faced by women who wanted the motherhood with the donation of genetic material, and appreciating blogs as a place to exchange and share information. The virtual space is important in many situations: encouragement to the process of decision, or not, related to the AHR to get the pregnancy; genetic relationship needs, or not, to build a family; sociocultural development related to blood and family bonds; sympathy before the related experiences; sharing the experiences and knowledge built; support to other women; oocyte donation as a solution to an expensive high technological treatment; facing the prejudice about the use of given gametes; exposing the diagnostic of infertility to do the single parent motherhood; discussion about age and some disorders as restriction factors to motherhood. Conclusion: Blogs have been an important discussion forum where it is possible to share doubts, to know and explain the ambiguity ideas about the theme. Anonymity seems to benefit the experiences exchanged. Information allied to experiences may provide observation about AHR, and help to deconstruct barriers and change values and attitudes about this theme. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
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Efeitos sucessórios da reprodução humana assistida homóloga post mortem / Effects of sucession in post mortem assisted human reproduction homologousAnna de Moraes Salles Beraldo 23 August 2010 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nesta dissertação de Mestrado em Direito Civil procura-se demonstrar que as inovações biotecnológicas, principalmente da área da medicina reprodutiva, têm trazido consequências impactantes no direito de família e das sucessões, criando, assim, a necessidade de (re)adaptar o sistema jurídico brasileiro à nova (e dinâmica) realidade social, à luz dos princípios e normas constitucionais. Nesse sentido, por exemplo, repensar e reestruturar o modelo tradicional de família parece ser um passo necessário para esta (re)adaptação, uma vez que novas tecnologias, como as técnicas de reprodução assistida, criam a possibilidade de interferência externa em processos naturais de procriação, de maneira não antes prevista pela sociedade e pelo Direito. Assim, verifica-se a possibilidade de procriação de um novo descendente anos após a morte do genitor. Este trabalho busca entender e examinar as implicações de tais inovações biotecnológicas para o sistema jurídico brasileiro. Mais especificamente, busca-se entender e examinar as consequências jurídicas da reprodução medicamente assistida post mortem no âmbito sucessório, demonstrando diversas dificuldades de ordem prática, a exemplo da necessidade do respeito à igualdade entre filhos, por um lado; e a necessidade de definição da questão sucessória, por outro. Busca-se também demonstrar o modo de garantir os direitos hereditários do filho póstumo, tanto na sucessão legítima, como na testamentária. Ademais, pretende-se provocar reflexões secundárias acerca da necessidade de autorização expressa do de cujus para implantação de seu material genético no útero materno, bem como a necessidade de existência de um prazo para essa utilização, evitando que haja insegurança jurídica. / This Master in Civil Law dissertation aims at demonstrating that biotechnological innovations, most especially in the field of reproductive medicine, have fundamental implications for family law and inheritance law, thus creating the need for (re)adapting the legal system to the new (and dynamic) social reality, in light of the Brazilian constitutional principles and norms. In this regard, for instance, rethinking and restructuring the traditional family model seems to be a necessary step within this legal (re)adaptation, since new technologies, such as techniques of assisted human reproduction, create the possibility of interfering in natural processes of procreation in ways not foreseen by society and the law. In this regard, it is now possible to imagine the birth of a child years after the death of the parent. This research seeks to understand and examine the implications of such biotechnological innovations for the Brazilian legal system. Most specifically, it aims at understanding and examining the implications of post mortem assisted reproduction for the law of succession, demonstrating and commenting on various practical difficulties, such as the need for respecting the equality of children, on the one hand, and the necessity of defining the succession problem, on the other. This work also seeks to demonstrate how to ensure the inheritance rights of the posthumous son, both in the legitimate succession and in the testament succession. Furthermore, it aims at suggesting and provoking secondary reflections on the need for previous and explicit authorization from the deceased parent for implanting his genetic material into the womb of the widow, and the need for clarifying and determining the period in which this use of genetic material may be authorized, avoiding legal uncertainty.
