Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-03T11:57:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Felipe Tavares do Amaral - 2018.pdf: 5863877 bytes, checksum: 084454dc18411f245114eb910cfa2474 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-03T13:20:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Felipe Tavares do Amaral - 2018.pdf: 5863877 bytes, checksum: 084454dc18411f245114eb910cfa2474 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T13:20:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Pedro Felipe Tavares do Amaral - 2018.pdf: 5863877 bytes, checksum: 084454dc18411f245114eb910cfa2474 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the present work, studies about the nonlinear static and dynamic behavior of a spherical membrane are presented. This membrane is composed by a hyperelastic, incompressible homogeneous and isotropic material, which is defined by either of the two distinct constitutive models: Mooney-Rivlin or the Neo-Hookean model. The equilibrium equations are obtained from the large-strain theory, by utilizing a variational formulation and by subjecting the membrane to an uniformly distributed internal radial pressure differential. From the nonlinear static analysis, internal membrane tensions and strains are obtained. From the dynamic analysis, the frequency-amplitude relation, the linear stability analysis, the time response, bifurcation diagrams, resonance curves and basins of attraction are obtained. As a first step, there is an analysis on a membrane composed by the same experimental material, which is described by the two different constitutive models presented in this work. It is observed that the dynamic responses are considerably distinct, due to the difference between the geometrical nonlinearities that each constitutive model insert on the equilibrium equation. The Neo-Hookean model has a lower pre-stretching limit, and its attraction basins are more eroded and irregular than the Mooney-Rivlin, that is still stable on regions of larger vibration amplitudes. Then, the influence of the Mooney-Rivlin parameter (α) is evaluated, and it is found that this parameter is the main source of the differences between the constitutive models, modifying the stability, nonlinear vibrations and also influencing on the loss or gain of the global rigidity of the membrane. / Neste trabalho são apresentados estudos dos comportamentos não lineares, estático e dinâmico, de uma membrana de geometria esférica composta por um material hiperelástico, incompressível, homogêneo e isotrópico definido por um entre esses dois modelos constitutivos: Mooney-Rivlin ou Neo-Hookeano. As equações de equilíbrio são obtidas a partir da teoria de grandes deformações, utilizando uma formulação variacional e considerando a membrana esférica submetida a uma pressão interna na direção radial uniformemente distribuída. A partir da análise não linear estática, encontram-se as tensões e as extensões radiais da membrana e da análise dinâmica obtêm-se as relações frequência-amplitude, a análise não linear da estabilidade, as respostas no tempo, os diagramas de bifurcação, as curvas de ressonância e as bacias de atração da membrana. Primeiramente, analisa-se a membrana composta por um mesmo material experimental e descrita pelos dois modelos hiperelásticos avaliados nesta dissertação. Observa-se que as respostas dinâmicas são consideravelmente distintas entre si devido à diferença entre as não linearidades geométricas que cada modelo constitutivo insere na equação de equilíbrio, sendo que o modelo Neo-Hookeano apresenta menor limite de pré-carregamento com bacias de atração mais erodidas e menos uniformes quando comparado ao modelo de Mooney-Rivlin, que ainda apresenta estabilidade em regiões de maior amplitude de vibração. Posteriormente, avalia-se a influência do parâmetro do material do tipo Mooney-Rivlin (α), que é a principal fonte das diferenças entre os modelos constitutivos, na estabilidade e nas vibrações não lineares da membrana esférica, observando-se que o parâmetro influência na perda ou no ganho de rigidez global do problema.

Work occupies computational modelling mechanical behavior elastomers and composits with rubber matrix and their utilization for compute model of tire creation. MATADOR tire 165/65 R13 Axisymetric 2D model was created in two geometric variants. For the computational modeling is applying the Finite element method (FEM). The model was in different variants distinctive grade of modeling material. At first was done inner pressure analyst impact on deformation of each of model. Then was count influence on tire load with angular velocity meanwhile with inner pressure. The impact thickness of tire protector layer on global deformation tyre casing was verified too.

This thesis deals with computational modeling of the influence of residual stresses in idealized geometry of blood vessels and subsequent application of acquired knowledge to abdominal aortic aneurysm. In the terms of quality of the computational model, we reduced the uncertainties that are included in the computational model without considering the influence of residual stresses. The basic assumption of homogenization significant peaks of the stress between inner and outer vessel wall was met for each level of the computational model Methods that have been used are: deformation method (opening angle method), inverse mechanics of large deformations, fictitious temperature – for linear elastic material and hyperelastic material defined by the constitutive model. Numerical verification was carried out using program ANSYS.

