During the financial crisis voices were raised towards the regulatory framework IAS 39 recognition and measurement of financial instruments and pointed out that it was inadequate. The complexity of the framework contributed to the fact that it was difficult to apply. IASB accelerated the modeling of the new to be regulatory framework IFRS 9. In this study we will focus on the reliability of accounting information, which is an important aspect from the stakeholder’s point of view, for example, to be able to make the best decisions the accounting information should be proper. The general purpose of this study is to clarify whether the qualitative characteristic, reliability, is to change when IAS 39 is replaced by IFRS 9. We will base our study on a qualitative content analysis were we have read and analyzed IAS 39 and IFRS 9. After that we lift the parts which we consider of interest to discuss out of a reliability point of view of the two regulations. The analysis of the study culminates in that some positive changes that will occur when the replacement takes place, on the other hand some negative changes that will occur as well. However, after taking in consideration, both the positive and negative aspects of the replacement, we come to the conclusion that there will be no significant difference (with some exceptions) in the reliability of the regulatory frameworks. Key words: IAS 39, IFRS 9, Reliability / Under finanskrisen höjdes röster för att regelverket IAS 39 för klassificering och värdering av finansiella instrument var bristfälligt. Regelverket var alltför komplext och därmed svårt att tillämpa. IASB påskyndade då utformningen av det nya regelverket IFRS 9 som ska ersätta IAS 39. Tidigare forskning har gjorts på områdets komplexitet och intressenters inställningar till IFRS 9. Vi inriktar oss på tillförlitligheten i redovisningsinformationen, vilken är en viktig aspekt ur intressenters synvinkel för att t.ex. fatta rätt beslut. Syftet med vår undersökning är att kartlägga huruvida den kvalitativa kriterien tillförlitlighet kommer att förändras när IAS 39 byts ut mot IFRS 9. Uppsatsen bygger på en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där vi har läst och analyserat IAS 39 och IFRS 9, sedan har vi lyft ut delar ur de båda regelverken som vi anser intressanta att diskutera ur ett tillförlitlighetsperspektiv. Studiens analys mynnar ut i att positiva förändringar kommer ske samtidigt som det även blir negativa förändringar. Efter avväganden mellan de positiva och negativa aspekterna kommer vi fram till att det inte förekommer någon större skillnad (med vissa undantag) i tillförlitligheten mellan regelverken. Nyckelord: IAS 39, IFRS 9, Tillförlitlighet,

Accounting has been critized for being one of the leading factors in the latest financial crisis. One of the primary problem areas was identified as delayed recogonition of losses on financial instruments. Consequently, a new impairment model is being developed and is to be namned expected loss model. The difference from the present model, incurred loss model, is that it takes losses into consideration on an much earlier level. Even though the model may be theoretically feasible, in practice it may implicate a number of issues. This study examines this model and divides it into three divisions - classification of the assets, estimation procedure and disclosures. Reasearch has been conducted through in-depth interviews with practitioners within the accounting profession. The information gathered from the respondents have been analyzed using prior research that is considered closely linked to the model and the international accounting standardsetters IASBs and FASBs qualitiative characteristics, relevance and reliability. The conclusion is that the proposed model is deemed relevant even if it is difficult to reach high reliability as a consequense of the models high level of uncertainty, subjectivity and flexibility from a management perspective. To ensure sufficient capital reserves, despite the possibly low reliability, the model should be of conservative nature. Disclosures will continue to play an important role in conveying assumptions and minimizing manipulation if they can be presented in a comprehensive manner.

This thesis examines how the implementation process of Expected Credit Loss Model in the accounting standard IFRS 9 – Financial instruments is perceived and interpreted and how these factors can affect comparability in accounting. One of the main changes with IFRS 9 is that companies need to account for expected credit losses rather than just incurred ones. The data is primarily collected through a web survey where all of Nordic banks and credit institutes with a minimum book value of total assets of euro 1 billion, are invited to participate. The presentation of the collected data from the web survey is reported relative frequencies in tables. The analysis is carried out with the assistance of the theoretical framework consisting of Positive Accounting Theory and Agency Theory. The conclusion of the thesis is that how the level of information in the implementation process is interpreted and perceived can affect comparability in accounting negatively due to the room for subjective interpretations.