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Avaliação dos mecanismos de ação interceptiva e/ou embriotóxica do extrato aquoso de Plectranthus barbatus Andr.(bolbo-brasileiro) administrado a ratas prenhez no período de pré-implantação /Alvarenga, Cláudia Maria Domingues. January 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Ione Pellegatti Lemonica / Banca: João Lauro Viana de Camargo / Banca: Márcia Guimarães da Silva / Banca: Silvana Lima Górniak / Banca: Regiane Kawakami / Tese não possui um resumo geral, possue um resumo para cada capítulo / Resumo : O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar, experimentalmente, o possível mecanismo pelo qual o extrato aquoso de Plectranthus barbatus (boldo-brasileiro), planta utilizada popularmente como abortiva, atua sobre o organismo materno ou sobre o desenvolvimento do concepto durante o período de pré-implantação, correlacionando sua ingestão com possíveis alterações no transporte e desenvolvimento embrionário ou com alterações hormonais maternas...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract : The present study was conducted to determine the possible mechanism by which the aqueous extract of Plectranthus barbatus (brazilian-boldo), a plant used popularly as abortive agent, can lead to early loss of pregnancy, correlating this possible effect with morphological alterations in the embryo, oviductal motility dysfunctions or maternal hormonal level modifications...(Complete abstract, access undermentioned electronic address) / Doutor
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Direitos humanos e vida extrauterina: risco versus responsabilidade na manipulação de matéria biológica humana nos tratamentos de reprodução medicamente assistidaCosta, Ana Paula Correia de Albuquerque da 18 July 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-07-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Improvements in science and reproductive technology reached levels never before imagined. With real possibilities of genetic manipulation, extrauterine pregnancy and consequent economic fallout attached to them, It must be questioned the risks involved in procedures which emerged once just to help people achieve family planning. Moreover, these technologies have brought to the world elements whose concepts originally known by the law apparently presented as insufficient to cover, which are the gametes and embryos in vitro, still in need of specific regulation in Brazil. From the reality that is announced, the present thesis proposed to solve the following problem: in the absence of law about in Brazil, how to deal with ethical, legal, economic and social impact on the assisted human reproduction techniques, more specifically with regard to the use of gametes and embryos? How conceptualize them and what their Staff Regulations to be followed? In order to make a critical analysis of AHR procedures from the Resolution No. 2,121 / 2015 of the Federal Medical Council in the light of the principles of civil and constitutional law. To do so, it followed the deductive method of approach, starting from a set of ideas and rules relating to civil law institutes to analyze specific aspects of the legal protection of AHR techniques, production of gametes and embryos, concluding following a decreasing order of reasoning. In what regards the methods of procedure, reconciled to the historical method, in view of the concept of the evolution of the study and methods of AHR and legal standards, particularly of civil law, relevant affiliation and family entities; the interpretative method, from the deepening of doctrinal interpretation of the concepts mentioned above associated with the rules of public and private law applicable to the species, and the comparative method, through analysis of the rules applicable to foreign law. In the end, we came to the conclusion as to the most appropriate legal status to gametes and embryos, and established guidelines for proper protection, based on an ethic of responsibility. / Os avanços da ciência e da tecnologia reprodutiva chegaram a patamares nunca antes imaginados. Com possibilidades reais de manipulação genética, gestação extrauterina e consequentes consequências econômicas que lhes são inerentes, há de se questionar os riscos envolvidos em procedimentos que surgiram outrora tão somente para auxiliar pessoas a realizarem o planejamento familiar. Além disto, estas tecnologias trouxeram ao mundo elementos cujos conceitos originariamente conhecidos pelo direito se apresentaram aparentemente como insuficientes para abarcar, que são os gametas e embriões in vitro, ainda carentes de normatização específica no Brasil. A partir da realidade que se anuncia, a presente tese tem o objetivo de resolver o seguinte problema: diante da ausência de lei a respeito no Brasil, como lidar com as repercussões éticas, jurídicas, econômicas e sociais acerca das técnicas de reprodução humana assistida, mais especificamente no que diz respeito ao uso de gametas e embriões humanos? Como conceitua-los e qual o respectivo estatuto a ser seguido? Pretendeu-se fazer uma análise crítica dos procedimentos de RHA a partir da Resolução nº 2.121/2015 do Conselho Federal de Medicina, sob a luz dos princípios de direito civil-constitucional. Para tanto, seguiu-se o método de abordagem dedutivo, partindo de um conjunto de ideias e normas relativas a institutos de direito civil para a análise de aspectos específicos relativos a tutela jurídica das técnicas de RHA, produção de gametas e embriões, chegando à conclusão seguindo uma ordem de raciocínio decrescente. No que diz respeito aos métodos de procedimento, conciliou-se o método histórico, em face do estudo da evolução do conceito e métodos de RHA e das normas jurídicas, notadamente de direito civil, pertinentes filiação e entidades familiares; o método interpretativo, a partir do aprofundamento da interpretação doutrinária dos conceitos citados anteriormente, associada às normas de direito público e privado aplicáveis à espécie, e o método comparativo, por meio de análise das normas aplicáveis na legislação estrangeira. Ao final, chegou-se à conclusão quanto a condição jurídica mais adequada aos gametas e embriões humanos, sendo estabelecidas diretrizes para uma tutela adequada, pautada em uma ética de responsabilidade.
