Orientador: Guacira Marcondes Machado Leite / Banca: Maria Adelia Menegazzo / Banca: Adalberto Luis Vicente / Banca: Fabiane Renata Borsato / Banca: Fani Miranda Tabak / Resumo: O objetivo desta tese de doutorado é a análise das categorias do cômico na obra do poeta mineiro Carlos Drummond de Andrade. Como sua produção é acima de tudo cerebral e não busca sentimentalismos ou provocar a emoção através das palavras, o poeta trata do cômico de uma maneira muito particular. Usando um trabalho minucioso com as palavras que se deixa transparecer nos versos cuidadosamente escritos, Drummond consegue criar um tipo específico de cômico, seja através da linguagem coloquial, prosaica, seja através de termos e construções rebuscadas. A primeira está presente na maioria de seus poemas, e só deixa espaço para o rebuscamento em algumas obras pontuais, consideradas, por alguns críticos, como um retrocesso neoclássico. Embora o estudo da teoria do cômico em Drummond tenha recebido a atenção da maioria dos críticos, sua análise, muitas vezes, não vai além de alguns parágrafos, capítulos ou estudos pontuais de alguns poemas, ou seja, partes que integram um estudo maior, voltado a outra temática. Este estudo, ao debruçar-se, especificamente sobre a análise do cômico em suas origens, seus efeitos e suas construções na obra poética do autor, viu a necessidade de definir suas categorias, como a ironia e o humor, bem como suas formas de expressão, como a sátira, o chiste e a paródia a fim de que, não tendo a pretensão de trazer-lhes uma conceituação definitiva, a análise dos poemas seja realizada de modo satisfatório, à luz delas, ampliando os estudos acerca da lírica reflexiva do poeta e das formas de comicidade por ele empregadas / Abstract: The objective of this thesis is the analysis of the categories of comedy in the work of the poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade. As his production is above all brain and do not look for sentimentality or search emotion through words, the poet comes to the comic in a very particular way. Using a detailed work with words that make it clear in verses carefully written, Drummond manages to create a specific type of comic, whether through colloquial language, prose, either through the terms and ornate buildings. That is present in most of his poems, and only leaves room for the occasional pretensions in some works, considered by some critics as a throwback neoclassical. Although the study of the theory of comedy in Drummond has received the attention of most critics, their analysis often does not go beyond a few paragraphs, chapters or specific studies of some poems, or parts of a larger study, focused the other subject. This study, as look into, specifically, on the analysis of the comic in its origins, its effects and its buildings in the poetic works of the author, saw the need to define their categories, as irony and humor, and its forms of expression, as satire, the wit and parody in order that, having no claim to bring a definitive conceptualization, the analysis of the poems be performed satisfactorily in the light of them, extending the studies of the poet's reflective lyric and about the ways of humor employed by him / Doutor

Contrairement aux idées reçues, Jean-Jacques Rousseau a aimé le rire et la gaieté : différents écrits, souvent allègres, depuis les œuvres autobiographiques jusqu’à ses comédies, nous le prouvent. La Correspondance Complète le confirme : goût du comique, badinage, rire sentimental, bonhomie et même humour caractérisent le Citoyen de Genève que l’on oppose traditionnellement à Voltaire pour son manque de légèreté. Bien plus, les notions de gaieté et le rire s’intègrent à son système philosophique, et contribuent à enrichir sa conception de la société, de l’éducation, de l’enfance et même des femmes – bien au-delà de la seule Lettre à d’Alembert. Inversement, l’écrivain s’est méfié de manière innée du rire de dérision, et surtout du persiflage, dont il s’est vu la victime dans les salons de Paris. De plus, à partir de 1750 et surtout de la réforme de 1756, le Citoyen, devenu le ‘’pourfendeur des rires’’ sur le plan intellectuel et moral, devient lui-même, progressivement, la risée de Paris, de Genève et de Londres (de la part de personnalités aussi différentes que Palissot, Voltaire, Walpole, Grimm ou Diderot) – au point d’imaginer l’existence du « complot » en 1766 à Wootton, et