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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Reflexões sobre a conduta dos guerreiros na inglaterra da primeira metade do Quatrocentos /

Santos, Fernando Pereira dos. January 2020 (has links)
Orientador: Susani Silveira Lemos França / Resumo: Ao longo da primeira metade do Quatrocentos, expedições militares levaram à ocupação efetiva de domínios na França pleiteados pelos monarcas ingleses. A despeito do sucesso dessas campanhas iniciadas em 1413, a governação daqueles territórios até primórdios da década de 1450 foi marcada, segundo relatos conhecidos, por instabilidades decorrentes da conduta inadequada dos guerreiros de um lado e de outro da contenda. Tais descaminhos foram alvo das inquietações de William Worcester (1415-1480/5?), letrado que denunciou em seu tratado Boke of Noblesse um fazer bélico contemporâneo descompassado, pouco virtuoso e marcado por desvios, distante, pois, dos modelos recomendados aos cristãos. Suas reflexões, quando comparadas com outras externadas por seus contemporâneos, trazem indicações sobre as etapas de organização e execução do conflito e permitem questionar características do fazer marcial quatrocentista tanto dos adversários franceses como dos próprios guerreiros ingleses. Ao atentar para esse aspecto, o objetivo desta investigação é perquirir o que se julgou condenável no empreendimento das contendas, interrogando, a partir da produção escrita inglesa, a redefinição dos caminhos para a condução do conflito e dos planos de conquista. Em síntese, a pesquisa dispõe-se a questionar sobre uma fração particular da história da guerra: os juízos e avaliações sobre os combatentes, esmiuçando seu papel como espelho para interpretar as condutas dos povos para além do próprio conflito. / Abstract: At the first half of fifteenth-century, military expeditions led to the effective occupation of French domains claimed by English monarchs. Despite the successful results achieved in the campaigns started in 1413, it was generally asserted that, until the beginning of 1450’s, the governance of those territories was characterized by instabilities originated from the inadequate behavior of warriors on both sides of the struggle. Such state of overall jeopardy was noticed by William Worcester (1415-1480/5?) in his treatise Boke of Noblesse, where he denounced a state of disorderly warfare, on the one hand, poorly associated with virtues and, on the other, strongly related to vices, stretched away from Christian recommended models. When compared to his contemporaries ideas, William Worcester’s offer evidences regarding crucial steps in conflict organization and performance, enabling, in like manner, a proper questioning of both French and English martial enterprises characteristics. Aware of such perspective, this inquest targets what was understood as condemnable in war making, and, therefore, it interrogates English writings about the desired paths to be tread on effective conflict development and conquest plans. Shortly, this research aims to question a particular fraction of military history: the reasonings and evaluations concerning warriors’ behaviour, scrutinizing their role as a mirror that enables a deeper interpretation of people’s conducts beyond war itself. / Resumen: A lo largo de la primera mitad del Cuatrocientos, expediciones militares llevaron a la ocupación efectiva de dominios en Francia pleiteados por los monarcas ingleses. A pesar del éxito de estas campañas iniciadas en 1413, la gobernación de aquellos territorios hasta principio de la década de 1450 fue marcada, según relatos conocidos, por instabilidades consecuentes de la conducta inadecuada de los guerreros de un lado y de otro de la contienda. Tales descaminos fueron objeto de las inquietudes de William Worcester (1415-1480/5?) letrado que denunció en su tratado Boke of Noblesse un hacer bélico contemporáneo descomedido, poco virtuoso y marcado por desvíos, distante, pues, de los modelos recomendados a los cristianos. Sus reflexiones, cuando equiparadas con otras externas por sus contemporáneos, traen indicaciones sobre las etapas de organización y ejecución del conflicto y permiten cuestionar características del hacer marcial cuatrocentista tanto de los adversarios como de los propios guerreros ingleses. Al atenerse para este aspecto, el objetivo de esta investigación es perquirir lo que se juzgó condenable en el desarrollo de los pleitos, interrogando, desde la producción escrita inglesa, la redefinición de los caminos para la conducción del conflicto y de los planes de conquista. En síntesis, la pesquisa se dispone a cuestionar una fracción particular de la historia de la guerra: los juicios y evaluaciones sobre el comportamiento de los combatientes, desmenuzando su papel... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletrônico abajo) / Doutor
32

