Despite extensive research into musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) they continue to plague workers. Manual materials handling (MMH), in particular the concurrence of load manipulation and awkward body posture, has been identified as a key factor in the onset of MSDs. Only a few studies have looked at the interaction between manipulation tasks and working posture during assembly tasks and as a result their relationship has not been widely explored. Assessing the stresses resulting from individual task factors and body posture in isolation and adding them together may be too simplified to estimate an overall risk profile, since this does not take into account that there may be a non-linear interaction in strain responses when manipulation task and body posture interact. Therefore, the present study investigated biophysical, physiological and psychophysical responses to combined tasks, rather than individual tasks of body posture and manipulative tasks. The objective of the research was to establish the interactive effects of constrained body postures and manipulative tasks and to identify whether a cumulative or compensatory reaction occurs during this interaction. Nine conditions were assessed in a laboratory setting, which included combinations of three working postures (standing, sitting and stooping) and three assembly tasks (torque wrenching, precision and no task). Thirty-six subjects were required to complete all nine conditions, with each condition lasting ninety seconds. Muscle activity was recorded for seven muscles from the upper extremity, trunk and lower extremity regions and was complemented by physiological (heart rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation, oxygen consumption, energy expenditure and breathing frequency) and psychophysical (body discomfort) data. At the completion of all nine conditions subjects completed a retrospective psychophysical rating questionnaire pertaining to discomfort felt during the conditions. Responses obtained for the different task and posture combinations revealed compensatory reactions (additive > combined) for most of the conditions assessed for the biomechanical and physiological responses. In the majority of cases for muscle activity, no significant differences were found between the combined and the additive effects (p < 0.05), while for the physiological responses there were mostly significant differences observed. Psychophysical responses indicated that there was a significant difference overall between the additive and combined effects. The results of this study demonstrate that in order to identify risk areas, manipulation tasks and constrained working postures may be considered either in isolation and added together (additive) or as a combined task, since there were very few significant differences observed between these two effects. Further studies are required, however, to provide conclusive evidence.

Occupational injuries and illnesses remain to be a heavy burden on workers and employees in industrial developing and industrially developed societies, and health and safety in workplaces continues to be an important issue for ergonomists. Steps are being taken to stimulate health and safety agendas and to discover ways in which health and safety in industries can be improved. The main responsibility of employers is to provide employees with information, instructions and training that they required to carry out their work tasks in a healthy, practical and safe manner. The role of education as a countermeasure to occupational injury and illness is being re-examined by health and safety practitioners and safety training is being considered as a vital part of accident prevention strategies. Effective training programmes should guarantee that workers possess the skills they require to complete their tasks in a safe and healthy manner. Very little is known about the type and quality of training workers undergo and how that training affects the safety outcomes of companies. There has been an attempt over the past 20 years to increase the research on safety communications and a great deal of this research has been focused on safety warnings; with the greatest attention been placed on the components of safety signs, such as colours, size, shapes and icons. The effects of these components on comprehension with relation to age and education have not received the same amount of attention. The impact of familiarity on safety warnings with respect to age and education has also received very little attention; despite the knowledge that familiarity has been shown to increase the noticing of warnings and the comprehension of safety information. Despite the increase in the research on safety communication, the literature and research in South Africa is scarce. Studies present in South Africa do not encompass the comprehension of safety signs or the ability of individuals with different age and education levels to learn the information included in the signs. Due to the multi-linguistic nature of South Africa and the fact that South Africa is an Industrially Developing Country (IDC) with high levels of illiteracy, issues such as the comprehension of safety information must be addressed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of safety sign attributes on learning and familiarity, in subjects that differed in age and education levels. These effects were investigated through measuring the reaction and response times of the different subject groups, as well as the number of components in the safety signs that were recalled correctly. The combined results of these responses were used as a measure for familiarity. A set of signs was designed for the study by the researcher using three different colours, three different shapes, three different icons and text. Certain variables were omitted from some signs to create the test pool and the eight conditions that were tested in a laboratory setting. Each condition contained different components of the designed signs and 60 subjects were used to test these conditions. The subjects were placed in groups according to their age and level of education. Subjects were required to learn a set of 64 signs, either “With Occlusion” or “Without Occlusion”, and asked to recall the meanings of the components in the signs. Reaction time, response time and error rate were measured from the responses. The results showed that the conditions resulted in different reaction times, response times and error rates for all subjects. The signs containing a combination of shapes and text resulted in the best performance. Age and education were found to have a significant effect on various performance criteria as did the method in which the signs were displayed (Occlusion and No Occlusion). The increased repetitions and sessions elicited lower reaction times, response times and error rates. The conclusions drawn from this study suggest that different attributes be considered carefully when subjects are expected to learn and recall information in safety signs. The results also highlighted the need to increase the exposure of individuals to safety signs in order to increase familiarity and ultimately improve the recall and comprehension of the attributes.