d’y perdre un peu de sa « raison » - mais jamais vraiment de sa gaieté originelle. / Contrary to generally accepted ideas, Jean-Jacques Rousseau liked the laughter and the cheerfulness: various writings (his novel Julie ou La Nouvelle Héloïse, his four comedies, his autobiographical works, and even pamphlets), often joyful, prove it. The Complete Correspondence confirms this idea: taste of comic, pleasantry, sentimental laughter, and even humor characterize the Citizen of Geneva who is traditionally opposed to Voltaire for his lack of lightness or wit. Moreover, the notions of cheerfulness and laughter fit his philosophical system, and enrich his conception of society, education, childhood and even women – well beyond the Lettre à d’Alembert sur les spectacles published in 1758. Conversely, and in a more conventional way, the writer used to distrust in an innate way, derision, and the ‘’persiflage’’ he was the victim in the salons of Paris. Especially from 1750 and more specifically after the personal reformation in 1756, Rousseau was the slayer of laughter at an intellectual and moral level, and he became gradually the victim of the laughing stock of Paris, Geneva and London (from personalities as diverse as Palissot, Voltaire, Walpole, Diderot and Grimm) –so much as to imagine the existence of the “complot” at Wootton in 1766.

Entender a multiplicação das faces e funções do humor na prosa de Antônio Lobo Antunes é o objetivo desta tese. Frente à vasta obra, o foco da análise foi dirigido para a Trilogia sobre o poder. Agrupados pela temática e sem prejuízo da feição individual de cada romance, o trio, O Manual dos Inquisidores, O Esplendor de Portugal e Exortação aos Crocodilos, tece painel sobre a violência e o medo que se instauraram em Portugal e suas colônias de África no período pré e pós- Revolução dos Cravos com enredos aparentemente incompatíveis com o processo da comicidade, do humor e do riso. Sem explicitar apenas os recursos técnicos e o fazer artesanal do texto antuneano, estudou-se a tessitura estilística da comicidade para entender os mecanismos e elementos que imprimem representatividade cômica ao texto de Lobo Antunes. Mesmo que Bergson, Propp, Bakhtin, Kyser tenham contribuído com a base teórica de produção do cômico, são as teorias de Freud sobre humor e chiste que melhor abarcam a prosa de Antunes. Essas teorias ajudaram a mostrar que, em Lobo Antunes, os processos que resultam em humor, muita vez, possuem características antagônicas aos \"modelos\" estabelecidos. Para demonstrar as dimensões possíveis do jogo textual e do jogo irônico nos romances da Trilogia, lançou-se mão das teorias, entre outros, de São Tomás de Aquino, Huizinga, Callois, Piaget e Iser. Evidenciou-se, também, que o humor da Trilogia é áspero porque corrói, desbasta e denuncia os abusos do poder, das instituições e os absurdos do mundo moderno. / The aim of this thesis understands the multiplication of the faces and the humour functions in Lobo Antunes\' prose. Facing his great literary work, the analysis focus was pointed towards the Trilogy about power. Gathered by the thematic and without prejudice the individual feature of each romance, a set of three, \"O Manual dos Inquisidores, O Esplendor de Portugal and Exortação aos Crocodilos\", comments about the violence and the fear that was established in Portugal and its African colonies in the Pre and Post Cravos Revolution period with plots apparently incompatible to the comicality, humour and laugh process. Not only making explicit the technical resources and Antunes\' handicraft text, but it was also studied the comicality stylistic contexture to understand the mechanisms and elements that transcribe comic representativity to Lobo Antunes\' text. Bergson, Propp, Bakhtin, Kyser contributed to the theoretical basis of the comic production, but Freud´s theories about humour and pleasantry comprise better Antonios\' prose. These theories helped to show that, in Lobo Antunes, the processes that result in humour may have antagonistic characteristics to the \"established models\". To demonstrate the possible dimensions of the textual and ironic games in the Trilogy novels, it was made use of Callois and Iser from among. It also became evident that Trilogy humour is austere because destroys slowly, devastates and informs against the abuse of power, the institutions and the nonsense modern world.