Hyperelasticity is a significant property of rubber, taken advantage of in engineering applications. A common application is the use of seals to prevent fluid transfer (liquid or gas) between solid regions. Volvo CE is often depending on external supplier when developing seals. However, it could be beneficial to be able to do design and analysis in-house. Thus, they want with this master thesis to increase their knowledge about rubber and FEM simulations of seals in ANSYS. The aim with this work is to develop a method and guidelines for analysis and simulation of seals of hyperelastic materials. Components analyzed in this thesis work are two static seals, an O-ring andan in-house modified X-ring design. Selected materials, HNBR and FKM, are commonly used elastomers at Volvo CE. Material tests performed at RISE are for three different load cases:uniaxial tension test, planar tension test and biaxial tension test. Quasi-static analyses are performed in ANSYS. Hyperelastic materials need different constitutive models, hyperelastic material models, to describe their material behavior and these are defined in terms of a strain energy density function.However, the challenge is to determine the material constants in the equation, to characterize the material properties, by processing test data. Research questions answered are ‘’What material tests are needed for hyperelastic materials?’’, ‘’How is the test data converted to work as input to ANSYS and obtain material constants?’’ and ‘’How is an appropriate material model selected for simulation in ANSYS?’’. The study shows the importance of that material test represents the condition the application will experience. It should capture material behavior at the specific frequency, strain amplitude and temperature range for the application. The expected strain range and deformation modes that will play a functional role in the application should be considered in the material testing. Material constants can be determined from test data separately or simultaneously. Test data from at least one deformation mode is required, but one can't accurately predict full deviatoric behavior of hyperelastic material models by using one mode. If data only is used for one deformation mode, simulations in other deformation modes can yield erroneous results. It is therefore recommended to use several deformation modes. For applications with more complex load cases more deformation modes are needed. Generally, recommended tests are uniaxial tension test, planar tension test and biaxial tension test due to homogenous deformation is achieved. It is important to verify the material model before analysis. Using test data from one deformation mode can still provide a good fit. In the cases investigated verifications of the material model Yeoh 3rd order show that the fit obtained by only using uniaxial tension test data and using test data from three tests doesn’t seem to differ. Both uniaxial tension test data and test data from three tests give agood fit when simulating the tests with this material model. The benefit of using test data from three tests is questionable due to costs. It seems that only uniaxial tension test data could have been used as it provided a good fit. Moreover, test data must be processed to work as input to ANSYS. ANSYS requires engineering stress-strain test data for hyperelastic materials besides from the volumetric test, where true stress strain is required. The biaxial tension state which is realized with so called Bulge test thus needs to be converted to engineering stress. Then, test data needs to be adjusted to account for effects such as hysteresis and Mullin’s effect, where choice of curve and a process zero-shift must be done. Hyperelastic material models have different validity for different strain ranges. The selected material model was Yeoh 3rd order, which showed be a good fit for both the materials, HNBR and FKM, in strain range 30 %. The curve fit is based on three tests. The selection was based on the material model with lowest relative error with stability. Material constants were obtained for that material model, and these were used in simulations. Material models tends to be unstable for strains outside the test data. Simulations of seals with fluid pressure were performed for different pressure and