Today's society is dependent on energy and the increasing use of energy affects the environment in a negative way. In Sweden, homes and premises account for 39% of total energy use. Achieving national environmental quality goals requires a reduction in energy use and the energy saving potential in the real estate sector is large. Energy use in buildings can be reduced by carrying out certain energy efficiency measures. Kårhuset by Mälardalen University was built in 1997 and it is a gathering place for students. The building is located on the campus area in Västerås and includes an office, restaurant kitchen, dining room, pub and meeting rooms for line associations. In this work, an energy survey has been carried out by the property Anderslund 12 (Kårhuset) to find out the current energy use and investigate the energy saving potential in the building.  The work's literature study analyzes previous research and similar case studies. Thereafter, the building's energy use has been simulated by IDA ICE by creating a basic model in the software using data from various authorities and site visits. The results of the basic model were then compared with simulations of various energy efficiency measures to evaluate the energy saving potential. The measures examined are window replacement, additional insulation of exterior walls and replacement of heat exchangers in the air handling units. As a complementary alternative, energy efficiency with solar cells on the roof was investigated. The conclusion is that the property's energy use exceeds the average of Swedish premises' energy use. In connection with a possible renovation, the building has good opportunities for more efficient energy use. By carrying out all the measures that have been proposed, the heating demand can be reduced by 39% and the energy supplied can be reduced from 156.9 kWh / m2, Atemp, year to 103 kWh / m2, Atemp, year. Complementary installation of solar cells is a profitable alternative for reducing the building's extremely high electricity consumption.

The world is experiencing increasing energy usage owing to environmental impacts suchas climate change, Ozone layer depletion, and global warming. Energy usage is primarily categorized into transport, industrial, residential, and service sectors, with the transportation and industrial sectors taking up a considerable chunk of the energy use; Buildings partly determine the use of energy globally. This review presents a critical analysis of energy demand and uses in the building sector considering the energy optimization for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Trollhättan, including the local energy requirements. The modelling software IDA-ICE isused to conduct simulations for different scenarios. The IDA-ICE software links the actual building images with the isometric views done on a computer. The energy balance of buildings is considered with respect to the three methods for heat transfer, the U-value,ventilation, heating load, and cooling load. The study results show that the building relieson electricity and fuel for its energy supply and that fuel consumption takes the highest share, 60 %. Retrofit 1 (where the oil and electric boilers are replaced by geothermal heat pump with COP 4 for heating and domestic hot water), Retrofit 2 (which keeps changes from Retrofit_1 and where a new AHU with a VAV system replaces the existing two AHUs), and Retrofit 3 (which keeps changes from Retrofit_2 and only connects the heating system to district heating) are designed as part of the findings to understand the variation sin comfort reference, supplied Energy, used Energy, utilized Energy, auxiliary Energy, and the Energy of all zones during heating and cooling. The model results indicate that Retrofit2 demonstrates better results than the other two since it has a higher energy-saving capacity. The energy reduction for Retrofit model 1 is about 33.4 %, while Retrofit model 2 has 55% and model 3 has 33%, significantly decreasing the associated costs. The LCC analysis shows payback for the first model 6.73 years with an investment cost of 700 000 SEK, the second model has 5.84 with 1 million SEK investment, and the third model has 3.4 years with 350 000 SEK.

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Energieffektivisering blir en allt viktigare åtgärd för äldre fastigheter i takt med att energipriserna stiger, det minskar samtidigt klimatpåverkan. Syftet med arbetet har varit att presentera åtgärder för minskad energianvändning för Noxon AB samt att utvärdera olika energiberäkningsprogram för J&E Energikonsult. Arbetet bygger på statistik från fastighetsägaren, mätningar, litteraturstudie samt genom rådgörande med experter inom området. Byggnadens årliga uppvärmningsbehov jämfördes i IDA ICE, BV2 samt genom handberäkningar med Energisignaturmetoden. Resultaten från IDA ICE och BV2 ligger inom 1% från varandra medans handberäkningarna överskattar uppvärmingsbehovet med 5%. Byggnaden och föreslagna åtgärder har simulerats i BV2 samt IDA ICE där byggnaden delades in i 9 zoner baserat på klimatskal, ventilationssystem och värmesy- stem. För att uppskatta åtgärdernas energibesparingspotential baserat på den insamlade informationen. Med hjälp av IDA ICE har sex stycken kostnadseffektiva åtgärder identi- fierats för fastigheten, där återbetalningstiden för samtliga åtgärder beräknas till mellan 8 - 12 år baserat på 4 scenarier på hur elpriset utvecklas i framtiden.