Este trabalho constitui-se em uma análise dO Pirralho, publicação fundada e dirigida por Oswald de Andrade, que circulou na cidade de São Paulo entre os anos de 1911 e 1918. O objetivo foi descrever e examinar o modo como é retratada, nas páginas dO Pirralho, a pulsante vida social e cultural da cidade que se desenvolvia cada vez mais aceleradamente. A partir daí, buscou-se evidências que demonstrassem a estética presente na organização e apresentação do material publicado (colunismo social, crônicas, colunas, ilustrações etc.). O procedimento empregado para realizar a coleta de dados foi o fichamento sistemático de todos os 248 números do periódico, com ênfase nos elementos que expressavam o caráter inovador e moderno da revista, bem como aqueles que permitiram identificar suas principais características, além de destacar a contribuição de alguns de seus colaboradores. A principal conclusão desta pesquisa é a de que O Pirralho foi um importante veículo das transformações ocorridas no cenário cultural do Brasil nas primeiras décadas do século XX. / This essay consists of an analysis of O Pirralho, a publication founded and directed by Oswald de Andrade and distributed in São Paulo city between 1911 and 1918. The objective of this paper was to describe and examine how the increasingly fast development of the pulsating social and cultural life was being portrayed in the pages of O Pirralho. Based on that, evidences were searched, which indicate the aesthetic present in the organization and presentation of the material published (gossip columns, chronicles, columns, illustrations etc.). The procedure applied in the acquisition of data was a systematic filing of all 248 periodical issues focusing on elements expressing the innovative feature of the magazine as well as those which enabled the identification of its main characteristics, apart from highlighting the contribution of some of its collaborators. The main conclusion of this research is that O Pirallho was an important vehicle for the transformations which took place in Brazil during the first decades of the twentieth century.

Orientador: Maria Viviane do Amaral Veras / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T04:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Firmino_MarylinLimaGuimaraes_M.pdf: 2150279 bytes, checksum: 7bdaf99c773b277bb5c4eb2b95bf358d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: David Lodge aborda a temática da surdez de forma bastante inusitada no romance Deaf Sentence (2008). O protagonista é Desmond Bates, um professor de Linguística Aplicada aposentado, que está ficando surdo e passa por mal-entendidos decorrentes de suas dificuldades em distinguir sons de palavras similares, o que confere ao romance tons humorísticos e irônicos. Por meio da escrita de um diário, o personagem relata sua rotina, abalada pela jovem Alex, e introduz o leitor a uma visão especializada sobre questões de linguagem e literatura, além de expressar com lucidez suas impressões sobre a surdez, dando voz, de forma singular, a essa questão, ainda invisível para muitas pessoas. Os desafios de tradução se apresentam de pronto pelo título (um trocadilho entre deaf e death e polissemia da palavra sentence) e perpassam a narrativa, revelando uma forte ligação entre alguns aspectos paratextuais do romance e a história em si. Deaf Sentence coloca o tradutor diante de trocadilhos e articulações intertextuais que tornam o romance aparentemente intraduzível, ao mesmo tempo, convoca a transposição de fronteiras de forma obrigatória, como exige a tradução do humor. Nesse sentido, as soluções adequadas para os diversos desafios de tradução do romance estão intimamente ligadas às estratégias e recursos utilizados pelo tradutor. A partir do conceito de paratexto cunhado por Genette (2009), são apresentadas análises do título, dedicatória, epígrafe e agradecimentos, presentes no texto original, com o objetivo de expor seus possíveis efeitos sobre leitores e tradutores e, consequentemente, o recente conceito de paratradução (Yuste Frías, 2010) é abordado com o intuito de endossar a importância da tradução de paratextos para a recepção de obras literárias. As análises de capas de algumas traduções permitem o estabelecimento de relações entre imagens do original e de diferentes versões do romance, além de revelarem (ou não) relações com o seu conteúdo. A tradução brasileira Surdo Mundo, de Guilherme da Silva Braga (2010), foco das análises, divide o palco com as traduções A vida em surdina, de Tânia Ganho (Portugal, 2011), La vida en sordina, de Jaime Zulaika (Espanha, 2010), e La vie en sourdine, de Maurice e Yvonne Couturier (França, 2008). É possível estabelecer diálogos entre essas traduções, e a utilização ou não de notas mostrou-se um elemento evidente da singularidade das decisões tomadas pelos tradutores diante dos desafios. A partir das discussões em torno da (in) traduzibilidade de textos humorísticos