Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho procura discutir o modo como os fenômenos sobrenaturais foram apropriados, pela ciência, no século XIX. A teoria do magnetismo animal, criada por Mesmer, com suas variadas interpretações por várias gerações de discípulos; a construção da teoria da hipnose, com a codificação da histeria abrindo definitivamente as portas das censuras acadêmicas; e a teoria da dissociação, criada no final daquele século, demonstram diferentes explicações fisicalistas que, muitas vezes, serviram para estabelecer distâncias entre um saber popular e o conhecimento de elites profissionais. A construção do cérebro possuído, no século XIX, apoiada na nosologia da histeria, codificada pela Escola de Salpêtrière, refletiu uma importante transformação social da época, em um processo de laicização da assistência pública, fundamental para a afirmação da psiquiatria como disciplina nascente. Atualmente, a codificação de fenômenos complexos, como transe e possessão espiritual que povoam a imaginação ou a superstição popular, ganha o estatuto de entidade nosológica, a partir das classificações diagnósticas oficiais da psiquiatria hegemônica. O cérebro será quase sempre a referência utilizada na esperança de naturalização do sobrenatural. / This study discusses the way supernatural phenomena were enfolded by science in nineteenth century. The theory of magnetism, created by Mesmer, and its different interpretations by generations of disciples; the theory of hypnosis with hysteria codification, opening the academic censure; and the dissociation theory, created at the end of the nineteenth century, had demonstrated different efforts of finding physicals explanations, which served, in most cases, to establish distances between folk knowledge and elites of professional knowledge. The construction of the possessed brain, in nineteenth century, based on the hysteria nosology of Salpêtrière School, reflected an important social transformation, at that time, in a laicization process of public assistance, and an affirmation of psychiatry as a nascent discipline. Nowadays, the codification of complex mental states as trance, spiritual possession, which inhabit superstitious and popular imagination, receive a nosologic entity status from official diagnostic classification in psychiatry. Brain is mostly the reference used in the hope of supernatural naturalization.

Stress has long been reported to play a prominent role in the onset and course of diabetes mellitus. The present study first reviews the literature addressing the impact of stress on this disease, the physiological mechanisms and pathways the stress response might utilize, and psychotherapeutic tacts taken to date to ameliorate this response. A stress management package was then assembled, comprised of relaxation training, hypnosis, stress inoculation training, and imagery induction.

This study compared the relative efficacy of two different theoretically-derived strategies in the hypnotic treatment for cigarette smoking. The use of counterconditioning suggestions (present or absent) was compared to the use of role-playing suggestions (present or absent) in a two-way factorial design. Also investigated was whether there were any pretreatment variables which could predict successful long-term smoking control. Fifty adult chronic smokers were matched on the dimensions of baseline smoking rate, number of years smoking and number of previous attempts to quit smoking, then assigned to one of four treatment groups. All subjects were offered four sixty-minute group hypnotherapy treatment sessions over a three week period, with smoking rate assessed at the second, third and fourth sessions, and at one-month, three-months and six-months post-treatment. The two dependent measures of percentage reduction from baseline smoking rate and percentage of subjects in each treatment group remaining abstinent from smoking showed similar results. ANOVA procedures found a significant Time of assessment X Counterconditioning interaction, indicating that the use of counterconditioning suggestions facilitates the long-term maintanence of smoking control more than the use of role-playing suggestions or a "hypnotic relaxation" treatment using no specific suggestions. The demographic variables of increased age, having a smoking-related health problem, and being a "stimulation" type of smoker were found to correlate highly with successful long- term outcome and to correctly classify subjects as abstainers or nonabstainers the majority of the time.