stretch of the seal. If the contact pressure is larger than fluid pressure in the seals no leakage will occur. / Hyperelasticitet är en betydande egenskap hos gummi, som används i tekniska tillämpningar. En vanlig tillämpning är tätningar för att förhindra vätskeöverföring (vätska eller gas) mellan fasta områden. Volvo CE är ofta beroende av externa leverantörer vid utveckling av tätningar. De vill därför med detta examensarbete öka sina kunskaper om gummi och FEM-simuleringar av tätningar i ANSYS. Målet med arbetet är att utveckla en metod och riktlinjer för analys och simulering av tätningar av hyperelastiska material. Komponenter som analyseras i detta examensarbete är två statiska tätningar, en O-ring och en intern modifierad X-ringdesign. Utvalda material, HNBR och FKM, är vanliga elastomerer hos Volvo CE. Materialtester som genomförts på RISE är för tre olika belastningsfall: enaxligt dragprov, plant dragprov och biaxialt dragprov. Quasi-statiska analyser genomfördes i ANSYS. Hyperelastiskt material behöver olika konstitutiva modeller, hyperelastsiska materialmodeller, för att beskriva dess materialbeteende och dessa definieras i termer av töjningsenergidensitetsfunktion. Utmaningen är att bestämma materialkonstanterna i ekvationen, för att karakterisera materialegenskaper, genom att processa testdatat. Forskningsfrågor som besvaras är ’’Vilka materialtester är nödvändiga för hyperelastiska material?’’, ’’Hur konverteras testdata för att fungera som indata till ANSYS och erhålla materialkonstanter?’’ och ’’Hur väljs lämplig materialmodell för simulering i ANSYS?’’. Studien visar vikten av att materialtester representerar förhållanden som är representativa för applikationen. Det bör fånga materialbeteendet vid den specifika frekvensen, töjningsamplitud och temperatur för applikationen. Det förväntade töjningsomårdet och deformationslägen som kommer spela en funktionell roll i applikationen bör beaktas i materialtestningen. Materialkonstanter kan beräknas från testdata separat eller simultant. Testdata från minst ett deformationsläge krävs, men man kan inte exakt förutsäga fullständigt devatoriskt beteende hos hyperelastiska materialmodeller genom att använda ett deformationsläge. Om testdata endast används för ett deformationsläge kan simuleringar i andra deformationslägen ge felaktiga resultat. Det är därför rekommenderat att använda flera deformationslägen. Generellt rekommenderade tester är enaxligt dragprov, plant dragprov och biaxialt dragprov då homogen deformation uppnås. Det är viktigt at verifiera materialmodellen innan analys. Att använda testdata från ett deformationsläge kan fortfarande ge en bra passning. I de undersökta fallen visar verifikation av materialmodellen Yeoh 3:e ordningen att passningen som erhållits av enbart enaxligt dragprovtestdata och testdata från tre tester inte skiljer sig åt. Både enaxligt dragprov testdata och testdata från tre tester ger en bra passning när simulerar testerna med den materialmodellen. Fördelarna med att använda testdata från tre tester är ifrågasatt pga. kostnaderna. Det verkar som enbart enaxligt dragprov testdata kunde ha använts då det gav en bra passning. Vidare behövs testdata hanteras för att fungera som indata till ANSYS. ANSYS behöver nominellspänning-töjning testdata för hyperelastiska material förutom för det volymetriska testet, där sannspänning-töjning behövs. Det biaxiala dragprovet som realiserades med s.k. Bulge test måste därför konverteras till nominell spänning. Sedan behöver testdata justeras för att ta hänsyn till effekter som hysteres och Mullins effekt, där val av kurva samt en process ‘’zero-shift’’ måste göras. Hyperelastiska materialmodeller har olika giltighet för olika töjningsområden. Val av materialmodell blev Yeoh 3:e ordningen som visade sig vara en bra passning för båda materialen, HNBR och FKM, i töjningsområden 30%. Kurvanpassningen är baserad på tre tester. Valet baserades på den materialmodell som hade minst relativt fel och som var stabil. Materialkonstanterer hölls för den materialmodellen och dessa användes i simuleringar. Materialmodeller tenderar att vara ostabila för töjningar utanför testdata. Simuleringar av tätningar med flödestryck genomfördes för olika tryck och stretch av tätningen. Om kontakttrycket är större än flödestrycket i tätningen sker inget läckage.