Orientador: Aparecida Mari Igut / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:33:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estepa_AdrianaPaolaCastillo_M.pdf: 4613304 bytes, checksum: 19e87ad38d3723336006e6b5ea012417 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Introdução: Os computadores são parte da vida moderna e seu uso deles massificado; diariamente as pessoas passam várias horas diante de uma tela pelas diversas facilidades no trabalho, no lazer, na conectividade, entre outros. Ao mesmo tempo também trazem riscos à saúde de seus usuários, sendo descritos problemas psicológicos, problemas musculoesqueléticos e problemas visuais; estes últimos apresentam uma alta prevalência (50%-70%) e os sintomas visuais e oculares, que trazem incômodos para realização de atividades com o computador, reduzem a produtividade dos trabalhadores e diminuem a qualidade de vida dos usuários de computadores. Estes efeitos à saúde visual têm sido pouco estudados pela comunidade científica. Objetivos: Levantar a frequência de casos da Síndrome da Visão do Computador em professores universitários e identificar os fatores de risco associados à presença da CVS. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo de tipo transversal observacional e participam professores de uma universidade pública do Estado de São Paulo; foram aplicados dois questionários, um versando sobre aspectos do trabalho e do uso de computadores e outro, sobre sintomas oculares e visuais. Além disso, foram realizados exames visuais. A coleta de dados foi feita entre os meses de Fevereiro a Dezembro de 2013 no campus da universidade. Critérios de Inclusão: Professores da universidade. Critérios de Exclusão: Professores que não usem o computador. Resultados: Em uma amostra de 53 professores a Síndrome da Visão do Computador foi encontrada em 30 professores, 19 deles classificados com a forma leve da Síndrome, 10 com a moderada e 1 com a severa; os sintomas que mais incomodaram os professores foram fadiga (30 participantes), ressecamento ocular (20 participantes), irritação ocular (17 participantes). Foram encontrados problemas binoculares em 27 dos 53 professores e diminuição na produção lacrimal em 12/53. Conclusões: Os professores universitários são uma população com uma alta prevalência da Síndrome da Visão do computador, na amostra apresentou-se a síndrome em mais da metade dos participantes 30/23(56%), concordando assim com as prevalências da Síndrome encontradas nos estudos internacionais. Três variáveis foram associadas significativamente ao aparecimento da CVS nos professores universitários, a idade que minimiza as chances de ter CVS (OR: 0,91 IC: 0,83/0,97 P-value: 0,015), as horas de uso diárias no computador que aumentam as chances de apresentar CVS (OR: 1,26 IC: 1,05/1,57 P-value: 0,021), e os problemas vergenciais como insuficiência ou excesso de convergência ou divergência, os quais estão associados positivamente com o aparecimento da síndrome (OR: 3,24 IC: 1,06/10,49 P-value: 0,042). Palavras chave: Síndrome da Visão do Computador, astenopia, videoterminais, ergonomia, saúde do trabalhador / Abstract: Computers are part of modern life, their use sprayed and people spend several hours using them as they bring several facilities in work, leisure, connectivity, among others. Computers also brought risks to the health of its users, psychological problems, musculoskeletal problems and visual problems, although the latter with a high prevalence (50% -70%) and with visual and ocular symptoms that diminish the quality of life of users, bother working with the computer and reduce worker productivity, has been little studied by the scientific community. Objectives: The study aims to estimate the cases frequency of the Computer Vision Syndrome in teachers and to identify risk factors associated with the presence of CVS. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional-observational study with teachers of a public university which two questionnaires and a visual test is performed to find and evaluate the possible symptoms of Computer Vision Syndrome of as well as their associated factors. The survey is conducted between the months of February to December 2013 at the University campus. Inclusion Criteria: Teachers and researchers at university. Exclusion Criteria: Teachers and researches that do not use the computer. Results: In a sample of 53 teachers of Computer Vision Syndrome was found in 30 teachers, 19 were classified as mild form of the syndrome, 10 with moderate and 1 with severe, the symptoms that bother the teachers were fatigue (30 participants), ocular dryness (20 participants), eye irritation (17 participants). Binocular problems were found in 27 of the 53 teachers and decrease in tear production in 12/53. Conclusions: The teachers are a population with a high prevalence of the Computer Vision Syndrome, the sample presented the syndrome in more than half of the participants 30/23 (56%), thus agreeing with the prevalence of the syndrome found in international studies. Three variables were significantly associated with 5 % with the onset of CVS on university teachers , the age that minimizes the chances of having CVS (OR: 0.91 IC: 0.83/0.97 P-value: 0.015), hours daily use of the computer that increase the chances of presenting CVS (OR: 1.26 IC: 1.05/1.57 P-value: 0.021), and vergenciais problems like deficiency or excess of convergence or divergence, which are positively associated with the onset of the syndrome (OR: 3.24 IC: 1.06/10.49 P-value: 0.042). Keywords: Computer Vision Syndrome, asthenopia, video display terminals, ergonomics, occupational health / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