The pace of development in modern society since the Industrial Revolution has beenunprecedented and it keeps proceeding in a more aggressive and accelerated phase. However, thisdevelopment is a highly energy demanded action which is resulting an increased exploitation ofnatural resources, and subsequently, an expanded pressure on our environment, which sometimesconflicts between proprietors. On the other hand, it also creates great opportunities fortechnological developments as well as new research fields. As one of the biggest energy consumers,it is a crucial task that building and real estate sector follow this development trend by inventingand practicing new methods and technologies in order to limit energy usage and increase energyefficiency for a contribution to sustainable development in the society.When considering improvement of energy efficiency of the buildings from the million homeprogramme, it is worth to carry out energy analysis before renovation works begins in order toobtain a holistic overview of the energy issues those buildings are struggling with. For dwellingsfrom almost 50 years ago, one of the biggest issues is the large energy usage for heating due to theheat loss to the ambience through the building’s envelope. More precisely, the heat losses throughroof, walls, windows, doors, ventilations and infiltrations. This thesis will focus on technologicalsolutions that can control the heat losses caused by convection and conduction through the externalwalls, windows and doors, which approximately stands for nearly 55% of the total heat loss for ahouse from the million home programme. Furthermore, with help of passive heating and coolingstrategies, improvement of both energy performance and indoor thermal comfort on the studiedlamellar house from the million home programme will be achieved.According to the simulation results, the installation of double glass façade on the outside of theexternal walls can reduce energy consumption, as well as keep indoor thermal comfort in desirableboundaries. In the simulated executive model, the delivered energy has been reduced to 95.3𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 from the basic model with 121.8 𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟. However,In the exclusive model the delivered energy has successfully declined to 71.1 𝐾𝑊ℎ/𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 , which is under the maximum permitted value (85.0 𝐾𝑊ℎ/viii𝑚2𝐴𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) in the Swedish building code. Both of models has maintained the occupancysatisfaction in adequate boundaries.

För att uppnå Boverkets och Miljöbyggnads energi- och miljökrav finns ett intresse av att förstå fastigheters energianvändning. Fastighetsföretaget Humlegården har uppfört ett nytt huvudkontor för bankföretaget Swedbank: kv. Cirkusängen i Sundbyberg, Stockholm och Humlegården har ett intresse av långsiktig driftförvaltning och optimering av fastighetens energisystem. Detta examensarbete undersöker den manuella (statiska) och dynamiska energiberäkningen av kv. Cirkusängen med fokus på den dynamiska modellen i energi- och inomhusklimatsimuleringsprogrammet IDA ICE. Syftet med examensarbetet är att definiera kv. Cirkusängens Energisignatur för att senare kunna användas som underlag vid driftförvaltning. En byggnads Energisignatur kan definieras av uppmätt energianvändning och/eller av den dynamiska modellen i IDA ICE och kan användas vid långtidsmätning och energianalys samt för realtidsvisualisering av byggnadens energiprestanda. Genom modifiering av IDA-modellen har parametrars påverkan på energianvändningen analyserats i syfte att optimera och skapa en representativ IDA-modell och därmed en väldefinierad Energisignatur. Målet med detta examensarbete är att ge en god förståelse för hur IDA ICE kan användas för att definiera kv. Cirkusängens Energisignatur.    Detta examensarbete vänder sig främst till engagerade parter inom byggsektorn; driftförvaltare, energiingenjörer, hyresgäster och myndigheter. / To fulfill the building codes of Boverket – The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning and receive the environmental certificate from SGBC – Swedish Green Building Council there is an interest in energy consumption predictions and energy monitoring. The Swedish real estate company Humlegården has constructed a new headquarter for the banking business Swedbank: kv. Cirkusängen in Sundbyberg, Stockholm, Sweden and Humlegården has an interest in long-term energy management and optimization of the property´s energy system. This Master thesis investigates the static and dynamic energy calculations of kv. Cirkusängen focusing on the dynamical model in Indoor Climate and Energy simulation software IDA ICE. The purpose of the thesis is to define the Energy Signature of kv. Cirkusängen to be used as basis for the energy management. A building´s Energy Signature can be defined by measured energy consumption and/or by the dynamical model in IDA ICE and can be used for long-term measurement and energy analysis and real-time visualization of consumed energy. The IDA model of kv. Cirkusängen has been modified to investigate the impact of certain parameters on the energy consumption. The aim has been to optimize and create a representative IDA model and thereby create a well-defined Energy Signature. Furthermore, the aim of the thesis is to give a good understanding of how IDA ICE can be used to define the Energy Signature of kv. Cirkusängen.