[pt] Nas últimas décadas, tem-se observado um crescente número de pesquisas e aplicações envolvendo estruturas hiperelásticas, integrando diferentes áreas da engenharia de estruturas e de materiais, impulsionados pelos avanços tecnológicos do processo de manufatura por adição (impressões 3D e 4D), muitas envolvendo flambagem. Entretanto têm-se poucas informações sobre a estabilidade de elementos estruturais hiperelásticos. O objetivo desta tese é, pois, estudar a estabilidade de colunas e arcos hiperelásticos. Com esta finalidade, desenvolve-se inicialmente uma formulação variacional não linear pseudo-3d para vigas hiperelásticas incompressíveis, seguindo as hipóteses de Euler-Bernoulli. Para avaliar esta formulação, o problema de flexão pura de uma viga hiperelástica é investigado numericamente usando elementos finitos, e experimentalmente. Diversos modelos constitutivos para materiais hiperelásticos não lineares submetidos a deformações finitas são adotados. Ensaios uniaxiais são usados para determinação das constantes de cada modelo constitutivo e determinação do modelo mais preciso para o material considerado (polivinilsiloxano). Diversos elementos finitos uni- e tridimensionais são testados. A comparação entre resultados obtidos pela formulação proposta e por elementos finitos com os dados experimentais permitem determinar a precisão da formulação bem como o tipo de elemento e a discretização mais apropriada para as análises. Adicionalmente, estes resultados permitem aferir a importância das deformações axiais e cisalhantes e do peso próprio em barras hiperelásticas. O auxílio de um software de medição por correlação de imagem digital durante os ensaios permite uma análise aprofundada do campo de deformações, juntamente com as análises por elementos finitos tridimensionais. A seguir estuda-se a flambagem de colunas hiperelásticas com diferentes condições de contorno. Sob solicitações de flexo-compressão, observase que as deformações da estrutura ao longo do caminho não linear de equilíbrio são influenciadas pelas deformações axiais e cisalhantes, que se mostram importantes mesmo sob pequenas deformações. Tendo em vista a importância das imperfeições iniciais em problemas de estabilidade, propõe-se aqui uma modificação do método de Southwell para incluir tais deformações. Finalmente, analisa-se o comportamento multiestável de arcos hiperelásticos pré-tensionados considerando um ou múltiplos arcos associados em paralelo, obtendo-se boa correlação entre resultados numéricos e experimentais. Os resultados obtidos na análise experimental mostram que flexibilidade dos materiais hiperelásticos altera os caminhos de equilíbrio e que a estrutura é capaz de apresentar níveis elevados de deformação sem danos ao material, conferindo-as um grande potencial de absorção e armazenamento de energia. Observa-se também o papel importante do peso próprio nessas trajetórias. A compreensão do comportamento não linear e estabilidade desses sistemas estruturais são importantes em aplicações práticas como controle de vibrações, absorção e coleta de energia, desenvolvimento de metamateriais, bioengenharia e medicina e robôs flexíveis, dentre outras. / [en] In recent decades, there has been an increasing number of researches and applications involving hyperelastic structures, integrating different areas of engineering structures and materials, driven by technological advances in the manufacturing process by addition (3D and 4D printing), many involving buckling. However, there is little information about the stability of hyperelastic structural elements. The objective of this thesis is, therefore, to study the stability of hyperelastic columns and arches. For this purpose, a non-linear pseudo-3d variational formulation is initially developed for incompressible hyperelastic beams, following the Euler-Bernoulli hypotheses. To evaluate this formulation, a pure bending problem of a hyperelastic beam is investigated numerically using finite elements, and experimentally. Several constitutive models for nonlinear hyperelastic materials subjected to finite strains are adopted. Uniaxial tests are used to determine the constants of each constitutive model and to determine the most accurate model for the material considered (polyvinylsiloxane). Several one- and three-dimensional finite elements are tested. The comparison between results obtained by the proposed formulation and by finite elements with the experimental data allows determining the accuracy of the formulation as well as the type of element and the most appropriate discretization for the analyses. Additionally, these results allow evaluating the importance of axial and shear strains and self-weight in hyperelastic bars. The aid of a digital image correlation measurement software during the tests allows an in-depth analysis of the deformation field, along with three-dimensional finite element analyses. Next, the buckling of hyperelastic columns with different boundary conditions is studied. Under bending and compression actions, it is observed that the deformations of the structure along the non-linear path of equilibrium are influenced by axial and shear deformations, which are important even under small deformations. Bearing in mind the importance of initial imperfections in stability problems, a modification of the Southwell method is proposed here to include such deformations. Finally, the multistable behavior of pre-compressed hyperelastic arches is analyzed considering one or multiple archess associated in parallel, obtaining a good correlation between numerical and experimental results. The results obtained in the experimental analysis show that the flexibility of hyperelastic materials alters the equilibrium paths and that the structure is capable of presenting high levels of deformation without damage to the material, giving them a great potential for energy absorption and storage. It is also observed the important role of self-weight in these trajectories. Understanding the non-linear behavior and stability of these structural systems are important in practical applications such as vibration control, energy absorption and harvesting, metamaterial development, bioengineering and medicine and flexible robots, among others.