A total of 60 male and female subjects scoring between 0-5 and 8-12 on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A underwent hypnosis procedures, hypnosis and age regression procedures to age 10, or were read an article about hypnosis. All subjects then listened to 20 minutes of directed imagery for warming and cooling the hands. Skin temperature was monitored on both index fingers. Dependent measures were the difference between each subject's highest temperature and baseline temperature, the difference between each subject's baseline temperature and lowest temperature, and the latency of change from baseline to highest temperature, and the latency of change from the beginning of cooling imagery to lowest temperature. Results indicated that the age regression group achieved significantly warmer temperatures than the control group and that the age regression group remained significantly warmer than the two other groups during the cooling imagery. Results also indicated that these skin temperature responses generalized to the nondominant hand. The data were interpreted as suggesting that those subjects exposed to the age regression procedures may have been more relaxed than the other groups. Another interpretation suggested the cooling imagery may not have been accessing common or pleasant experiences of the subjects.

Ce travail de thèse vise à étudier la dynamique psychique des sujets douloureux chroniques ainsi qu’à évaluer l’incidence d’une prise en charge hypnothérapeutique sur le fonctionnement psychique au sein de cette population. Cette recherche repose sur la mise en place d’une méthodologie incluant la passation du test de Rorschach, du test de l’arbre malade, et du test de MMPI-2, auprès d’une population de 36 sujets constitués en groupe clinique et témoin. Les résultats témoignent, chez les sujets douloureux chroniques, d’un fonctionnement psychique marqué par la présence d’un Moi ne parvenant pas à déployer une mobilisation défensive suffisamment efficiente pour restaurer un équilibre face à l’effraction somato-psychique que représente la douleur. Suite à la prise en charge hypnothérapeutique, les résultats révèlent des modifications au niveau de la dynamique psychique. Ils témoignent d’un renforcement de l’instance moïque permettant des remaniements au niveau de la sphère affective, de la qualité du rapport à la réalité ainsi qu’une restauration narcissique. La prise en charge engendre par ailleurs des ajustements au niveau de la consistance des limites de l’image du corps. L’incidence des modalités de fonctionnement psychique sur les effets de la prise en charge hypnothérapeutique semble fonction du niveau de psychopathologie présenté par les sujets. Les résultats obtenus traduisent les potentialités de l’hypnose en tant que technique psychothérapeutique. La prise en charge hypnothérapeutique semble exercer une incidence au niveau de l’image du corps et de l’instance moïque à même de contribuer à la restauration de l’équilibre psychique / This thesis work seeks to study the psychic dynamic of chronic pain subjects, as well as to assess the impact of a hypnotherapeutic treatment on the psychic functioning in this population. This research strategy relies on the following methodology: Rorschach test, ill tree test, MMPI-2 test, on a 36-subject population distributed in a clinical group and a witness group. On chronic pain subjects, results show a psychic functioning pronounced by the presence of an Ego that can not deploy sufficient protection to re-establish a balance following a somatopsychic break that the pain represents. Following a hypnotherapy, results show modifications of the psychic dynamic. They show a strengthening of the ego allowing a revision of the emotional sphere, as well as a better relation to reality and a narcissistic restoration. The treatment generates a better the perception of body image. The impact of psychic functioning from the effects of the hypnotherapy treatment seems to be related to the psychopathology level of the subjects. Results show that hypnosis can potentially be used as a psychotherapeutic technique. Hypnosis treatment seems to exercise an effect on the body image and the ego that may contribute to the restoration of the psychic balance