Communication has been identified as a critical component in the outcome of emergency response. Post-mortems of “what went wrong” in disaster responses often point toward breakdown in communication between first responders, those directing rescue efforts, and the general population as one of the primary impediments to rendering timely aid and communicating adequate safety and weather information. Due to the high resilience, relatively low costs, and advanced features of modern hand-held communication devices, these devices are in a position to drastically improve communication flow during emergency management situations. Due to the lack of official implementation of these devices and the lack of the establishment of standard guidelines for device selection, the use of hand-held communication devices in emergency management is yet to be optimized. Island nations such as the Bahamas, which face unique challenges in regard to emergency management due to geographical, infrastructural, political, and cultural hurdles which are found in the region, can especially benefit from the optimized implementation of hand-held communication devices in emergency management. This study examined current emergency response procedures in The Bahamas, created a baseline for the current use of hand-held communication devices by Bahamian emergency management officials and civilians, identified the communication needs of Bahamian emergency management officials and civilians, and proposed a model for the selection of handheld communication devices based upon human factors principals and focusing on user priorities. This study began with a focus group interview which included 14 Bahamian emergency management officials in order to gain an understanding of current Bahamian emergency response iv procedures and the communication challenges faced by emergency management officials during high consequence emergencies. A paper based survey was conducted, in which 31 Bahamian emergency management officials answered demographic, skill level, and functionality questions related to the use of hand-held communication devices to support emergency related activities including those directed toward preparation, mitigation, and response. These emergency management officials provided invaluable input based upon their practical experience in high consequence emergency situations. 155 Bahamian civilians participated in a similar survey which was a reduced version of the survey used for emergency management officials. Both surveys included questions in regard to the background information of the participants, previous handheld communication experience, device performance, and what other communication devices were being utilized. The surveys were analyzed using statistical methods of categorical data analysis and correlations were identified. Several communication needs which were categorized as infrastructure, organizational, and equipment needs as well as a hierarchy of device selection factors in regard to the use of hand-held communication devices during emergency management situations were identified. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used in order to determine the priorities of each of the identified device selection factors and a model for the selection of hand-held communication devices used to support communication flow in high consequence emergency management was proposed.

Human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) plays a crucial role in business success but is particularly vital to the furniture manufacturing industry. Unfortunately, the furniture manufacturing industry suffers from occupational injuries and illnesses resulting from ergonomically poorly designed systems. This thesis’s objective was to better understand HF/E through the furniture manufacturing industry’s managerial knowledge and opinions in order to design more productive, safer, and healthier systems. The study also aimed to raise manager awareness in the industry and introduce the potential HF/E benefits by providing current literature. Sixtyour American furniture manufacturing industry managers participated in a web-based questionnaire survey. The survey revealed that managers’ demographic properties and companies’ characteristics were some factors that affect managers’ awareness, knowledge, and opinions on HF/E. In general, managers were unfamiliar with HF/E and lacked a broad background on and knowledge of HF/E. In addition, companies, particularly small companies, lacked sufficient resources for HF/E.