Hidden Doublings: A Context for Understanding Jean d'Arras's Mélusine ou la Noble Histoire de Lusignan

Rimmasch, Kathryn 28 February 2007 (has links) (PDF)
At the end of the fourteenth century Jean d’Arras rewrote a popular folktale. The tale told how Mélusine, a fairy who was serpent from the navel down every Saturday, married a knight and founded the fortress of Lusignan. In his introduction to the tale Jean d’Arras presents the ideas of four authority figures to convince the reader that fantastical things are possible and that his work should be taken seriously. These authority figures are David, Aristotle, Paul and Gervaise de Tilbury. It is the contention of this thesis that Jean d’Arras presents these figures in his introduction to provide context and serve as doubles for characters in the narration as well as convince the reader to take the work seriously. Through his allusion to Tilbury, Jean d’Arras establishes a context and a doubling for the story-line which he so repetitiously tells. Through his allusion to David we see a doubling for Raymondin, who in fact bears the name of earthly king, a position which David held in archetype. Through his allusion to Paul we see a doubling for Geoffrey à la grande dent, enfant terrible who becomes a responsible leader. And finally we suggest that Aristotle is a type for Jean d’Arras himself, who is presenting to his reader a methodical study of the telos of earthly kings. The thesis contains a discussion of these four individuals, how they were viewed in the late fourteenth-century and what the implications are for reading the text with them in mind. When viewed in the light of these comparisons the text can be seen, not only as a fantastical story, but as political commentary. Jean d’Arras glorifies the Duke of Berry, his patron, by connecting him to a supernatural being, but he also suggests throughout the narration, that the true justification for nobility and political power is not a supernatural connection, but a practical ability to deal with earthly affairs.
33

L'image de Clovis dans le royaume de France entre 1250 et 1550 / The image of Clovis in the Kingdom of France between 1200 and 1500

Mouré, Pauline 14 December 2018 (has links)
Jusqu'à la fin du XIIe siècle, la vie de Clovis, roi mérovingien et premier roi chrétien qui a régné sur le royaume franc sûrement à partir de 481 et jusqu'à sa mort, le 27 novembre 511, ne paraît avoir été que rarement transposée en images. À partir de 1200, en revanche, l'iconographie figurant le souverain mérovingien se développe, diffusée de plus en plus largement dans le royaume de France. Cette évolution traduit un changement qui s'opère dans l'intérêt porté à Clovis durant les trois derniers siècles du Moyen Âge. Afin de saisir la teneur de ce changement, la présente étude se propose d'analyser l'importance octroyée à l'image de Clovis dans le royaume de France entre 1200 et 1500. Pour ce faire, l'examen de l'iconographie clodovéenne encore connue a été effectué. Celui-ci permet d'abord, grâce à l'évaluation de l'abondance et de la propagation de l'imagerie clodovéenne dans le royaume, de rendre compte de l'importance de la diffusion de l'image du roi et de cerner l'étendue et la diversité du public auquel celle-ci s'adressait. Cet examen permet ensuite d'analyser les modalités de la mise en images de l'histoire du souverain, renseignant sur les variations du discours diffusé par l'iconographie. Enfin, l'étude de la signification des images et de leur fonction permet, à une époque où se forme ce que Colette Beaune nomme le « sentiment national » et où l'histoire du royaume est traversée par un des conflits majeurs de la période, la guerre de Cent Ans, de comprendre les raisons du développement de l'imagerie figurant Clovis et des variations de la place conférée au roi dans le discours iconographique diffusé, entre 1200 et 1500, dans le royaume de France. / Until the end of the 12th century, the life of Clovis, a Merovingian king and the first Christian king of the Frankish kingdom, who reigned from about the year 481 until his death on November 27, 511, seems to have been rarely depicted in images. From 1200 onwards, however, iconography picturing the Merovingian king expanded, spreading more and more widely in the kingdom of France. This evolution reflects a change in the interest accorded to Clovis over the last three centuries of the Middle Ages. In order to grasp the substance of this change, this study analyzes the importance attributed to the image of Clovis in the kingdom of France between 1200 et 1500. To this end, an examination of known Clodovian iconography has been conducted. First, this evaluation of the quantity and spread of Clodovian imagery in the kingdom allows us to determine the magnitude of the dissemination of the king’s image as well as the scope and diversity of the public to which it was addressed. This examination then allows us to analyze the modalities of depicting the sovereign’s history, based on variations in the message spread by the iconography. Finally, the study of the meaning of the images and of their function yields – at a time when what Colette Beaune calls the “national sentiment” is forming and when the kingdom encounters one of the major conflicts of the period, the Hundred Years War – an understanding of the reasons for the development of the imagery depicting Clovis and for the variations in the place accorded to the king in the iconographic discourse spread between 1200 and 1500 in the kingdom of France.
34