La drépanocytose, pathologie génétique de l'hémoglobine la plus fréquente en France, se caractérise par des crises douloureuses paroxystiques, dont la survenue apparaît souvent depuis la plus jeune enfance. La majorité des individus rencontrés en métropole française sont issus de la migration, provenant de départements d'Outre-Mer et de pays d'Afrique Sub-Saharienne.Par une méthodologie qualitative, nous observons les répercussions des crises douloureuses pathognomoniques de la drépanocytose, que nous considérons comme traumatogènes, sur la dynamique identitaire de sujets adultes. D'une part, nous suggérons que ces crises se figurent tel un évènement déstructurant, menaçant l'équilibre identitaire du sujet, de par l'imprévisibilité de leur survenue et leur risque létal. D'autre part, au vu de cette potentialité traumatique, nous les envisageons comme structurant la dynamique psychique du sujet, au travers des modalités singulières que ce dernier entretient avec son corps. La confrontation au Réel de la Mort, le vécu d’effroi, la menace d’annihilation psychique causée par la douleur, ainsi que leur répétitivité et le sentiment d’incertitude quant à leur soulagement, inscrivant parfois le sujet dans un temps dissociatif long, dévoilent un risque de développer un syndrome psychotraumatique. Pour autant, de par leur récurrence, elles engendrent une relation au corps où le sujet anticipe le surgissement de la douleur, laquelle apparaît tel un repère sensoriel, même latent, auquel il se fie pour se mouvoir dans son environnement.Dans cette visée exploratoire, nous appréhendons le sentiment et la construction identitaire des sujets, notamment au regard des étiologies plurielles affiliées à la drépanocytose, relatives aux savoirs profanes de la culture d’origine et aux savoirs médicaux disponibles. Ces diverses explications causales génèrent des représentations et des désignations socio-culturelles du sujet drépanocytaire, particulièrement dans le pays d’origine. Le processus identitaire semble malmené par les contraintes liées à la maladie, contribuant au sentiment d’être différent des autres, lequel est également alimenté par ces spécificités socio-culturelles. Au-delà des bouleversements identitaires liés à la migration, l’analyse met en exergue les réactions et les ressources employées face à la maladie, et illustre les mouvements de distanciation des sujets face à une identité parfois vécue comme « subie ».En outre, nous avons recueilli des données quantitatives concernant l’observance thérapeutique, les niveaux d’anxiété, de fatigue, de catastrophisme, ainsi que les croyances et les perceptions associées à la douleur. En moyenne, les sujets déclaraient être observants quant à leur traitement. Les niveaux moyens d’anxiété et de catastrophisme se sont avérés modérés. La fatigabilité s’orienterait sur une dimension sensorielle et affective plutôt que comportementale et cognitive. Concernant leur douleur, les sujets avaient tendance à l’appréhender comme mystérieuse et pérenne, ne se percevaient que peu coupables quant à sa présence et semblaient hésitants sur son caractère intermittent ou continu.Le premier axe d’étude de l’hypnose et de la pratique de l’autohypnose s’attachait à les estimer en tant que facteurs d’atténuation des symptômes mesurés par le biais des échelles d’évaluation. Le deuxième intéressait la nécessaire dimension intersubjective de l’hypnose. Aucune différence significative n’a été retrouvée entre les deux temps de mesures qui suggérerait une efficacité symptomatique de l’hypnose. Au travers du discours des sujets, l’influence de l’hypnose résiderait dans la (ré)appropriation du vécu du corps et de l’histoire subjective grâce à l’investissement relationnel sécurisant au praticien. Enfin, la pratique de l’autohypnose se révélerait efficace en tant que réactualisation de cette relation, mobilisant le sujet dans un engagement à lui-même. / Sickle-cell disease, the most common genetic pathology of haemoglobin in France, is characterized by painful paroxysmal pain attacks, often occurring since early childhood. The majority of the individuals met in the French metropolis are migrants, coming from overseas departments and countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.Using a qualitative methodology, we observe the repercussions of painful pathnomonic crisis in sickle-cell disease, which we consider traumatogenic, on the identity dynamic of adult subjects. On one hand, we suggest that these crises appear as a destructuring event, threatening the subject's identity balance, due to the unpredictability of their occurrence and their lethal risk. On the other hand, in view of this traumatic potentiality, we consider them as structuring the psychic dynamics