Although several studies have proven the accuracy of using a non-contact, air-coupled receiver in nonlinear ultrasonic (NLU) Rayleigh wave measurements, inconsistent results have been observed when working with narrow specimens. The objectives of this research are first, to develop a 3D numerical finite element (FE) model which predicts nonlinear ultrasonic measurements and second, to apply the validated model on the narrow waveguide to determine causes of the previously observed experimental issues. The commercial FE-solver ABAQUS is used to perform these simulations. Constitutive law and excitation source properties are adjusted to match experiments conducted, considering inherent effects of the non-contact detection, such as frequency dependent pressure wave attenuation and signal averaging. Comparison of “infinite” and narrow width simulations outlines various influences which impair the nonlinear Rayleigh wave measurements. When the wave expansion is restricted, amplitudes of the fundamental and second harmonic components decrease more significantly and the Rayleigh wavefronts show an oscillating interaction with the boundary. Because of the air-coupled receiver’s finite width, it is sensitive to these edge effects which alter the observed signal. Thus, the narrow specimen adversely affects key factors needed for consistent measurement of material nonlinearity with an air-coupled, non-contact receiver.

In vielen industriellen Anwendungen sind Dichtungen im Einsatz. Vergleicht man den Preis mit dem eines Gesamtsystems, in denen Dichtungen verwendet werden, so sind Dichtungen verhältnismäßig günstig. Jedoch führt ein Versagen von Dichtungen meist zu schwerwiegenden Konsequenzen. Dichtungen sind komplexe Subsysteme und ihre Auslegung erfordert umfangreiche Kenntnisse im Bereich Materialmodellierung, Belastung und Versagenskriterien. Die heutige Simulationstechnologie ermöglicht einen parametrischen Workflow für die Berechnung des Verhaltens von Dichtungen mit den auftretenden Effekten wie nichtlinearem Materialverhalten, wechselnden Kontaktbedingungen und Flüssigkeitsunterwanderung bei Druck. Als ein führendes Simulationswerkzeug für diese physikalische Fragestellung wird ANSYS Mechanical für die Auslegung herangezogen. Desweiteren kann das Verständnis für das Produkt erhöht werden, was zu einer Verbesserung der Funktionalität und der Zuverlässigkeit führt. Versuchsdaten können als Spannungs-Dehnungskurven in ANSYS importiert werden, welche das Materialverhalten des hyperelastischen Werkstoffs mit traditionellen Materialmodellen wie Mooney Rivlin, Ogden and Yeoh oder einer neueren Formulierung, der Antwortfunktionsmethode, widerspiegeln. Robuste Kontakttechnologien beschleunigen die Simulation und Entwicklungszeit-Berechnungszeiten und gewährleisten ein genaues Verhalten des Simulationsmodells. Insbesondere bei Dichtungen ist die druckbeaufschlagte Fläche in 2D und 3D Anwendungen von Bedeutung. ANSYS berechnet diese automatisch in Abhängigkeit des aktuellen Kontaktzustandes. Diese benutzerfreundliche Unterstützung führt zu einer höheren Genauigkeit des Simulationsergebnisses, da ein manuelles Schätzen der Druckflächen entfällt. Mit einem parametrischen und durchgängigen Ansatz innerhalb von ANSYS Workbench, beginnend bei der CAD-Geometrie, über die Vernetzung, Material- und Randbedingungsdefinition und Lösung. können eine Reihe von Varianten in kurzer Zeit berechnet werden. Neben einem besseren Verständnis für das Produkt hilft dies dem Ingenieur Änderungen vorzunehmen, was zu exakten und aussagekräftigen Ergebnissen führt. Desweiteren kann der Einfluss von Unsicherheiten berücksichtigt werden, sodass der Berechnungsingenieur fernab von idealen Bedingungen robuste und zuverlässige Dichtungen entwickeln kann.