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Efeitos sucessórios da reprodução humana assistida homóloga post mortem / Effects of sucession in post mortem assisted human reproduction homologousAnna de Moraes Salles Beraldo 23 August 2010 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nesta dissertação de Mestrado em Direito Civil procura-se demonstrar que as inovações biotecnológicas, principalmente da área da medicina reprodutiva, têm trazido consequências impactantes no direito de família e das sucessões, criando, assim, a necessidade de (re)adaptar o sistema jurídico brasileiro à nova (e dinâmica) realidade social, à luz dos princípios e normas constitucionais. Nesse sentido, por exemplo, repensar e reestruturar o modelo tradicional de família parece ser um passo necessário para esta (re)adaptação, uma vez que novas tecnologias, como as técnicas de reprodução assistida, criam a possibilidade de interferência externa em processos naturais de procriação, de maneira não antes prevista pela sociedade e pelo Direito. Assim, verifica-se a possibilidade de procriação de um novo descendente anos após a morte do genitor. Este trabalho busca entender e examinar as implicações de tais inovações biotecnológicas para o sistema jurídico brasileiro. Mais especificamente, busca-se entender e examinar as consequências jurídicas da reprodução medicamente assistida post mortem no âmbito sucessório, demonstrando diversas dificuldades de ordem prática, a exemplo da necessidade do respeito à igualdade entre filhos, por um lado; e a necessidade de definição da questão sucessória, por outro. Busca-se também demonstrar o modo de garantir os direitos hereditários do filho póstumo, tanto na sucessão legítima, como na testamentária. Ademais, pretende-se provocar reflexões secundárias acerca da necessidade de autorização expressa do de cujus para implantação de seu material genético no útero materno, bem como a necessidade de existência de um prazo para essa utilização, evitando que haja insegurança jurídica. / This Master in Civil Law dissertation aims at demonstrating that biotechnological innovations, most especially in the field of reproductive medicine, have fundamental implications for family law and inheritance law, thus creating the need for (re)adapting the legal system to the new (and dynamic) social reality, in light of the Brazilian constitutional principles and norms. In this regard, for instance, rethinking and restructuring the traditional family model seems to be a necessary step within this legal (re)adaptation, since new technologies, such as techniques of assisted human reproduction, create the possibility of interfering in natural processes of procreation in ways not foreseen by society and the law. In this regard, it is now possible to imagine the birth of a child years after the death of the parent. This research seeks to understand and examine the implications of such biotechnological innovations for the Brazilian legal system. Most specifically, it aims at understanding and examining the implications of post mortem assisted reproduction for the law of succession, demonstrating and commenting on various practical difficulties, such as the need for respecting the equality of children, on the one hand, and the necessity of defining the succession problem, on the other. This work also seeks to demonstrate how to ensure the inheritance rights of the posthumous son, both in the legitimate succession and in the testament succession. Furthermore, it aims at suggesting and provoking secondary reflections on the need for previous and explicit authorization from the deceased parent for implanting his genetic material into the womb of the widow, and the need for clarifying and determining the period in which this use of genetic material may be authorized, avoiding legal uncertainty.
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A Sociedade Mexicana de Eugenesia e o gerenciamento da sexualidade e da reprodução na primeira metade do século XX / The Sociedad Mexicana de Eugenesia and the management of sexuality and reproduction in the first half of the twentieth centuryMelo, Érica Isabel de 26 August 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study analyzed the Mexican eugenics movement, with emphasis on actions and positions
of Sociedad Mexicana de Eugenesia para el Mejoramiento de la Raza (SME), in the first half
of the twentieth century, especially between the 1920s and 1940s, from a gender perspective.