of the subject, through the peculiar modalities that he maintains with his body. The confrontation with the Reality of Death, the experience of dread, the threat of psychological annihilation caused by pain, as well as their repetitiveness and the feeling of uncertainty as to their relief, sometimes placing the subject in a long dissociative time, reveal a risk of developing psychotraumatic syndrome. However, because of their recurrence, they generate a body relationship where the subject anticipates the onset of pain, which appears as a sensory reference point, even latent, which he relies on to live in his environment.In this exploratory aim, we apprehend the feeling and identity construction of subjects, particularly in regard of the plural etiologies affiliated with sickle-cell disease, related to the secular knowledge of the culture of origin and the medical knowledge available. These various causal explanations generate socio-cultural representations and designations of the sickle cell disease subject, particularly in the country of origin. The identity process seems to be mishandled by disease related constraints, contributing to the feeling of being different from others, which is also fuelled by these socio-cultural specificities. Beyond the identity changes linked to migration, the analysis highlights the reactions and resources used in dealing with illness, and illustrates the movement of subjective distanciation subjects from an identity that is sometimes experienced as "undergone".In addition, we collected quantitative data on adherence, anxiety, fatigue, catastrophizing, and beliefs and perceptions associated with pain. On average, subjects reported being observant about their treatment. Average levels of anxiety and catastrophizing were moderate. Tiredness would tend to a sensory and emotional dimension rather than a behavioural and cognitive one. Regarding their pain, subjects tended to perceive it as mysterious and lasting, don’t feel guilty about its presence and seemed hesitant about its intermittent or continuous nature.The first axis of study of hypnosis and the practice of self-hypnosis focused on estimating them as mitigating factors for symptoms measured through assessment scales. The second concerned the necessary inter-subjective dimension of hypnosis. No significant differences were found between the two measurement times that would suggest symptomatic efficacy of hypnosis. Through the subjects' words, the influence of hypnosis could be seen in the (re)appropriation of the body's experience and subjective history thanks to the practitioner's secure relational investment. Finally, the practice of self-hypnosis would prove to be effective as an update of this relationship, mobilizing the subject in a commitment to himself.

Family therapy researchers have conducted a variety of studies of brief approaches to family therapy (e.g., MRI, Solution Focused, Strategic). However, despite the fact that Milton Erickson’s approach to hypnosis and psychotherapy was a significant influence on these models, few family therapy researchers have studied Ericksonian hypnosis directly. Hypnosis is a way of communicating with the body to elicit psychological and physiological responses that are not organized by conscious awareness (Erickson, 1980i). Hypnosis becomes hypnotherapy when the context and the participants are oriented toward therapeutic change (Flemons, 2002). Employing the methodology of autoethnography (Ellis & Bochner, 2016) and using Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) (Kagan, Krathwohl, & Miller, 1963) to conduct process research, the author explored the experience and understanding of both an Erickson-inspired hypnotherapist, Dr. Eric Greenleaf, and a client (herself) during a hypnotherapy session focused on addressing the issue of anxiety. Informed by what Bruner (1986) called a narrative mode of constructing the world, the author presents a narrative account of what transpired. Her analysis distinguishes six hypnotic holons—parts of a whole that are themselves wholes (Koestler, 1967)—that illuminate the co-creative nature of the hypnotherapeutic experience. Each holon indicates a particular kind of invitation extended by the hypnotherapist, the client’s response to that invitation, and what comes out of the interaction. The author also illuminates the particular qualities that the hypnotherapist brought to the interaction and discusses implications of the study for clinicians and researchers.