Edition scientifique des Chroniques des rois, ducs et princes de Bretagne de Pierre Le Baud, d’après le manuscrit 941 conservé à la Bibliothèque municipale d’Angers / Scientific edition of "Chroniques des rois, ducs et princes de Bretagne" by Pierre Le Baud, from the manuscript 941 found in the Bibliothèque municipale d'Angers.

Abelard, Karine 14 December 2015 (has links)
La première version des Chroniques des rois, ducs et princes de Bretagne a été rédigée par Pierre Le Baud sur commande de Jean de Châteaugiron,seigneur de Derval, et est achevée en 1480. Deux manuscrits nous sont parvenus de cette rédaction : l’original conservé à la Bibliothèque nationale de France (ms fr.8266) a été édité partiellement en 1907 par Charles de La Lande de Calan, alors que le deuxième, appartenant à la Bibliothèque municipale d’Angers (ms. 941) et copie du premier, n’a jamais fait l’objet d’une transcription.Cette édition transcrit le manuscrit 941 dans sa totalité, c'est‐à‐dire les trois livres rédigés sur 406folios. Cette transcription analyse également la méthode de compilation du chroniqueur, les particularités linguistiques du copiste et les variantes par rapport au manuscrit 8266 de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. Un glossaire ainsi que des index des personnes, des lieux et des sources permettent d’éclairer les aspects historiques, géographiques et culturels présents dans cet ouvrage. / The first version of "Chroniques des rois, ducs et princes de Bretagne" was ordered by Jean de Châteaugiron, lord of Derval and Pierre Le Baud finished writing it in 1480. Only two manuscripts reached us : the original, preserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (ms fr.8266),was partially edited in 1907 by Charles de LaLande de Calan, whereas the second, which canbe found at the Bibliothèque municipale d'Angers and is a copy of the first, was never transcripted. This edition transcribes the manuscript 941 in its entirety, meaning all the three books written on over 406 folios. This transcription also analyses the method the chronicler used to compile the text, the linguistic characteristics of the scribe andthe differences with the manuscript 8266 of theBibliothèque nationale de France. A glossary, aswell as an index of persons, an index of locations and an index of sources, will also enlighten the historical, geographical and cultural aspects of this publication.
35

The Hundred Years War during the reign of Henry VI : the English defeat, its causes and impact

Moore, Terence R. January 1982 (has links)
No description available.
36

Des crosses et des couronnes : pοuvοirs abbatiaux et pοuvοirs rοyaux dans le diοcèse de Rοuen (fin du ΧΙΙe - milieu du ΧVe siècle) / Crosiers and Crowns : abbatial powers and royal powers in the diocese of Rouen (end of the 12th-middle of the 15th century)