Was sought to examine the eugenics proposal of management of the sexuality and the
reproduction of Mexican society and the centrality of women in this project. The assumption
here was that the Mexican eugenics movement updated traditional representations associated
to women from a medical discourse, in which the pair wife / mother has gained strength due
to the family hereditary health and therefore the nation's health. Thus, it was intended to
examine more closely the implications of this medical discourse and proposals for
intervention of the eugenics movement in the realms of sexuality and reproduction, on the
prescriptions and proscriptions eugenic that should guide the gender relations. Ultimately, it
was intended to examine how identities and gender relations were being considered and which
proposals were being built under the Mexican social reality of that period, taking into account
that, in the global context, in which the State and the medicine have become increasingly
interested in sexuality and the sexual differences. / Este trabalho analisou o movimento eugênico mexicano, com ênfase nas ações e
posicionamentos da Sociedad Mexicana de Eugenesia para el Mejoramiento de la Raza
(SME), na primeira metade do século XX, em especial, entre as décadas de 1920 e 1940, sob
a perspectiva de gênero. Buscou-se analisar a proposta eugênica de gerenciamento da
sexualidade e da reprodução da sociedade mexicana e a centralidade da mulher nesse projeto.
A hipótese aqui foi de que o movimento eugênico mexicano atualizou representações
tradicionais relacionadas às mulheres a partir de um discurso médico, em que o par
esposa/mãe ganhou força em função da saúde hereditária da família e, por consequência, da
saúde da nação. Pretendeu-se, assim, analisar mais detidamente as implicações desse discurso
médico e das propostas de intervenção do movimento eugênico nas esferas da sexualidade e
da reprodução, nas prescrições e proscrições eugênicas que deveriam guiar as relações de
gênero. Pretendeu-se, por fim, analisar de que forma as identidades e as relações de gênero
estavam sendo pensadas e quais propostas estavam sendo construídas no âmbito da realidade
social mexicana daquele período, levando-se em conta que, no contexto mundial, em que o
Estado e a medicina passavam a se interessar cada vez mais pela sexualidade e pelas
diferenças sexuais.
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Ovodoação: vivências das doadoras e receptoras de óvulos em um hospital universitário / Oocyte donation : potencial receptors\' rererred experiences in a university hospital programJuliana Roberto dos Santos 03 June 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A realização pela maternidade e paternidade freqüentemente é um dos mais importantes projetos de vida para o indivíduo/casal e um dos alicerces sobre o qual o casal constrói o seu relacionamento. O diagnóstico de infertilidade, por representar uma interrupção no projeto de vida do casal, pode gerar dificuldades de relacionamento social, familiar e conjugal, nem sempre facilmente superadas. A doação de óvulos Ovodoação - é a técnica de Reprodução Assistida no qual o gameta feminino é fornecido por uma mulher distinta da que receberá este, ou o embrião resultante. Essas técnicas podem ajudar casais inférteis nesse projeto de parentalidade. OBJETIVOS - Considerando a relativa recenticidade do processo em nosso meio bem como a carência de dados nacionais sistematizados sobre as questões psicológicas envolvidas no processo de Ovodoação, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral a investigação de vivências auto-referidas por potenciais doadores e receptores de óvulos em programa de Ovodoação, além de identificar os principais motivos referidos por mulheres para serem doadoras ou receptoras de óvulos; compreender fantasias referidas por essas mulheres em relação a esse processo; oferecer subsídios para a equipe trabalhar de maneira mais efetiva e integrada. MÉTODOS - O estudo foi realizado no Ambulatório de Reprodução Humana Assistida da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. Foram convidadas a participar deste estudo todas as mulheres inscritas no programa de Ovodoação entre maio de 2006 e maio de 2008. Nesse período, vinte e três mulheres com idade entre 21 a 35 anos, candidatas à doação de óvulos e 58 mulheres com idade até 53 anos candidatas a recepção de óvulos. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizada entrevista semidirigida, com roteiro de questões previamente elaborado e prontuário para levantar diagnóstico médico. RESULTADOS - Pôde-se observar que o desejo de engravidar, a chance de ser mãe e constituir família foram os principais motivos alegados pelas receptoras, em contrapartida, foi reconhecido que essas mulheres teriam que tratar de um novo problema: lidar com a existência de uma quarta pessoa uma mulher mais potente e também com a situação do sigilo e manutenção do segredo do filho eventualmente assim concebido. Em relação às doadoras ajudar foi o motivo mais relatado por essas mulheres para participarem de tal programa. Efetivamente há disponibilidade de ajuda, porém, não com características exatamente de altruísmo, pois há uma expectativa de ganho em relação à forma que serão vistas e tratadas pela equipe por conseqüência da sua doação e do resultado positivo do próprio tratamento para engravidar. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS - A compreensão dessa complexa constelação parece essencial para que a proposta seja sucedida. Os dados obtidos sugerem a existência de um universo multifacetado de fantasias, receios e expectativas que permeiam a vivência de inclusão em programa de Ovodoação, mostrando a importância de que estudos prospectivos sejam realizados em situações de Ovodoação efetiva, sejam elas bem ou mal sucedidas / INTRODUCTION: Self accomplishment through maternity and paternity is often one of the most important life projects for an individual or couple and one of the basis over which the couple constructs their relationship. Because it represents an interruption in the couples life project, the infertility diagnosis may generate difficulties in the social, familiar and conjugal relationships not always easily overcome. The oocyte donation is an assisted reproduction technique in which the female gamete is provided by a different woman from the one which will receive the resulting embryo. These techniques may help infertile couples in their parenting project. OBJECTIVES: Considering the relatively recent quality of the process, as well as the lack of systematized national data concerning the psychological issues involved in the process of oocyte donation, the present study had as its general objective to investigate the self-referred experiences of potential oocyte donors and receptors enrolled in a oocyte donation program; it also aimed to identify the main reasons referred by women for being oocyte donors or receptors; comprehend the referred fantasies of these women towards the process; and offer the health team the support to work through the process in a more effective and integrated manner. METHODS: The study was conducted in the Human Assisted Reproduction Center of the Medical School of ABC. All women enrolled in the Oocyte Donation Program between May of 2006 and May of 2008 was invited to participate in the study. Within this period there were 23 women, ages between 21 and 35 years, candidates to the oocyte donation, and 58 women, ages up to 53 years, candidates to the oocyte reception. Data was collected through semi-direct interviews, following a previously elaborated interview guide; the medical records were also used for detecting the medical diagnosis. RESULTS: We were able to observe that the wish for pregnancy, the chance of becoming a mother and constructing a family were the main reasons given by women for being oocyte receptors; on the counterpart, a new problem would have to be dealt with by these women: the existence of a forth party, a more potent woman; besides that, there was the secrecy situation, as well as the keeping of the secret from the child conceived from the procedure. As to the donors, helping another woman was the main reason referred by them for participating in such a program. There is in fact disposition to help, however, not with altruistic characteristics, for there is an expectation of gains concerning the way they will be seen and treated by the medical team in consequence of their donation, as well as expectations of a positive result (pregnancy) for their own treatment. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The comprehension of this complex constellation seems to be essential for the proposal to be well succeeded. The data obtained suggests the existence of a universe full of fantasies, fears, and expectations that permeate the experience of participating in a Oocyte Donation Program, showing also the importance of prospective studies concerning oocyte donation situations, no matter if they are successful or not
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Lost in transit: cross border surrogacy arrangements and the right of children not to be discriminated against on the basis of their birth or statusTalip, Tamima January 2013 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM
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A Better Life for Us All”?: A Social History of the Family Planning Movement in Accra, 1957-2000sCohen, Jessica January 2024 (has links)
This dissertation is a history of Accra residents’ memory and experiences with family planning programs in the capital of Ghana from national independence in 1957 through the 1990s. In the final chapter I extend my analysis to the present to explore the ways that the NDC Generation, the youngest generation in this study, are currently navigating fertility decisions and parenting. Beginning my analysis at independence allows me to explore how the discourses of nation-building reignited existing, and facilitated new, negotiations over gender, sexuality, fertility and family as the government and everyday people sought to build prosperous lives as individuals, families, communities, and as a nation.