Valhalla is an old school building constructed in the beginning of the 20th century. Originally designed to be used as a school for girls, the building is now being used for cultural purposes and decaying. The municipality of Falun, who owns the building, wishes to restore it to the point where it meets todays modern standards and amenities, regarding indoor climate and comfort. The idea is to convert Valhalla into an office building for the employees of the municipality. Whilst doing this, a refurbishment goal set by the municipality of Falun applies where the annual amount of bought energy for the building shall be reduced by half when the refurbishment is complete. This report will evaluate the optimal solutions for Valhalla to meet the municipality’s goal. Due to the cultural protection of the building a package of appropriate suggestions will also be displayed. These suggestions are applied with the preservation of Valhalla in focus. A replica of Valhalla will be constructed in IDA ICE which is a simulation software where different energy measures can be investigated and evaluated. This is done to decide which kind of measures is profitable. By only focusing on improving the insulation to Valhalla a total energy reduction of 37.5% is achieved, which is not enough. This report will find out if the goal of reducing the annual amount of bought energy by half is achievable if geothermal heat pumps are introduced. Modern heating and ventilation systems will be installed to ensure that the indoor climate and comfort of Valhalla meets the regulations. Investigating the impact from insulation of the façade, external walls, roof, and windows and how it will improve the building. As well as applying smart controlling of the appliances and lighting, how the occupants can affect the annual electricity usage. By changing the primary heating source to a geothermal heat pump instead of the district heating already installed at Valhalla, to see the total impact in terms of both bought- and primary energy.

Energy calculations are used for many purposes, for example during the design andconstruction phase to comply with Boverket’s building regulations, energy declarations or toachieve energy saving in a building. A main problem in the design process of a new building,is to accurately predict the energy performance. The energy calculations require data fromdifferent interacting components, which have been shown to be challenging to measure. Thisproblem arises in particularly for complex buildings, notably office buildings. Due to the lackof detailed energy models and analyses of the differences between the model and reality foroffice buildings in Sweden, this report aims to answer the question: What are the causes ofdeviations between the models and the measurements of energy usage and indoor airtemperature for the studied office building? The office building Sthlm New 04 was modeledas a whole-building within IDA ICE and the simulated data was compared with measureddata from 2021 that was provided by Skanska Fastigheter.During the design of the model, the simulation model was fed with external source files (withmeasured data) to make the model operate at the same time as the real system. Since therewas no logged occupancy data for this office building, it was assumed that occupancy wasdistributed equally in all office zones. The model has a detailed HVAC system to make themodel as accurate as possible.The result showed overall a good agreement with the measured data, especially for thesimulated district heating and cooling. However, a closer look revealed that there were somedifferences that the model did not account for. The building’s three Air-handling units alsoshowed a good agreement with an average of -0.3 °C, -0.2 °C and +0.2 °C. The resultshighlight several problems with modeling and measured data. Under the influence ofassumptions and hard to define input data, there may be misinterpretation by the modeler.Other reasons could be sensor errors or manufacturing errors by most of the errors could becorrected by a more detailed occupancy in the model. However, this study has shown thatthe detailed model can be used for a fair comparison between the simulated model and thereal building, although there may be some discrepancies. Undoubtedly, it is difficult to createa model that exactly matches the real building, but this model is a good representation thatcan be used for future research such as digital twin.