Paquet, Fabien 08 December 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse analyse l’évolution du pouvoir des abbés de onze abbayes bénédictines masculines du diocèse de Rouen entre la fin du XIIe siècle et le milieu du XVe siècle, mettant l’accent sur les plus grandes d’entre elles (Le Bec, Fécamp, Saint-Ouen, Saint-Wandrille…) mais prenant aussi en charge des maisons plus modestes et méconnues. Au cœur du raisonnement figurent la relation des abbés avec les pouvoirs royaux français et anglais. Après l’intégration de la Normandie au domaine royal capétien en 1204, les abbés devinrent royaux : en étudiant en particulier les actes de la pratique, cette thèse propose une définition de cette catégorie. Le rôle de Philippe Auguste dans la définition des rapports entre les crosses et les couronnes est mis en valeur. La suite du XIIIe siècle et le début du XIVe siècle sont marquées par une continuité politique assez remarquable, doublée d’une prospérité économique ; cela se traduisit par une réelle liberté des élections dans les monastères normands et l’avènement des abbés gestionnaires, qui parvinrent même à conserver les biens de leurs abbayes situées dans les terres du roi d’Angleterre. Les débuts de la Guerre de Cent ans furent un véritable tournant : à partir de ce moment-là, les abbés durent s’engager dans les affaires politiques et la guerre (notamment dans le conflit entre le roi de France et le roi de Navarre puis au moment de la conquête de la Normandie par Henri V, après sa victoire à Azincourt en 1415). S’appuyant sur une prosopographie de cent-quatre-vingt-huit abbés, la thèse étudie par ailleurs le profil de ces supérieurs (origines sociales et géographiques, formation, etc.) et l’évolution de la figure abbatiale au fil de ces trois siècles : de plus en plus de supérieurs furent formés à l’université ou gravitaient dans les cercles de pouvoir de l’Église ou de la royauté. En conséquence, ils fréquentaient de moins en moins leurs cloîtres, habituant les moines à leur absence, tandis que la liberté des élections était progressivement rognée sous l’influence du pape et des rois. L’étude, notamment, des sources narratives et figurées montre que les représentations de leur pouvoir évoluèrent en parallèle : de plus en plus attentifs à leur prestige extérieur, marqué notamment par le port des insignes pontificaux, ils ressemblèrent de moins en moins aux moines qu’ils dirigeaient. Cette thèse propose de lire la mise en place de la commende dans la continuité de ces évolutions du pouvoir abbatial, qui apparaissent moins comme une crise que comme une mutation. / This thesis analyzes the evolution of the power of the abbots of eleven male Benedictine abbeys of the diocese of Rouen between the end of the 12th century and the middle of the 15th century, focusing on the largest of them (Le Bec, Fécamp, Saint-Ouen, Saint-Wandrille...) but also on more modest and unknown monasteries. At the heart of the reasoning lie the relationship of the abbots with the French and English royal powers. After the integration of Normandy in the Capetian royal domain in 1204, the abbots became royal: studying in particular the acts of the practice, this thesis proposes a definition of this category. The role of Philip Augustus in the building of these relationships between crosiers and crowns is underlined. The political continuation of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century, coupled with economic prosperity, resulted on the one hand in a real freedom of elections in the Norman monasteries and on the other hand in the advent of abbots managers, who even managed to preserve the property of their abbeys located in the lands of the King of England. The beginnings of the Hundred Years’ War were a real turning point: from then on, the abbots had to engage in political affairs and war (especially in the conflict between the King of France and the King of Navarre, then at the time of the conquest of Normandy by Henry V, after his victory at Azincourt in 1415). Based on a prosopography of one hundred and eighty-eight abbots, the thesis also studies the profile of these superiors (their social and geographical origins, their formartion and career, etc.) and the evolution of the abbatial figure over these three centuries: more and more superiors studied at the university and/or gravitated in the circles of power of the Church or of the kings. As a result, they were less and less physically present in their cloisters, accustoming the monks to their absence, while the freedom of the elections was gradually cut off under the influence of the pope and kings. Besides, the study, in particular, of the narrative and figurative sources shows that the representations of their power evolved in parallel: more and more attentive to their external prestige, marked in particular by the wearing of the pontifical insignia, they looked less and less like to the monks who they were ruling. This thesis proposes to read the setting up of the commendatory system in the continuity of these evolutions of the abbatial power, which appear less as a crisis than as a mutation.
37

Legitimita královské moci. Edward IV. a Karel VII. Nezpochybnitelní a právoplatní králové? / The legitimacy of king's power. Edward IV. and Charles VII. indisputable and rightful kings?

Prošvicová, Lenka January 2020 (has links)
This diploma thesis is exploring the topic of legitimacy and legality of the royal power in the late English and French Middle Ages. Specifically, it answers the question whether Edward IV and Charles VII were legitimate kings for their respective subjects, based on analysis and comparison of selected contemporaneous English and French sources. This thesis presents different points of view on the royal power and the royal office according to the medieval authors. It describes the often ambiguous and contradictory opinions on this issue as well as provides a deeper look at the traditions and customs surrounding it. This analysis is presented against the historical backdrop of prolonged armed conflicts and political changes in both kingdoms. The differences between the legal and political situation of Charles VII and Edward IV suggest a wide range of possible interpretations. This thesis, based on the critical analysis and comparison of the relevant historical sources, advocates the view supporting the legitimacy of both kings, based on their respective genealogical and legal claims as well as on the support granted by their subjects. Keywords: Charles VII, Edward IV, royal power, legitimacy, treaty of Troyes, Wars of the Roses, Hundred years war
38