Uma das atividades pouco estudadas no âmbito da Saúde do Trabalhador no Brasil é a dos profissionais de Institutos de Beleza, função historicamente vinculada ao gênero feminino e que foi sujeita a grandes mudanças no processo de trabalho ao longo dos últimos anos. Nesse estudo, optou-se por analisar o trabalho das cabeleireiras, pois estas profissionais estão sujeitas a diferentes agravos à saúde devido aos fatores de risco inerentes às suas atividades. Os objetivos do estudo foram verificar a prevalência dos Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho (LER/DORT) em cabeleireiras por meio de relatos de sintomas, caracterizar as regiões anatômicas mais acometidas e identificar e analisar os fatores de risco para LER/DORT existentes no trabalho dessas profissionais. Foi utilizado um estudo epidemiológico transversal e também o embasamento teórico do método de avaliação da situação de trabalho e repercussões na saúde, desenvolvido pela teoria da Ergonomia Francesa, para se discutir determinadas associações entre condições de trabalho e morbidade referida. Foram estudadas, no período de abril de 2002 a fevereiro de 2004, 220 cabeleireiras e auxiliares que trabalhavam em Institutos de Beleza localizados nos distritos de Pinheiros e Jardim Paulista da cidade de São Paulo. Identificou-se, a partir de relato de sintomas, uma prevalência de LER/DORT de 70,5%. A localização corporal mais freqüente de relato de sintomas para LER/DORT foi ombro (48,6%), seguida pelo pescoço (47,3%) e coluna (38,6%). Verificou-se que os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência dos Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho (LER/DORT) em cabeleireiras estavam relacionados com: a) Fatores de Incômodo e Fadiga no Trabalho (referentes à organização do trabalho e aos aspectos psicossociais do trabalho) sendo que, após análise fatorial, o único dos fatores resultantes que teve significância estatística foi o que agrupava as variáveis Falta de reconhecimento no trabalho e Postura desconfortável no trabalho (ORaj=3,54; p=0,004); b) Posturas assumidas durante a realização das atividades - Não sentir conforto no corpo/pescoço/ombros enquanto trabalha (ORaj=2,78; p=0,004); c) Tempo de profissão acima de 15 anos(ORaj=3,04; p=0,022). Identificou-se, por meio de relato de sintomas e da análise ergonômica do trabalho, que os fatores de riscos ocupacionais associados ao desenvolvimento de LER/DORT em cabeleireiras, confirmam os riscos já descritos na literatura referentes a outras atividades, ou seja, aqueles relacionados aos fatores biomecânicos, organizacionais e psicossociais do trabalho. / An activity poorly studied in Occupational Health in Brazil is the work of professionals in Beauty Parlours. This occupation is historically linked to the female gender and in the past years has been through huge changes in its operational process. In this study it was decided to analyze the job of airdressers since these professionals are under different health hazards due to risk factors related to their activity. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of WRMD among hairdressers through reported symptoms, to characterize the most injured anatomic regions, and to identify and analyze the risk factors for WRMD present in the activities of these professionals. A cross-sectional study was employed together with the theories of the method for evaluation of the work situation and its consequence on health developed by the French Ergonomics, in order to discuss certain associations between working conditions and reported morbidity. Between April 2002 and February 2004 a total of 220 hairdressers who worked in Beauty Parlors in the districts of Pinheiros and Jardim Paulista were studied. A prevalence of WRMD of 70,5% was found. The body region most reported with symptoms of WRMD was shoulder (48,6%), followed by neck (47,3%) and spinal column (38,6%). It was noted that the risk factors for WRMD in hairdressers were related to: a) Annoying Factors and Fatigue at Work (connected to the work organization and the psychosocial aspects of the work) that after factorial analysis the only remaining factor statistically significant was the one that contains the variables lack of recognition at work and uncomfortable position at work (ORaj=3,54; p=0,004); b) Postures during attainment of activities - not feeling comfortable in the body/neck/shoulder while working (ORaj=2,78; p=0,004); c) Time at this occupation above 15 years (ORaj=3,04; p=0,022). Through reported symptoms and ergonomic analysis it was identified that the occupational risk factors associated with the development of WRMD in hairdressers corroborate the risks already described in the literature for other occupations, that is, those related to biomechanical, organizational and psychosocial factors.

As décadas de 80 e 90 caracterizaram-se por ações intensas na área de saúde ocupacional. Porém os índices de acometimentos e queixas álgicas em MMSS continuam sendo um grande problema. Os trabalhadores que realizam atividades de preparação de alimentos apresentam uma grande sobrecarga em MMSS. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a sobrecarga musculoesquelética e o desconforto postural em trabalhadores de duas cozinhas industriais através do Método RULA e do mapa de desconforto postural. Foram filmadas e avaliadas 151 tarefas durante 10 dias em cada restaurante. Cada tarefa foi avaliada por dois observadores independentes visando a identificação do escore do método RULA e fatores que pudessem influenciar na sobrecarga musculoesquelética como mobiliário, instrumentos de trabalho, mecanização do processo de trabalho, postura (análise cinesiológica e biomecânica) e utilização de alimentos pré-processados. Os trabalhadores preencheram também o mapa de desconforto postural. Como resultado evidenciou-se que não houve diferença significativa nos escores do método RULA entre os restaurantes estudados. Porém ocorreram diferenças quando comparadas as tarefas que envolviam o preprocessamento existente em um dos restaurantes, onde foram identificados escores menores, que determinaram menor sobrecarga musculoesquelética a estes funcionários. Estes dados não provocaram diferenças significativas no resultado final de todas as tarefas, devido a influências de outros fatores fundamentais nesta análise: o mobiliário, o instrumento de trabalho e a orientação postural, não determinando diferença significativa no mapa de desconforto postural entre estas populações exceto em antebraço direito e perna direita / The decades of 80 and 90 had been characterized for intense actions in the area of occupational health. However the index of attacks and complaints in upper limbs continue being a huge problem. The workers who carry out activities of food preparation present a great overload in upper limbs. The aim of this study was to analyze the musculoskeletal overload and the postural discomfort in workers of two industrial kitchens through the RULA method and the postural discomfort map. The tasks were filmed and evaluated during 10 days in each restaurant. Each task was evaluated by two independent observers aiming to identify the results of the RULA method and factors that could influence the musculoskeletal overload, such as furniture, tools of work, mechanization of the work process, posture, and processed food use. The workers had also filled the postural discomfort map. It was seen that there was not any significant difference in the results of the RULA method between the two studied restaurants. However it was observed some differences when we compare the tasks that involved the processed food use in one of the restaurants, where it had been identified minor musculoskeletal overload to these employees. These data did not cause significant differences in the final result of all the tasks, due to the influence of other basic factors in this analysis: the furniture, the tools of work and the postural orientation. It was not determined significant difference in the postural discomfort map among these populations except right forearm and right leg

Submitted by Fabíola Silva (fabiola.silva@famerp.br) on 2016-09-28T14:35:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luisferreiramonteironeto_tese.pdf: 20964687 bytes, checksum: 981416b1f3a8ef784f87b6b65e9ad2ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T14:35:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luisferreiramonteironeto_tese.pdf: 20964687 bytes, checksum: 981416b1f3a8ef784f87b6b65e9ad2ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-20 / Introduction: Muscle fatigue is a functional impairment caused by increased intensity of effort to perform a task, its causes may be related to different mechanisms within a work environment. To better understand the factors that directly influence the health of employees in the work environment, quantitative functional evaluation methods were used . Among the used methods, deserves spotlight the use of electromyography ( EMG ) surface and the examination of blood lactate level for the assessment of muscle fatigue . Another way to evaluate a fatigue was the analysis of workers psychophysiological characteristics, utilizing a questionnaire. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the physical and psychological stress on workers of deboning sector and observe whether the pause macro is sufficient to recover the worker. Material and Methods: Were evaluated eighteen male volunteers, aged 22 to 27 years, mean 24.4 ± 2.3 years, of the boning sector. The chosen muscle, for the analysis, was the extender cuff on the right upper limb. Data from electromyography, samples of blood lactate and bipolar fatigue questionnaire were collected during the normal routine of work of each participant at the beginning of the work week, on a Monday. Data were collected at three different points: the first collection was made at the beginning of the workday (A1), the second after three hours of work (A2) and the third was performed after 30 minutes of macro break of 90 minutes for lunch (A3). The interpretation of the questionnaire was based on a quantitative criterion, checking the numerical value of the difference between the beginning , middle and end of the working day for each item evaluated . For the examination of electromyography was analyzed the median frequency and for the lactate was analyzed the concentration levels between intervals. Results: All three tests showed the onset of labor fatigue. The electromyography showed a decrease in the median frequency from the first sample. There was a significant difference in the median frequency of EMG between each time interval, was also found a progressive increase in lactate levels. It was observed a significant increase in practically all variables in the questionnaire between periods of A1 and A2. Only the variables: nervousness, pain in thighs, leg pain and foot pain were not significantly different. The two variables that showed greater differences were fatigue (154.54%) and arm pain (178,57%). Conclusions: Meatpacking workers develop physical and psychological stress during activities. The macro break interval for rest was not enough for physical and psychological recovery during activities. These activities can lead to occupational diseases, since it is known that their etiological principles, the fatigue, acts as initial marker. / Introdução: A fadiga muscular é uma diminuição da capacidade funcional causada pelo aumento da intensidade do esforço para execução de uma tarefa, suas causas podem ser relacionadas a diversos mecanismos dentro de um ambiente laboral. Para melhor compreensão dos fatores que influenciam diretamente na saúde do colaborador no ambiente laboral, são utilizados métodos quantitativos de avaliação funcional. Dentro dos métodos utilizados, merece destaque o uso do eletromiógrafo (EMG) de superfície e o exame do nível de lactato sanguíneo, sendo métodos utilizados para a avaliação da fadiga muscular. Outra maneira de avaliar uma fadiga, é analisando suas características psicofisiológicas, podendo utilizar para isso questionários. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar análise do stress físico e psicofisiológico no setor de desossa em frigoríficos e identificar se a macro pausa é suficiente para recuperação do trabalhador. Casuíatica e Métodos: Foram avaliados dezoito trabalhadores da desossa, voluntários, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 22 e 27 anos, com média de 24.4 ± 2.3 anos. O posto avaliado na pesquisa foi da desossa. O músculo escohido para analise foi o extensor de punho no membro superior direito. Os dados da eletromiografia, as amostras do lactato sanguíneo e o questionário bipolar de fadiga foram coletados durante a rotina normal de trabalho de cada participante, no inicio da semana de trabalho, em uma segunda-feira. Os dados foram coletados em três diferentes pontos: a primeira coleta foi realizada no início da jornada de trabalho (A1), a segunda depois de três horas de trabalho (A2) e a terceira foi realizada depois de 30 minutos após o macro pausa de 90 minutos para o almoço (A3). A interpretação do questionário foi baseada em um critério quantitativo, verificando a diferença do valor numérico entre o início, o meio e o final do dia de trabalho para cada item avaliado. Para o exame da eletromiografia foi analisado a frequência mediana e para o lactato os níveis de concentração entre os intervalos. Resultados: Todos os três testes demonstraram o aparecimento da fadiga laboral, a eletromiografia demonstrou um decréscimo da frequência mediana a partir da primeira coleta. Houve diferença significativa na frequência mediana da EMG entre cada intervalo de tempo, também foi encontrado um aumento progressivo nos níveis de lactato. Pode-se observar aumento significativo em praticamente todas as variáveis avaliadas pelo questionário entre os períodos de A1 e A2, apenas as variáveis nervosismo, dor nas coxas, dor nas pernas e dor nos pés não apresentaram diferenças significativas. As duas variáveis que apresentaram maior diferença foram cansaço (154,54%) e dor nos braços (178,57%). Conclusões: Trabalhadores da desossa de frigoríficos desenvolvem stress físico e psicológico durante as atividades. O intervalo da macro pausa de descanso não foi suficiente para recuperação física e psicológica durante as atividades. Essas atividades podem levar a doenças ocupacionais, pois é sabido que os princípios etiológicos destas, a fadiga atua como marcador inicial.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo participante, que teve como objetivo compreender a situação de trabalho da enfermagem, a partir dos conceitos, saberes e valores expressos e praticados por profissionais de enfermagem para a gestão dos riscos ocupacionais sob o enfoque da ergologia. A coleta de dados foi feita no primeiro semestre de 2010, com 25 trabalhadores de um serviço de atenção básica localizado num município da região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Tendo como base o Dispositivo Dinâmico de Três Polos preconizado por Ives Schwartz, articulou-se os saberes científicos (Polo 1) com os saberes da experiência, processados e reprocessados na atividade, representados pelas percepções dos sujeitos acerca dos riscos ocupacionais e da gestão dessas exposições (Polo 2). A partir desta relação e pautado na prevenção, na segurança e saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem surgiu um novo conhecimento (Polo 3). Foram entrevistados a enfermeira responsável pelo Programa de Saúde do Trabalhador do município (informante-chave) e os integrantes da equipe de enfermagem. As observações, participante e sistemática, complementaram os dados sobre o trabalho da enfermagem e a interface com os riscos ocupacionais. A pesquisa respeitou as recomendações éticas para pesquisas com seres humanos e se justificou à medida que expôs os riscos ocupacionais, assim como revestiu-se de relevância pela abordagem da situação de trabalho a partir do cotidiano, dos saberes e da microgestão dos trabalhadores. A análise dos dados foi feita mediante análise temática. Os temas preliminares foram apresentados aos participantes para sua validação usando-se o Dispositivo Dinâmico de Três Pólos. Após, foram construídas três categorias e nove subcategorias. Os respondentes destacaram a violência ocupacional, configurada como risco psicossocial no cotidiano do trabalho. Os riscos biológicos, químicos e ergonômicos também foram apresentados, no entanto o risco físico não foi relatado e os riscos mecânicos e de acidentes foram pouco referenciados. Observou-se que o cenário é inadequado em área física, limpeza e carente em recursos materiais e humanos, segurança pessoal e em estratégias de promoção à saúde do trabalhador. Os trabalhadores relataram dificuldades no processo de trabalho e deficiência na sua organização devido à burocratização, logística insuficiente e carência na supervisão da unidade, entre outras. Sugerem-se estratégias que