The study examines the use of hypnotic audiotapes designed to affect study habits and attitudes. It is assumed that exposure to the hypnotic audiotapes will improve study habits and attitudes. It is further expected that exposure to the audiotapes will improve students' self-concepts and adjustment to college work, as well as reduce anxiety. Previous studies are cited which indicate that hypnosis has had a positive effect on learning. Hypnosis has been shown to be an effective means of changing specific behaviors.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Cazarotto Mateus.pdf: 1712745 bytes, checksum: ac6f524510cbbd9135997bad613b7e6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-25 / This research is the result of the Master dissertation in Clinic Psychology at Hospital Psychology and Psychosomatic Nucleus from PUC-SP. The research aimed to check alteration on the glycemia level and on well-being sensation in people with Diabetes Mellitus type II after experiencing pleasure situations through the ericksonian hypnosis, as well as analyze the outcomes of the investigation. Ten subjects compounded the intervention group and eight subjects compounded the control group. Based on the literature revision, there were employed the following tools: socio-demographic questionnaire; semi-guided interview about pleasure situation; VAS Visual Analog Scale; glycemia level measurement and semi-guided interview about the intervention. The results were divided in five categories: socio-demographic data, pleasure experiences, glycemia level, well-being sensations and intervention perceptions. It was concluded that hypnosis helped decrease patients glycemia level after the last session, with a percentage reducing average of 13.20%, and the statement of every subject pointing out the improvement on the sensation of well-being after the intervention / Esta pesquisa é o resultado da dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia Clínica do Núcleo de Psicossomática e Psicologia Hospitalar da PUC-SP. A pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar se existe alteração no nível de glicemia e na sensação de bem estar em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo II após vivenciarem situações agradáveis através da hipnose Ericksoniana, bem como analisar os resultados encontrados nessa investigação. Dez sujeitos compuseram o grupo intervenção e oito sujeitos compuseram o grupo controle. Com suporte teórico obtido na revisão de literatura, procedeu-se à aplicação dos seguintes instrumentos: questionário sócio-demográfico; entrevista semidirigida sobre situações agradáveis; escala de cores VAS; medida do nível de glicemia e entrevista semi-dirigida sobre intervenção. Os resultados foram separados em cinco variáveis: dados sócio-demográficos; vivências agradáveis; nível de glicemia; sensações de bem estar e impressões sobre intervenção. Foi concluído que a hipnose ajudou na diminuição do nível de glicemia dos pacientes após a última sessão, com uma média de redução percentual de 13,20%, e todos os sujeitos da amostra indicarem sentir melhora na sensação de bem estar após a intervenção

Este estudo apresenta o trabalho do psicanalista e hipnoterapeuta americano Milton Hyland Erickson a partir de seus dados biográficos e de sua relevância para a chamada terapia estratégica, propondo, em consonância com sua experiência profissional, uma nova epistemologia para a mudança; propõe ainda uma comparação entre a trajetória de Freud e a de Erickson em relação à hipnose, bem como um apanhado histórico sobre essa técnica. Com base nessa recuperação teórica, os padrões ericksonianos de linguagem são investigados à luz do Metamodelo e do Modelo Milton, criações de Richard Bandler e John Grinder, tomando por base alguns conceitos da Programação Neurolinguística (PNL) tais como sistemas representacionais, filtros, modelagem, espelhamento e rapport. Empreende-se uma análise do discurso ericksoniano a partir de três casos selecionados dentre seus atendimentos clínicos, evidenciando os padrões de linguagem apresentados nas categorias e subcategorias do Metamodelo e do Modelo Milton, com o objetivo de validá-los tanto teórica quanto empiricamente / This study aimed at scrutinizing Milton Hyland Ericksons theoretical framework and therapeutic methodology with a view to the understanding of their relevance to the so-called strategic therapy. That aim was carried out through analyses of issues such as Ericksons professional experience, his shared points and differences with Freudian hypnosis and particularly his patterns of discourse as well as his very clinical technique. Those analyses were accomplished under the guidance of the Metamodel and the Milton Model as proposed by Richard Bandler and John Grinder within the references and concepts comprised in the Neuro-Linguistic Programming such as representational systems, filters, modeling, mirroring and rapport. In order to ground and illustrate the theoretical analyses, this work was enriched by the scrutiny of three Ericksonian clinical cases. This strategy proved to be effective since it has provided evidences about both Ericksons language patterns and empirical data for the observation of the categories and subcategories of the Metamodel and Miltons Model, as a kind of a quest for validation of his theory and methods. The results put into light Ericksons understanding of the therapeutic work