feitas por Brezolin (1997), Schmitz (1996, 1998) e Possenti (1991), abordam-se possibilidades de tradução criativa desses gêneros discursivos. Levando-se em conta as especificidades de Deaf Sentence, é proposto um diálogo entre algumas vertentes teóricas aplicáveis à tradução do humor: Rosas (2002), Campos (1970) e Reiss e Vermeer (1996). O cotejo entre trechos selecionados de Deaf Sentence e de Surdo Mundo revela que a tradução criativa, processo de negociação amplo entre texto original e tradutor, parece justificar tranquilamente a ausência de notas, enquanto a sua presença nas demais traduções analisadas, em alguns casos, parece advir da aceitação da intraduzibilidade de determinados desafios / Abstract: David Lodge approaches the topic of deafness in a very unusual manner in the novel Deaf Sentence (2008). The protagonist is Desmond Bates, a retired professor of Applied Linguistics who is going deaf and is subject to some misunderstandings arising from his difficulties in distinguishing sounds of similar words, granting the novel ironic and humoristic riffs. By writing a journal, the character reports his routine, shaken by Alex, a young woman, introducing the reader to a specialized view on issues of language and literature, as well as lucidly expressing his impressions regarding deafness, giving voice, in a singular manner, to this issue, still invisible to many. The challenges of translation are immediately presented in the title (a pun regarding deaf and death and the polysemy of the word sentence), and continue throughout the narrative, revealing a strong connection between some paratextual aspects of the novel and the story itself. Deaf Sentence presents the translator with puns and intertextual articulations, which make the novel seemingly untranslatable, while at the same time mandatorily summoning the transposition of frontiers, as is required in the translation of humour. To this end, the adequate solutions for the several challenges in translating the novel are intimately linked to the strategies and resources used by the translator. Based on the paratext concept coined by Genette (2009), this thesis analyses the title, dedication, epigraph, and acknowledgements in the original. The objective is to show their possible effects on readers and translators, and consequently the recent concept of paratranslation (Yuste Frías, 2010) is used in order to stress how important the translation of paratexts is for the reception of literary works. This thesis also analyses the book covers chosen for different translations, establishing relations between images of the original and the different versions of the novel, besides revealing (or not) relations with its content. The Brazilian translation, entitled Surdo Mundo, by Guilherme da Silva Braga (2010), is the main focus of the analysis, sharing the stage with the translations A vida em surdina, by Tânia Ganho (Portugal, 2011), La vida en sordina, by Jaime Zulaika (Spain, 2010), and La vie en sourdine, by Maurice e Yvonne Couturier (France, 2008). It is possible to establish dialogic relationships among these translations, and, the choice of whether or not to use notes proved to be a clear element of how singular the decisions made by the translators were before the challenges. Based on the discussions around the (un)translatability of humoristic texts made by Brezolin (1997), Schmitz (1996, 1998) and Possenti (1991), this thesis deals with the possibilities of creative translation of these discursive genres. Taking into account the specific aspects of Deaf Sentence, a dialogue is proposed between some theoretical perspectives applicable to the translation of humour: Rosas (2002), Campos (1970) and Reiss and Vermeer (1996). The comparison between selected passages of Deaf Sentence and Surdo Mundo reveals that the creative translation - the ample negotiation process between the original text and the translator - seems to easily justify the absence of notes, while their presence in the other translations analyzed, in some cases, seems to be generated by the acceptance that certain challenges were untranslatable / Mestrado / Teoria, Pratica e Ensino da Tradução / Mestra em Linguística Aplicada

(in English): The thesis looks at the transfer of humour in audiovisual texts in sitcoms. The theoretical part introduces the topic, including types of jokes, strategies relating to the transfer of humour and the factors influencing the choice of a particular strategy. The empirical part is based on the analysis of professional and amateur subtitles of the British sitcom Miranda. This part analyses the humour of the series from the polysemiotic perspective. It focuses on the strategies of the transfer of language-dependent, cultural and complex jokes, the functionality of translation based on whether a humorous effect is produced or not, and the differences between the strategies of professional and amateur translators.