Bostads- och servicesektorn är de största energianvändarna i Sverige och därför har energieffektivisering i byggnader blivit en alltmer central fråga. Renovering med syfte att energioptimera byggnader är en ekonomisk investering och detta kräver ett bra underlag innan valet av effektiviseringsåtgärd. Denna studie har fokuserat på olika effektiviseringsåtgärder ur ett energi- samt ekonomiskt perspektiv vid renovering av byggnader.  Studien är uppdelad i två delar. I del 1 av studien undersöktes om och hur balkonginglasning påverkar byggnadens energianvändning. Undersökningen gjordes med hjälp av simuleringar i programmet IDA ICE 4.8. Simuleringarna gjordes över byggnadens energianvändning och var baserade på samma modell men den ena med inglasade balkonger och den andra utan inglasade balkonger. Även olika parametrars inverkan för inglasningen som klimatzon samt klimatskalets U-värde för modellen innan och efter renovering undersöktes. Modellens energianvändning för både med och utan inglasade balkonger, före och efter renovering, i städerna Stockholm, Malmö och Kiruna jämfördes med varandra. De effektiviseringsåtgärder som låg till grund för denna studie var tilläggsisolering av ytterväggar, tilläggsisolering av vindsbjälklag, fönsterbyte och uppgradering av ventilationssystem till FTX.  Del 2 av studien handlar om nyckeltal, i studien togs det fram olika nyckeltal baserad på de tidigare nämnda effektiviseringsåtgärderna i syfte att jämföra åtgärderna ur ett energi- samt ekonomiskt perspektiv. Nyckeltalet beskriver renoveringsåtgärdernas energibesparing per kvadratmeter, åtgärdad yta och år samt återbetalningstiden för respektive åtgärd. Även denna del av studien gjordes med hjälp av simuleringar i IDA ICE. För att få ett övergripande nyckeltal undersöktes dessutom typiska U-värden på byggnadsdelar från tre olika tidsperioder (1948-1960), (1961-1975) och (1976-1985) samt tre olika klimatzoner Stockholm, Malmö och Kiruna. Resultatet i denna studie visade att inglasning av balkongerna minskar byggnadens energibehov mellan 4,7–5,1% för äldre byggnader och mellan 2–2,5% för byggnader efter renovering. Fönsterbyte och tilläggsisolering av vindsbjälklag ger större relativ besparing i Kiruna medan uppgradering av ventilationssystem och tilläggsisolering av ytterväggar ger större relativ besparing i Malmö. Största besparing per åtgärdad yta kommer från fönsterbyte och uppgradering av ventilationssystem i samtliga undersökta klimatzoner. Kortast återbetalningstid var för åtgärden tilläggsisolering av vindsbjälklag för samtliga städer och bland städerna hade Kiruna den kortaste återbetalningstiden. / The housing and service sectors are the largest energy users in Sweden and therefore energy efficiency in buildings has become an increasingly central issue. Renovation with the aim of energy-optimizing buildings is a financial investment and this requires a good basis before choosing an efficient measure. This study has focused on various efficiency measures from an energy- and economic perspective when renovating buildings.  The study is divided into two parts. In part 1 of the study, whether and how balcony glazing affects the building's energy use was investigated. The investigation was carried out using simulations in the program IDA ICE 4.8. The simulations were made over the building's energy use and were based on the same model but one with glazed balconies and the other without glazed balconies. Various parameters for the impact of the glazing, such as climate zone and the U-value of the climate shell for models before and after renovation were also examined. The model's energy use for both with and without glazed balconies, before and after renovation, in the cities of Stockholm, Malmö and Kiruna were compared with each other. The efficiency measures that formed the basis of this study were additional insulation of external walls, additional insulation of attic joists, replacement of windows and upgrading of the ventilation system for FTX.  Part 2 of the study deals with key figures, in the study different key figures were produced based on the previously mentioned efficiency measures in order to compare the measures from an energy and financial perspective. The key figure describes the renovation measures' energy savings per square meter, treated area and year, as well as the payback period for each measure. This part of the study was also done using simulations in IDA ICE. In order to obtain an overall key figure, typical U-values on building parts from three different time periods (1948-1960), (1961-1975) and (1976-1985) as well as three different climate zones Stockholm, Malmö and Kiruna were investigated.  The results of this study showed that glazing the balconies reduces the building's energy needs between 4,7-5,1% for older buildings and between 2-2,5% for buildings after renovation. Window replacement and additional insulation of attic joists provide greater relative savings in Kiruna, while upgrading the ventilation system and additional insulation of exterior walls provide greater relative savings in Malmö. The biggest savings per treated area comes from window replacement and upgrading of ventilation systems in all investigated climate zones. The shortest payback time was for the measure of additional insulation of attic joists for all cities, and among the cities Kiruna had the shortest payback time.