Submitted by Aline Amarante (1146629@mackenzie.br) on 2017-03-29T22:41:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 MARIANA DO NASCIMENTO FERREIRA.pdf: 1017532 bytes, checksum: 317f02f4652425f01056263f994a1c4c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2017-03-31T15:38:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 MARIANA DO NASCIMENTO FERREIRA.pdf: 1017532 bytes, checksum: 317f02f4652425f01056263f994a1c4c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-31T15:38:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 MARIANA DO NASCIMENTO FERREIRA.pdf: 1017532 bytes, checksum: 317f02f4652425f01056263f994a1c4c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / This paper presents a comparison of IFRS 9 Financial Instruments standards (international standard) and CMN Resolution 2.682 / 99 (national standard), in relation to losses due to impairment of financial assets, showing that a significant rapprochement between them. The show analysis that both are aligned with standards and risk methodologies established by the Basel Accord, and stresses that the new international standard is more conservative than the local standard, because it establishes specific methods for classification and measurement of risks and losses, while the criteria in force in Brazil are subjective and give the entities some freedom to develop their internal models for credit risk. In order to the propose to the standard-setting body an adjustment to the national standard in order to align it with international standards, were elaborate arguments justifying this alignment or the adoption of new IFRS 9 by the Central Bank of Brazil. Financial institutions in Brazil are required to develop models by the standards of the Basel Accord, therefore, an alignment between standards provides the definition of a single model that meets different regulators, in addition to providing greater control and reliability of the information, and generate benefits such as cost reduction, process and avoid accounting adjustments. / Este trabalho apresenta uma comparação entre as normas IFRS 9 Instrumentos Financeiros (norma internacional) e a Resolução CMN 2.682/99 (norma nacional), em relação às perdas por redução ao valor recuperável de ativos financeiros, demostrando que existe uma aproximação relevante entre elas. As análises mostram que ambas estão alinhadas aos padrões e metodologias de risco estabelecidos pelo Acordo da Basiléia, e destaca que a nova norma internacional é mais conservadora que a norma local, pois estabelece métodos específicos para classificação e mensuração dos riscos e perdas, enquanto que os critérios vigentes no Brasil são subjetivos e dão às entidades certa liberdade ao desenvolver seus modelos internos de risco de crédito. Com objetivo de propor aos normatizadores um ajuste na norma nacional, a fim de alinhá-la aos padrões internacionais, foram elaborados argumentos que justifiquem esse alinhamento ou a adoção da nova norma IFRS 9 pelo Banco Central do Brasil. As instituições financeiras no Brasil são obrigadas a desenvolver modelos segundo os padrões do Acordo da Basiléia, portanto, um alinhamento entre as normas proporcionará a definição de um único modelo que atenda diferentes reguladores, além de proporcionar maior controle e confiabilidade nas informações, e gerar benefícios como a redução de custos, processo e ajustes contábeis.

The banking industry is without a doubt one of the most innovative segments. Its products are continuously evolving with the advent of new technologies, globalization, competition and regulation. IASB attempt to capture what is happening to modify IFRS. On the other hand bank's lobbying actions can also be seen on countless amendments to International Accounting Standard on financial instruments. Therefore, IAS 39 has become difficult to understand, apply and interpret and thus IASB developed a new exposure draft IFRS 9. This diploma thesis compares Czech Accounting Standards, IAS 39 and IFRS 9 for derivatives, bonds and repurchasing agreements, focusing on their different classification, the concept of fair value and own credit risk. The practical part is based on products of Financial Markets department at ING Bank. Finally, it outlined the latest developments in the convergence process between IFRS and U.S. GAAP relating to the issues described.