The paper investigates the expression and translation of the author's textual persona in the popular science text Packing for Mars (Roach 2011). One chapter from this book is translated into Swedish and compared to a parallel translation of another text by Roach, as well as a translation of the novel Shantaram (Roberts 2003; 2007). The specific features under investigation are Roach's use of appositional constructions, first and second person pronouns, and unstandardised direct quotation. The paper argues for the contribution of these features to the expressive, personal and humorous nature of the text, and draws parallels to the genres of journalism and literary fiction. Translation choices are then discussed with reference to Ingo, Newmark, Venuti and others, with an emphasis on furthering the textual persona through an equivalent effect on the reader. The possibility of equivalent effect is questioned, and strategies such as compensation and consistency suggested as solutions when formal equivalents are lacking in the target language.

The thesis focuses on the poetry of Ludvík Kundera. It introduces his work in chronological order and within the contemporary literary-historical framework. The analysis and the interpretation of his early poems often refer to the war period. Language and its potentiality are a main concern in Kundera's other work. His poetry is defined in the context of avant-garde modern art: surrealism, dadaism and expressionism. The thesis researches the impact of Brecht's poetics on Kundera, too. It also introduces the persona of the artist, who significantly contributed to forming the Czech literary field during the second half of the 20th century. Kundera's poetry relates to Czech and foreign artists and their works. The poems rise from ordinary occasions, as well as showing the poet's intertextual approach. Experimentation, wordplay, lyrical humour and irony are an inherent part of Ludvík Kundera's work.

Cette thèse étudie comment la critique humoristique de l'actualité dans les médiasaudiovisuels de masse français est devenue un genre médiatique à part entière. Le travail« sérieux », « invisible », aux finalités « visibles », parfois surexposées, des « humoristesd'actualité », s'inspirant de la tradition des bouffons d'antan, revisite quotidiennement lesmises en récit journalistiques en les décalant, par « déboîtement ». Le croisement de troisspécialités sociologiques (des médias, du travail et de la critique), le recours à des entretienssemi-directifs (n=43) et à des corpus médiatiques conséquents (presse écrite et séquencesaudiovisuelles) permettent de décrire des trajectoires, des statuts, des savoirs-faire et des rôlesconstitutifs d'une expérience artistique et professionnelle. En interaction avec leurs deuxprincipales sources d'inspiration (professionnels de la politique et journalistes), les humoristesd'actualité produisent une critique réflexive, contestataire ou dénonciatrice. Cette critiquespécifique, méthode de dévoilement aux règles implicites et explicites, constitue une « carteblanche » pour aller le plus loin possible, malgré les risques (pressions, licenciements, procès,etc.), les polémiques régulières, les tentatives de construction de « lignes jaunes »(philosophique, politique, journalistique), et les controverses à la visibilité parfois maximale(affaire Strauss-Kahn), qui pèsent plus ou moins sur la définition des normes du travail(censure, autocensure, etc.). L'imagination créatrice des humoristes d'actualité participepleinement du processus de « publicisation critique » de la démocratie, et teste son idéal deliberté d'expression. / This thesis explores how the news humorous critic in the French audiovisual mass media hasbecome a media genre in its own right. The "serious", "invisible" work, made for "visible"ends, sometimes overexposed, of these "news humorists" who are inspired by the tradition ofjesters of old, regularly revisits journalistic narratives, and shifting them by "pulling-out"(déboîtement). The crossing of three sociological literatures (media, work and criticism),semi-structured interviews (n = 43) and a substantial media corpus (print media andaudiovisual sequences) allows us to describe the trajectories, statutes, know-how andconstituent roles of an artistic and professional experience. Interacting with their two mainsources of inspiration (elected officials and journalists), news humorists are producing a criticthat can be reflexive, protestive or reprobative. This specific critic, unveiling method, withimplicit and explicit rules, constitutes a "carte blanche" to go as far as possible, despite therisks (pressures, layoffs, lawsuits, etc.), regular polemics, attempts to set "yellow lines"(philosophical, political, journalistic), and controversies with high visibility (the Strauss-Kahncase), all of this weighing more or less on the definition of work standards (censorship, selfcensorship,etc.). The creative imagination of news humorists then fully participates in theprocess of "critical publicisation" of democracy, and tests its ideal of freedom of expression.

Si la parodie est loin d'être une pratique nouvelle, la première occurrence connue du terme remontant à l'Antiquité, elle a été jusqu'alors principalement envisagée comme un genre ou comme une figure littéraires. Et pourtant ses formes, ses connotations et ses procédés sont exploités par de nombreux artistes plasticiens. Dans les années 1960, l'avènement de la société de consommation et ses effets sur la reproductibilité de l'œuvre d'art donnent à la parodie un essor nouveau. Transformant l'histoire de l'art en un répertoire accessible dans lequel puiser à loisir pour créer à partir de, la reproductibilité offre des conditions idéales au jeu parodique. Comprendre comment et pourquoi des artistes d'horizons fort divers, des années 1960 à nos jours, se saisissent de la parodie, à des fins aussi bien personnelles que contextuelles, est l'objet de cette étude. État des lieux de la notion, la première partie s'attache à définir le terme et se penche sur les parodies réalisées depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle, des Salons caricaturaux au postmodernisme en passant par les avant-gardes historiques. La deuxième partie se construit autour du ludique, du comique et du satirique, compris comme autant de couleurs et de régimes. Enfin, la troisième partie est consacrée à la part réflexive de la parodie. Art sur l'art, cette dernière participe à une mise en cause institutionnelle et aspire à la dénudation du faire artistique lui-même. Tout au long de cette étude, la parodie apparaît comme une pratique essentiellement ambivalente, entre mauvais genre et pratique cultivée, gaminerie et jeu élitiste, dégénérescence de l'art et sursaut de créativité, destitution et aveu d'admiration, outrage et hommage. / The word parody has been coined during classical antiquity and has since been considered mostly as a literary genre or figure. Nevertheless, numerous plastic artists are making use of its forms, processes and connotations. During the 1960s decade, the advent of consumerism and its effects on the work of art duplicability gave a new rise to parody. Reproducibility allowed the transformation of history of arts into a vast repertoire in which one may draw to create from and thus, offered a fertile ground for parodic creation. This study focuses on understanding why and how such a wide range of artists are taking advantage of parody for personal or contextual ends from the 1960s to nowadays. The first part of this study is articulated around the precise definition of the term and a chronological view of the parodic art since the middle of the 19th century, from the Salons caricaturaux to postmodernism including historical avant- gardes. The notions of playfulness, comic and satiric will be discussed in the second part, in order to grasp the multiple shades of parody. The third and last part is devoted to the specular aspect of parody that leads to a questioning of the artistic institutions and aims to unveil the artistic practices themselves. Across these pages, parody appears as an ambivalent process, oscillating between mauvais genre and sophistication, childishness and elitism, barrenness and creative rebirth, destitution and admiration, outrage and tribute.