possam agregar valor ao humano, e que em todos os espaços de gestão, o trabalho seja visto como atividade, reconhecendo o protagonismo de quem o vivencia, a fim de se construírem ambiências mais saudáveis a quem cuida e, consequentemente a quem é cuidado. / The present work is a participant-type research, which aims to understand the situation of the nursing work, from the concepts, knowledge and values expressed and carried out by nursing professionals for operational risk management under the light of ergology. Data collection was made through the first semester of 2010, with 25 workers of a basic attention service located in a town in the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the Three-Pole Dynamic Device recommended by Ives Schwartz, the scientific knowledge (pole 1) was articulated with the experience knowledge, processed and re-processed in the activity, represented by the perceptions of the subjects regarding the occupational risks and the management of such expositions (pole 2). From these relation, and based on prevention, safety and health of the nursing worker, a new knowledge arose (pole 3). An interview was made with the nurse in charge for the Worker Health Programme in town (key-informant), and the members of the nursing team. The observations, participants and systematics, complemented the data about the nursing work and the interface with occupational risks. The research followed the ethical recommendations for researches with human beings and was justified once it exposed the occupational risks, and was also relevant for approaching the daily work conditions, the knowledge and micro-management of the workers. The data analysis was carried out under a thematic analysis. Preliminary themes were shown to participants in order to validate them using the Three-pole Dynamic Device. After that, three categories and nine sub-categories were built. The interviewees highlighted the occupational violence, set as psychosocial risk in the daily work. Biological and chemical and ergonomics risks were also shown. However, physical risk was not reported and mechanical risks and accidents were little told about. It was observed that the setting is inadequate in physical area, cleanliness and lack material and human resources, personal safety and strategies for promoting the health of the worker. The workers reported difficulty in the working process and deficiency in their organization due to burocratization, insufficient logistics and lack of supervision of the unit, amongst others. Strategies are suggested which can add value to the human, and that in all areas of management, the work is seen as an activity, recognizing the role of those who experience it, in order to build healthier ambiances to caregivers and consequently the who are cared for. / Se trata de una investigación del tipo participante, que tuvo cómo objetivo comprender la situación del trabajo de la enfermería, a partir de los conceptos, conocimientos y valores expresos y practicados por profesionales de enfermería para la gestión de los riesgos ocupacionales bajo el enfoque de la ergología. La recolección de datos fue hecha en el primer semestre de 2010, con 25 trabajadores de un servicio de atención básica localizado en un municipio de la región noroeste del estado del Río Grande del Sur. Teniendo como base el Dispositivo Dinámico de Tres Polos recomendado por Ives Schwartz, se articuló los saberes científicos (Polo 1) con los saberes de la experiencia, procesados y reprocesados en la actividad, representados por las percepciones de los sujetos acerca de los riesgos ocupacionales y de la gestión de esas exposiciones (Polo 2). A partir de esta relación y basada en la prevención, en la seguridad y salud del trabajador de enfermería surgió un nuevo conocimiento (Polo 3). Fueron entrevistados la enfermera responsable por el Programa de Salud del Trabajador del municipio (informante clave), y los integrantes del equipo de enfermería. Las observaciones, participante y sistemática, complementaron los datos sobre el trabajo de la enfermería y la interfaz con los riesgos ocupacionales. La investigación respetó las recomendaciones éticas para investigaciones con seres humanos y se justificó a medida que expuso los riesgos ocupacionales, así como se revistió de relevancia por el abordaje de la situación de trabajo a partir del cotidiano, de los saberes y de micro gestión de los trabajadores. El análisis de los datos fue hecho mediante análisis temático. Los temas preliminares fueron presentados a los participantes para su validación usándose el Dispositivo Dinámico de Tres Polos. Después, fueron construidas tres categorías y nueve subcategorías. Los respondientes destacaron la violencia ocupacional, configurada como riesgo psicosocial en el cotidiano del trabajo. Los riesgos biológicos, químicos y ergonómicos también fueron presentados, sin embargo el riesgo físico no fue relatado y los riesgos mecánicos y de accidentes fueron poco referenciados. Se observó que el escenario es inadecuado en área física, limpieza y carente en recursos materiales y humanos, seguridad personal y en estrategias de promoción a la salud del trabajador. Los trabajadores relataron dificultades en el proceso de trabajo y deficiencia en su organización debido a la burocratización, logística insuficiente y carencia en la supervisión de la unidad, entre otras. Se sugieren estrategias que puedan agregar valor al humano, y que en todos los espacios de gestión, el trabajo sea visto como actividad, reconociendo el protagonismo de quien lo vivencia, a fin de construirse ambientes más saludables a quienes cuida y, consecuentemente a quién es cuidado.