The Hundred Years War during the reign of Henry VI : the English defeat, its causes and impact

Moore, Terence R. January 1982 (has links)
No description available.
39

Langues, culture et représentation du pouvoir : Jean duc de Bedford, régent du royaume de France (1422-1435)

Cormier, David 08 1900 (has links)
À partir de 1422 l’Anglais Jean de Lancastre (1389-1435), duc de Bedford, fut le régent du royaume français de son jeune neveu Henri VI. Le traité de Troyes (1420) prévoyant une présence anglaise pérenne en France, le régent dut mettre en place une structure de domination sociale consentie plutôt qu’entretenue par la coercition. C’est dans cette optique que le duc de Bedford instaura une politique culturelle et linguistique, fortement inspirée de celle des grands Valois, lui permettant de cultiver l’assentiment à son régime et de légitimer sa propre autorité. Cette politique est l’objet principal de notre recherche. Nous proposons en un premier temps d’analyser dans le détail les éléments constitutifs de la politique culturelle du régent Bedford, dont les somptueuses résidences, les riches manuscrits et le généreux patronage étaient autant de manifestations de la puissance anglaise en France. Ces dernières lui permettaient de s’insérer dans une société courtoise continentale, notamment auprès de son beau-frère et plus important allié, Philippe de Bourgogne. Parallèlement sa politique lui permettait aussi, notamment à travers l’imitation des rois de France, le déploiement de ce qu’on pourrait appeler des éléments de propagande. L’analyse de ces divers éléments révèle cependant qu’ils étaient peut-être moins destinés à convaincre les gouvernés qu’à consolider les convictions des gouvernants. Nous consacrons ensuite un chapitre dédié à l’exercice du pouvoir par l’écriture. Nous y analysons la production d’actes du duc de Bedford, autant en France qu’en Angleterre, sous le prisme de sa conformité ou de sa divergence d’avec les normes françaises. Le respect des traditions diplomatiques locales et de la langue des actes constituait, en soi, une affirmation des principes du traité de Troyes et un symbole de la continuité du pouvoir entre Valois et Lancastre. Parallèlement, la présence de certains éléments typiquement anglais dans l’administration militaire de la France de Bedford trahit une intégration imparfaite des pratiques locales. Nous y soulignons également l’importance du rôle des secrétaires français dans la coordination avec le royaume anglais d’Henri VI, certains se trouvant même à en intégrer l’appareil étatique. Si au final l’administration anglaise s’avère avoir été peu encline à l’adoption de pratiques étrangères, elle fut le théâtre d’importants changements linguistiques qui n’étaient pas étrangers à l’expérience de la France lancastrienne. En troisième lieu, nous soulignons la contribution d’autres figures importantes de la vie culturelle en France anglo-bourguignonne. La participation de personnages comme Richard Beauchamp et John Talbot à la vie de cour instaurée par le régent témoigne de l’intégration, par les Anglais en séjour sur le continent, de nombreux éléments de culture française. Une telle activité culturelle persista d’ailleurs longtemps après la mort de Jean de Lancastre. Le patronage, la circulation des idées, des artistes et, surtout, l’intériorisation du récit lancastrien en France y résulta en une certaine acculturation des élites, entraînant subséquemment une transformation de la culture anglaise outre-Manche. Cette appropriation culturelle participa à la pérennité de la langue et de la littérature française dans l’Angleterre du XVe siècle, tout en contribuant paradoxalement à la promotion d’une identité proprement anglaise. / From 1422 the Englishman John of Lancaster (1389-1435), duke of Bedford, was regent of his young nephew’s French kingdom. Because the treaty of Troyes (1420) provided for a long-lasting English presence in France, the regent had to put in place a social domination structure based on consent rather than coercion. In this context, the duke of Bedford devised a cultural and language policy inspired by the attitudes of the most prominent members of the Valois family. It allowed him to bolster support for his regime and legitimize his power. This policy is the main object of our research. We first propose to examine each element of Bedford’s cultural policy. His magnificent households, precious manuscripts and generous patronage were outward symbols of the might and stability of English rule in France. These possessions also allowed their owner to present himself as a legitimate member of continental courtly society. As such, they were a mean to strengthen the bond with his most important ally, his brother-in-law Philip, duke of Burgundy. At the same time the regent depicted himself, and by extension Henry VI, as the legitimate ruler of France by actively imitating past French kings. Some of his cultural enterprises can be conceived as propaganda. However under careful scrutiny these representations of power appear to have been intended not only for the conquered, but also for the conquerors themselves. We devote a second chapter to the exercise of power through writing. We analyze the duke’s production of written documents, both sides of the Channel, in light of its compliance to or defiance of French diplomatic tradition. In itself, the adoption of local practices and language was both respectful of the spirit of the treaty of Troyes and a convenient way to conceal the dynastic rift between Valois and Lancaster. On the other hand, the continued use of typical English documents in Bedford’s organization of the military reveals the limited extent of his acculturation. We also consider the important role of the French secretaries in the coordination between the two kingdoms, which in theory were supposed to be kept separate. Some of them were so involved in English affairs that they moved to England to serve Henry VI. In the end however the English bureaucracy remained mostly unaffected by extraneous innovations. Nonetheless, the very significant linguistic shift it underwent was contemporary, and linked, to the demise of Lancastrian France. The last chapter examines the contribution of other important figures of the anglo-burgundian cultural environment. The continental activity of magnates like Richard Beauchamp and soldiers like John Talbot exemplifies the relative vitality of courtly life in Lancastrian France and highlights the adoption of some elements of French culture by the English there. The subsequent patronage, circulation of texts and artists and, ultimately, the internalization of the Lancastrian French narrative, led to the transformation of English culture. This cultural appropriation contributed to the perpetuation of French language and literature in fifteenth-century England. Paradoxically, it also reinforced a properly English identity.
40