Mechanical forces have been observed to affect various aspects of life, for example, cell differentiation, cell migration, locomotion and behavior of multicellular organisms etc. Such forces are generated either by external entities such as mechanical touch, fluid flow, electric and magnetic fields or by the living organisms themselves. Study of forces sensed and applied by living organisms is important to understand the interactions between organisms and their environment. Such studies may reveal molecular mechanisms involved in mechanosensation and locomotion. Several techniques have been successfully applied to measure forces exerted by single cells and cell monolayers. The earliest technique made use of functionalized soft surfaces and membranes as substrates on which cell monolayers were grown. The forces exerted by the cells could be measured by observing deformation of the substrates. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is another sensitive instrument that allows one to exert and measure forces in pico-Newton range. Advances in micromachining technology have enabled development of miniature force sensors and actuators. Latest techniques for mechanical force application and measurement use micromachined Silicon cantilevers in single as well as array form and micropillar arrays. Micropillar arrays fabricated using soft lithography enabled the use of biocompatible materials for force sensors. Together, these techniques provide access to a wide range of forces, from sub micro-Newton to milli-Newton. In the present work, types of forces experienced in biological systems and various force measurement and actuation techniques will be introduced. This will be followed by in depth description of the two major contributions of this thesis, 1) ―Colored polydimethylsiloxane micropillar arrays for high throughput measurements of forces applied by genetic model organisms‖. Biomicrofluidics, January 29, 2015. doi: 10.1063/1.4906905 2) ―Air microjet system for non-contact force application and the actuation of micro-structures‖. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering, December 15, 2015. doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/26/1/017001 Device developed for force measurement consists of an array of micropillars made of a biocompatible polymer Poly Dimethyl Siloxane (PDMS). Such devices have been used by researchers to measure traction forces exerted by single cells and also by nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). C. elegans is allowed to move in between the micropillars and the locomotion is video recorded. Deflection of the micropillar tips as the worm moves is converted into force exerted. Transparent appearance of C. elegans and PDMS poses difficulties in distinguishing micropillars from the worm, thus making it challenging to automate the analysis process. We address this problem by developing a technique to color the micropillars selectively. This enabled us to develop a semi-automated graphical user interface (GUI) for high throughput data extraction and analysis, reducing the analysis time for each worm to minutes. Moreover, increased contrast because of the color also delivered better images. Addition of color changed the Young‘s modulus of PDMS. Thus the dye-PDMS composite was characterized using hyper-elastic model. The micropillars were also calibrated using commercial force sensor. Analysis of forces exerted by wild type and mutant C. elegans moving on an agarose surface was performed. Wild type C. elegans exerted a total average force of 7.68 µN and an average force of ~1 µN on an individual pillar. We show that the middle of C. elegans exerts more force than its extremities. We find that C. elegans mutants with defective body wall muscles apply significantly lower force on individual pillars, while mutants defective in sensing externally applied mechanical forces still apply the same average force per pillar compared to wild type animals. Average forces applied per pillar are independent of the length, diameter, or cuticle stiffness of the animal. It was also observed that the motility of the worms with mechanosensation defects, lower cuticle stiffness, and body wall muscle defects was reduced with worms that have defective body wall muscle having the largest degree. Thus, we conclude that while reduced ability to apply forces affects the locomotion of the worm in the micropillar array, the reduced motility/locomotion may not indicate that the worm has reduced ability to apply forces on the micropillars. We also used the colored micropillar array for the first time to measure forces exerted by Drosophila larvae. Our device successfully captured the peristaltic rhythm of the body wall muscles of the larva and allowed us to measure the forces applied on each deflected pillar during this motion. Average force exerted by 1st instar wild type Drosophila larvae was measured to be ~ 1.5 µN per pillar. We demonstrated that a microjet of air can be used to apply forces in micro-Newton range. We developed a standalone system to generate a controlled air microjet. Microjet was generated using a controlled electromagnetic actuation of a diaphragm. With a nozzle diameter of 150 µm, the microjet diameter was maintained to a maximum of 1 mm at a distance of 5 mm from the nozzle. The force generated by the microjet was measured using a commercial force sensor to determine the velocity profile of the jet. Axial flow velocities of up to 25 m/s were obtained at distances as long as 6 mm. The microjet exerted a force up to 1 µN on a poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) micropillar (50 µm in diameter, 157 µm in height) and 415 µN on a PDMS membrane (3 mm in diameter, 28 µm thick). We also demonstrate that from a distance of 6 mm our microjet can exert a peak pressure of 187 Pa with a total force of about 84 µN on a flat surface with 8 V operating voltage. Next, we demonstrated that the response of C. elegans worms to the impinging air microjet is similar to the response evoked using a manual gentle touch. This contactless actuation tool avoids contamination and mechanical damage to the samples. Out of the cleanroom fabrication and robust design make this system cost effective and durable. Magnetic micropillars have been used as actuators. We fabricated magnetic micropillar arrays and designed actuation mechanisms using permanent magnet and a pulsed electromagnet. Force of about 19 µN was achievable using a permanent magnet actuation. In a pulsed electromagnetic field micropillar exerted a force of about 10 µN on a commercial force sensor. These techniques have promising applications when actuation needs to be controlled from long distances.