Examining family planning discourses and programs through the 1990s is useful because members of this generation were adolescents and young adults during a particularly dynamic moment in population, family planning, and sexual health. During this decade, international paradigmatic shift in population programs, renewed government emphasis on curbing population growth and corresponding attention on women’s rights and contributions to nation-building, and increased government promotion of sex education and HIV/AIDS programming for children.
Including the perspectives of Accra residents who grew up in the 1990s allows us to examine how contestations over the course of several periods of political and economic stability and instability have led to the current moment as members of this cohort build their own families.In this dissertation I ask: how have government and NGO actors promoted family planning as useful for particular ideas of economic development, national prosperity, biomedical reproductive health, and promoting gendered roles in nation-building? how have Ghanaians interpreted and engaged with these discourses and family planning programs throughout their lives from adolescence to adulthood as they navigated decisions regarding their reproductive health, family size, roles as parents and spouses? how have Ghanaians seen family planning in relation to their own ideals of gender, sexuality and family, and how have these ideals have shifted over the course of their lives? And finally, how have those that did not fit the presumed model of family planning discourses and programs—monogamous, heterosexual marriages—seen family planning as relevant to their sexual and reproductive health and desires?
I utilize oral histories to analyze shifts in women and men’s perspectives regarding fertility, reproduction, and health across their own life course and in the context of broader political, social and economic change. With assistance from Theodora Agyeampong Oduro and Steven Danso, I conducted 206 life history interviews with Ghanaians aged 35+, who grew up in, and/or raised their children in Accra, with the vast majority being low-income with a middle-school education or less. Centering life history interviews was crucial for moving beyond a focus on state and institution-led population, health, and social initiatives, and instead evaluate the perspectives of everyday people as they experienced reproductive health and family planning campaigns.
I investigate the ways that peoples’ views of what it means to be a woman or man at various phases of life between adolescence, adulthood, parenthood, and old age have shifted as they have navigated these stages themselves, and watched their elders and children do the same. Analyzing these ideas in relation to peoples’ perspectives on and engagement with the family planning movement over the course of their lifetimes allows me to examine how gender and age have impacted their approaches to parenthood, spousal relationships, fertility, reproductive health, family, and sexual behavior. I include 26 interviews with lesbian and bisexual women as part of this dissertation to investigate the perspectives of people who have historically been marginalized or altogether ignored in discourses of family planning, population, and nation-building. I examine how these women have seen family planning as valuable to their own lives and the LGBT+ community more broadly.
My analysis of government policies using archival sources is in service of better understanding the frameworks that shaped government interventions in population and family planning that Ghanaians experienced. When possible, I privileged government and NGO sources that were directly aimed at the public, such as advertisements and documents that reveal program strategies, rather than those that illuminate the inner workings of these institutions. I made this choice to ensure that my exploration of government efforts concentrated on aspects that were visible to the public, and that would potentially have been reflected in peoples’ memories of population and family planning efforts. By tracing the life histories of women and men alongside government interventions in the realm of family planning, I merge life histories with national history to examine how everyday people and government actors have engaged with this idea and influenced each other to form ideas about the future of women, men, families, and the nation.
The first major argument of my dissertation is that the family planning movement was a turning point in the history of reproduction in Ghana. Everyday people and early family planning advocates distinguished between existing fertility management methods and family planning programs. Each group contributed to local definitions of these concepts and highlighted that the latter was new and distinct. The second argument is that in their views of the value of family planning movement, people across generations have been primarily concerned with the impact on their own health, social, and religious lives rather than the broader community, and were mostly uninterested in dictating other peoples’ participation. The third argument is that Accra residents’ openness about discussing sex education and family planning has increased over time despite the fact that questions of women’s and men’s sexual’ morality have remained. However, concerns over morality have shifted from focusing on women’s sexual behavior towards more general worries of increased social vices such as petty crime, loitering, and drug use. The fourth argument is that the family planning movement has been interpreted by both governments and everyday people first and foremost in terms of economic impact rather than potential to shift social norms regarding gender, family and sexuality. Ideals of family and gender roles have remained similar across all generations with the exception of the youngest generation in this study. Moreover, people have articulated support for shared financial and childcare responsibilities between spouses and small family sizes in terms of economic circumstances rather than interest in women’s rights or gender equality.