The building sector contributes substantial energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Energy efficiency is the main driver for the mitigation of climate change. Schools are placed with high energy consumption and GHG emitting. Most of the existing schools in Europe and Sweden need to be renovated by considering the environmental impacts and energy consumption. Most of the traditional retrofitting techniques have not been evaluated for environmental impacts as well as energy-saving. The project aims to conduct an environmental impact assessment for energy retrofitting options for the school building. Energy simulation and life cycle assessment (LCA) techniques are employed to achieve this target. IDA-ICE and SimaPro programs are used to simulate the retrofitting methods. Celsius high school in Uppsala is selected as a model to study LCA for retrofitting solutions. The retrofitting techniques are focused on three aspects, the demand-side aspect to reduce energy demand in buildings (thermal insulation and ventilation system operation), the supply-side aspect that uses a renewable energy source (solar photovoltaic), and energy consumption patterns (ventilation and lighting time according to schedule of the school days). Firstly, an energy simulation was conducted by IDA-ICE for retrofitting solutions. Adding insulation materials (Cellulose & Glass wool) to the external walls and roof, changing the ventilation operation, from continuous to variable air volume, and installation of photovoltaic panels (PV), caused the energy to be reduced from 142 kWh/m2 to 97 kWh/ m2, with efficiency 32 percent. By the retrofitting methods, the district heating energy is decreased from 87.3 kWh/m2 to 68.8 kWh/m2 and electrical energy is reduced from 54.2 kWh/m2 to 27.8 kWh/m2. Installation of PV on the roof by this area (161 m2) can be produced electrical energy of about 1.5 kWh/m2. Secondly, is conducted life cycle assessment (LCA) for all the proposed retrofitting solutions by the SimaPro program. The system boundary included manufacturing and operation (cradle to operation) and demolition and end-of-life phase are excluded from the system boundary. Functional unit is the operation of the building during during 40 years at Celsius school in Uppsala. The assumption is the retrofitting materials are produced and transport in Sweden. Vattenfall is the supplier of the electrical and heating energy for Celsius school in Uppsala. The most percent of primary energy are waste solid. LCA is presented the retrofitting is decreased the GHG and some of the environmental impact categories. / Byggsektorn bidrar med betydande energiförbrukning och utsläpp av växthusgaser (GHG). Energieffektivitet är den främsta drivkraften för att mildra klimatförändringarna. Skolor är placerade med hög energiförbrukning och utsläpp av växthusgaser. De flesta av de befintliga skolorna i Europa och Sverige behöver renoveras med hänsyn till miljöpåverkan och energiförbrukning. De flesta av de traditionella eftermonteringsteknikerna har inte utvärderats för miljöpåverkan eller energibesparing. Projektet syftar till att göra en miljökonsekvensbeskrivning för alternativ för energirenovering av skolbyggnaden. Tekniker för energisimulering och livscykelbedömning (LCA) används för att uppnå detta mål. IDA-ICE och SimaPro-programmen används för att simulera eftermonteringsmetoderna. Celsiusgymnasiet i Uppsala väljs ut som modell för att studera LCA för eftermonteringslösningar. Eftermonteringsteknikerna är fokuserade på tre aspekter, aspekten på efterfrågesidan för att minska energibehovet i byggnader (värmeisolering och drift av ventilationssystem), aspekten på utbudssidan som använder en förnybar energikälla (solcellsenergi) och energiförbrukningsmönster ( ventilation och belysningstid enligt skoldagarnas schema). Först genomfördes en energisimulering av IDA-ICE för eftermontering av lösningar. Att lägga till isoleringsmaterial (cellulosa och glasull) till ytterväggar och tak, ändra ventilationsdrift, från kontinuerlig till variabel luftvolym, och installation av solcellspaneler (PV), gjorde att energin minskade från 142 kWh/m2 till 97 kWh/m2, med verkningsgrad 32 procent. Genom eftermonteringsmetoderna sänks fjärrvärmeenergin från 87,3 kWh/m2 till 68,8 kWh/m2 och elenergin minskas från 54,2 kWh/m2 till 27,8 kWh/m2. Installation av PV på taket vid detta område (161 m2) kan producera elektrisk energi på cirka 1,5 kWh/m2. För det andra genomförs livscykelanalys (LCA) för alla föreslagna eftermonteringslösningar av SimaPro-programmet. Systemgränsen inkluderade tillverkning och drift (vagga till drift) och rivnings- och uttjänt fas är exkluderade från systemgränsen. Funktionell enhet är driften av byggnaden under 40 år på Celsiusskolan i Uppsala. Antagandet är att eftermonteringsmaterialen tillverkas och transporteras i Sverige. Vattenfall är leverantör av el- och värmeenergin till Celsiusskolan i Uppsala. Den största delen av primärenergin är fast avfall. LCA presenteras eftermonteringen minskar GHG och några av miljöpåverkanskategorierna.