Ultrasonic measurements of the preload in bolted joints is a very accurate method since it does not depend on the friction and other factors which cause difficulties for common methods. The ultrasonic method works by emitting an ultrasonic pulse into the bolt which is reflected at the end and returned to the transducer, the change in the time of flight (TOF) can be related to the elongation of the bolt and therefore the preload. One must account for the acoustoelastic effect which is the change in sound speed due to an initial stress state. The goal of this thesis project was to implement a Murnaghan hyperelastic material model in order to account for the acoustoelastic effect when conducting a numerical simulation using the finite element method (FEM). An experiment was also performed to validate the numerical simulation. The DeltaTOF as a function of a tensile force was obtained for an M8 and M10 test piece from the experiment. The material model was implemented by creating a user subroutine written in Fortran for the explicit solver Radioss. Hypermesh was used to set-up the numerical simulation. The material model has shown an expected behavior with an increased sound speed with compressive stresses and a decreased speed with tensile stresses. The numerical simulation showed a good correspondence to the experimental results. / Ultraljudsmätning av klämklraften i skruvförband är en väldigt noggrann metod eftersom att metoden inte påverkas av friktion eller andra faktorer som innebär svårigheter för vanliga metoder. Ultraljudsmetoden fungerar genom att skicka in en ultraljudsvåg i skruven som reflekteras i botten och återvänder tillbaka till sensorn. Skillnaden i tiden för ekot att återvända kan relateras till förlängningen av skruven och därmed klämkraften. Det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till den akustoelastiska effekten, som är fenomenet där ljudhastigheten av en våg i en solid förändras med spänningstillståndet. Målet med det här arbetet är att implementera en hyperelastisk Murnaghan modell som tar hänsyn till den akustoelastiska effekten med FEM simuleringar. Ett experiment har också genomförts för att validera beräkningsmodellen. Tidsfördröjningen som en funktion av förspänningskraften togs fram för ett M8 och M10 provobjekt. Murnaghans hyperelastiska materialmodell implementerades genom att skapa ett användar material skriven i programmeringsspråket Fortran för den explicita lösaren Radioss. Hypermesh användes för att ställa upp FEM simuleringen. Materialmodellen har visat ett väntat beteende med en ökad ljudhastighet med tryckspänningar och minskad ljudhastighet med dragspänningar. Beräkningsmodellen visade en god överenstämmelse med resultatet från experimentet.

Part 1: Theoretic background information - Review of Hooke’s law for linear elastic materials - The strain energy density of linear elastic materials - Hyperelastic material - Material laws for hyperelastic materials - About selecting the material model and performing tests - Implementation of hyperelastic material laws in Mechanica - Defining hyperelastic material parameters in Mechanica - Test set-ups and specimen shapes of the supported material tests - The uniaxial compression test - Stress and strain definitions in the Mechanica LDA analysis Part 2: Application examples - A test specimen subjected to uniaxial loading - A volumetric compression test - A planar test - Influence of the material law Appendix - PTC Simulation Services Introduction - Dictionary Technical English-German / Teil 1: Theoretische Hintergrundinformation - Das Hookesche Gesetz für linear-elastische Werkstoffe - Die Dehnungsenergiedichte für linear-elastische Materialien - Hyperelastisches Material - Materialgesetze für Hyperelastizität - Auswählen des Materialgesetzes und Testdurchführung - Implementierung der hyperelastischen Materialgesetze in Mechanica - Definieren der hyperelastischen Materialparameter in Mechanica - Testaufbauten und Prüfkörper der unterstützten Materialtests - Der einachsige Druckversuch - Spannungs- und Dehnungsdefinition in der Mechanica-Analyse mit großen Verformungen Teil 2: Anwendungsbeispiele - Ein einachsig beanspruchter Prüfkörper - Ein volumetrischer Drucktest - Ein planarer Test - Einfluss des Materialgesetzes Anhang: - Kurzvorstellung der PTC Simulationsdienstleistungen - Wörterbuch technisches Englisch-Deutsch