Dans notre société, les dispositifs techniques sont envisagés pour augmenter la qualité et la rapidité d'exécution des tâches. Le domaine de la santé n'y échappe pas. Les établissements de santé investissent beaucoup pour se doter de dispositifs techniques capables d'atteindre des objectifs de performance. Quand les Hautes Autorités de Santé (HAS) recommandent de diminuer les délais d'envoi du courrier de sortie, les hôpitaux numérisent l'activité de production et de transmission du courrier. Mais aucun n'a envisagé en amont de son introduction un quelconque effet négatif sur la réalisation du courrier avec par exemple, des délais augmentés. Or il est légitime de s'interroger sur les effets des dispositifs techniques pour l'activité de production-transmission du courrier de sortie. D'autant que ce courrier assure une fonction importante puisqu'il assure la continuité des soins et la sécurité du patient.Nous avons alors cherché à déterminer l'effet de dispositifs techniques sur le délai d'envoi du courrier. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons étudié toute la situation de travail (les dispositifs techniques, les organisations et les acteurs, individuellement et dans leurs interactions) par une approche centrée facteurs humains, en partant du constat qu'il est difficile d'interpréter les résultats des études scientifiques mesurant l'effet de ces dispositifs sans la prise en compte et la connaissance des caractéristiques techniques, organisationnelles et des acteurs peu ou pas décrites dans les études.Pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons identifié et décrit les caractéristiques techniques, organisationnelles et liées aux acteurs. Et nous avons analysé leurs effets sur l'indicateur de délais d'envoi du courrier. Dans notre démarche, nous avons tout d'abord envisagé d'utiliser l'indicateur IPAQSS que les hôpitaux publics français recueillent. Mais celui-ci a été écarté de notre recherche, ne le considérant pas comme valide et ne correspondant pas à la réalité. Nous avons choisi de mesurer des délais intermédiaires, à chaque étape du processus de production - transmission du courrier pour être au plus près de la réalité et répondre ainsi à notre question de recherche. Les analyses statistiques ont porté sur 440 courriers pris dans 7 services du CHRU de Lille.Les principaux résultats montrent qu'un dispositif technique numérique ne garantit pas systématiquement une diminution des délais de réalisation des tâches. Il est nécessaire de s'intéresser à ses caractéristiques techniques pour déterminer ces délais. De plus, les mesures de délais varient sous l'effet des variables contextuelles (organisationnelles et liées aux acteurs) et pas uniquement sous le seul effet d'un dispositif technique. Par ailleurs les résultats mettent en évidence que la connaissance de la situation de travail permet d'interpréter les mesures obtenues. Avec cette connaissance, il devient possible d'agir sur les caractéristiques techniques, organisationnelles ou liées aux acteurs pour atteindre les objectifs fixés par les hôpitaux et les institutions. Notre approche centrée facteurs humains permet ainsi de proposer une méthodologie pour accompagner les hôpitaux et les institutions en vérifiant si un dispositif technique peut atteindre l'objectif escompté, en contrôlant les variations de l'effet de ce dernier sous l'influence des déterminants identifiés. / In today’s society, technical devices are expected to increase the quality and speed of task execution. The healthcare field is no exception. Healthcare establishments are investing heavily in technical devices capable of achieving certain performance objectives. When France’s High Commission for Healthcare (Haute Autorité de Santé) recommended that discharge letters should be sent out more rapidly, hospitals digitized the production and dispatching of this document. However, none of the hospitals planned ahead of time for potential negative effects of the digitization of discharge letter production (longer delays, for example). In fact, one can legitimately question whether technical devices improve discharge letter production. This matter is especially important because discharge letters ensure continuity of care and the patient’s safety.We therefore sought to determine the effect of technical devices on the speed of discharge letter production and dispatching. To address this question, we studied the work situation as a whole (i.e. technical devices, organizations, stakeholders, and their interactions) using a human factors approach. Our starting hypothesis was as follows: it is difficult to accurately interpret scientific studies of the effects of these devices without taking account of and understanding technical, organizational and stakeholder-related characteristics that are rarely described in the literature.To address the research question, we identified and described all the technical, organizational and stakeholder-related characteristics, and analyzed their effects on the speed of discharge letter production and dispatching. We first considered using the IPAQSS data that French public-sector hospitals have to collect. However, we had to exclude this variable from our research because it is not valid and does not adequately reflect reality. We therefore decided to measure the time intervals at each step in the letter production/dispatching process, in order to be as close as possible to the true situation and thus answer our research question. We performed statistical analyses on a total of 440 letters generated by seven departments at Lille University Medical Centre.Our main results showed that a digital device does not necessarily accelerate thesteps in discharge letter production; it is essential to focus on the device'stechnical characteristics when seeking to determine whether or not production isfaster.Moreover, the time intervals for the steps vary as a function of contextual variables (i.e. organizational and stakeholder-related factors) and not just under the influence of the technical device per se.Furthermore, our results showed that knowledge of the work context enables one to interpret the data obtained. This knowledge makes it possible to modify technical, organizational and stakeholder-related factors and achieve the objectives set by hospitals and institutions. Our human factors approach generated a methodology for helping hospitals and institutions to check whether a technical device can achieve the expected objectives, i.e. by monitoring the influence of the above-mentioned variables on the device’s effect.