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La reproduction humaine et l’éducation à la sexualité en Tunisie et en d’autres pays francophones : analyse des manuels et des conceptions d’enseignants / Human Reproduction and Sex Education in Tunisia and other francophone countries : analysis of textbooks and teachers’ conceptionsAbdelli, Sami 12 July 2011 (has links)
Nos connaissances scientifiques sur la reproduction humaine et l’éducation à la sexualité se renouvellent très rapidement. Leur transposition didactique également, en fonction de l’évolution de pratiques sociales liées à la santé sexuelle, à des comportements sociaux, mais aussi en interaction avec des représentations sociales et des valeurs. L’objectif de notre recherche est donc de clarifier ces interactions et d'identifier ce qui empêche ou retarde l'introduction, dans l'enseignement d'un pays, des dernières connaissances scientifiques sur la reproduction humaine et l’éducation sexuelle. Une première approche historique et épistémologique est relative à l’influence des facteurs culturels sur l’éducation à la sexualité dans le cadre de la culture arabo-islamique, sans oublier pour autant le cadre culturel occidental. Par ailleurs, une deuxième approche didactique porte sur l’analyse d’une part des programmes et manuels scolaires tunisiens (depuis 2004 jusqu’à nos jours), et d’autre part sur une analyse comparative des conceptions des enseignants en Tunisie et dans six pays francophones (Maroc, Algérie, Liban, Burkina Faso, Sénégal et la France). Afin de permettre un choix raisonné des contenus d’enseignement, nous avons trouvé utile l’approche suivante : l’étude de l’interaction entre les programmes, les manuels et les attentes des futurs enseignants. C’est dans cette perspective que nous avons tenté d’identifier les attentes et les interrogations des futurs enseignants tunisiens sur l’enseignement de l’éducation à la sexualité. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse analyse les conceptions d'enseignants dans sept pays francophones (Algérie, Burkina Faso, France, Liban, Maroc, Sénégal, Tunisie) sur la reproduction humaine et l’éducation à la sexualité. Notre contribution se veut une porte d'entrée à ce vaste domaine toujours en évolution, qu'est la sexualité dans une perspective éducative et citoyenne ; elle veut poser la question du statut moral et culturel de la sexualité dans notre société. En effet, l'analyse des conceptions des enseignants nous a conduits à caractériser la notion de « rapport à la culture » qui se rapproche du concept de « rapport au savoir ». La mise en évidence de l’incidence de la culture musulmane sur le sujet traité nous a permis de tirer des conclusions quant au lien entre la culture et les conceptions / Our scientific knowledge about Human Reproduction and Sex Education is constantly changing. Its didactic transposition is also changing according to the evolution of social practices linked to reproductive health, social behaviours, and in its interaction with values. The aim of our research is therefore to clarify these interactions and to identify the factors that prevent or promote the introduction of the lastest scientific knowledge on Human Reproduction and Sex Education into a country’s teaching syllabus. Firstly, a historical and epistemological approach was used to study the influence of cultural factors on sex education in the Arabic-Muslim culture, without neglecting the Western culture. Secondly, a didactic approach was used to critically analyse Tunisian school textbooks on Human Reproduction and Sex Education (from 2004 to 2011), and equally to carry out a comparative analysis of teachers' conceptions in Tunisia and in six francophone countries (Morocco, Algeria, Lebanon, Burkina Faso, Senegal and France). In order to choose an appropriate teaching content, we thought it wise to use the approach of studying the interaction between the syllabus, the textbooks and the student teachers’ expectations on the teaching of human reproduction and sexuality. It is in this perspective that we attempted to identify the expectations and worries of student teachers on issues related to the teaching of sex education. The last chapter of this work analyses the conceptions of teachers in seven francophones countries (Algeria, Burkina Faso, France, Lebanon, Morocco, Senegal, Tunisia) on Human Reproduction and Sex Education. This work intends to make its contribution to the vast and constantly evolving domain of Human sexuality, especially in the perspective of citizenship education. It intends to discuss the question of culture and moral status of sexuality in our society. In fact, the analysis of teachers' conceptions about sex education led us to characterize the notion of "relation to culture" which approaches the concept of "relation to knowledge". Highlighting the impact of Muslim culture on the topic has permitted us to draw conclusions about the link between culture and conceptions
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