Construction et pratique sociale de l'espace fortifié en Velay (XIIIe - XVe siècles). / Construction and occupation of fortified areas in Velay (diocese of Puy-en-Velay), 13th-15th centuries.

Bizri, Melinda 10 November 2017 (has links)
Les espaces fortifiés médiévaux du Velay (diocèse médiéval du Puy-en-Velay), sont analysés dans leur constitution et leur utilisation. L’enquête concerne un corpus de sites castraux, bourgs fortifiés, maisons fortes, prieurés et églises fortifiées de 145 communes situées en majorité dans le département de la Haute-Loire (France- Auvergne). Les changements que ces espaces fortifiés opèrent sur la période XIIIe-XVe s. sont mis en avant : morphologie spatiale et choix d’occupation des espaces, évolution de l’habitat individuel seigneurial et des enceintes en contexte rural et urbain. L’ensemble est documenté par des textes qui indique la nature des relations entre les différents groupes sociaux, acteurs de la construction du territoire fortifié : relations entre les seigneurs et l’évêque du Puy ou le roi, relations entre les seigneurs et les communautés urbaines ou rurales, émergence de nouveaux groupes sociaux (la petite noblesse). L’accent est mis sur l’articulation de ces espaces et le rapport social et symbolique que chacun des groupes sociaux entretient avec la fortification. Les intentions de dominations et les résistances de chacun des groupes sociaux sont ainsi mis en évidence par l’analyse du parcellaire, des édifices et de la forme de la fortification. / The fortified medieval areas of the Velay (medieval diocese of Puy-en-Velay) are analysed in their constitution and their use. The survey concerns a corpus of castle sites, fortified towns, fortified houses, priories and fortified churches in 145 communes, mostly in the department of Haute-Loire (France-Auvergne). The changes that these fortified spaces operate during the 13th-15th centuries are highlighted: spatial morphology and choices of occupancy of these areas, evolution of individual seigneurial habitats and enclosures in rural and urban context. The nature of the relations between the different social groups building this fortified territory is mainly documented by texts : relationships between the lords and the bishop of Le Puy or the king, relationships between the lords and the urban or rural communities, emergence of new social groups (the small gentry). The purpose focuses on the articulation of these areas and the social and symbolic relationships that each of the social groups has with fortifications. Thus, the intentions of domination and the resistance of each of the medieval social groups are revealed by analysing the plots, the buildings and the form of the fortification

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