VAŠÍČKOVÁ, V. IFRS 9 – impact on non-bank entities. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2019. Diploma thesis is focused on influence of IFRS 9 on non-bank entities. Classification, measurement, impairment is described in the first part of thesis. Then comparation of IAS 39 and IFRS 9 are performed. In second part of thesis there is performed impact of IFRS 9 on selected non-bank entities – financial instruments of selected entities are classified and measured according IFRS 9 and there is calculated expected credit loss. Impact is quantified using percentual changes in assets and liabilities.

Bad debt deductions and doubtful debt allowances provide relief to taxpayers who would be subject to income tax on amounts accrued to them which may never be received. No definition of a bad or doubtful debt is provided in the Income Tax Act. This dissertation considered current legislation, historical court cases, academic writing and the views expressed by SARS through explanatory memoranda and directives in order to establish when a debt becomes bad or doubtful and the extent of the relief granted. This dissertation also considered the future of the doubtful debt allowance in light of the change of accounting standards from IAS 39 to IFRS 9. There are no specific requirements for a debt to become bad or doubtful. Whether a debt is bad is a factual question taking into account all relevant facts. Whether a debt is doubtful and the extent of the allowance granted is determined by the Commissioner, but that determination must be reasonable. The Commissioner relies on IAS 39 rules of impairment as the starting point for determination of a doubtful debt allowance. IFRS 9 determines impairment in a significantly different manner to IAS 39, abandoning the requirement that a “loss event” must have occurred. Adoption of IFRS 9 will result in a change to the determination of doubtful debt allowances, for example, by reducing the generally accepted rate of 25% of identified doubtful debts or by requiring the taxpayer to compile a list of debts which would have qualified as doubtful under IAS 39.

Bakgrund och problemformulering: Den 1 januari 2018 infördesredovisningsstandarden IFRS 9 för finansiella instrument, vilken ersätter den tidigare kontroversiella standarden IAS 39. Den nya standarden innehåller bland annat en kreditförlustmodell som innebär att inte bara inträffade utan även förväntadek reditförluster ska redovisas, vilket skiljer sig från den tidigare kreditförlustmodellen där endast konstaterade förluster redovisades. Banker ansågs vara den typ av företagsom skulle komma att bli särskilt påverkade av den nya kreditförlustmodellen som IFRS 9 innebär. Bortsett från redovisningsstandarder har banker även Baselregelverket att förhålla sig till. Enligt Basel III, det nuvarande regelverket, finns det ett krav på att banker ska ha en kärnprimärkapitalrelation på minst 4,5 %. Kärnprimärkapitalrelationen kan komma att påverkas negativt om avsättningarna ökar, vilket kan bli en följd av IFRS 9. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur noterade banker inom Europeiska unionen påverkats av den nya IFRS 9 standarden. Med hjälp av två underfrågor till forskningsfrågan kommer bankers kärnprimärkapitalrelation och kreditförlustreserver att studeras. Forskningsmetod: Två hypoteser har formulerats för att besvara studiens syfte. Studien har utgått från en kvantitativ metod och en deduktiv ansats har tillämpats. Studiens population utgörs av noterade banker inom EU som därefter selekterats genom ett systematiskt urval. Data består av information hämtad från bankernas årsredovisningar från åren 2017 och 2018. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet visade att båda hypoteserna kunde förkastas. Kreditförlusterna hade inte ökat signifikant och kärnprimärkapitalrelationen hade inte minskat signifikant

This study examines the impact of the transition from IAS 39 to IFRS 9 on the credit loss forecasting ability of banks, and its implications for value relevance. The implementation of IFRS 9 brought about a shift from the Incurred Credit Loss (ICL) model to the Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model, emphasizing forward-looking information. We analyze data from small and medium sized banks, exploring their ability to forecast credit losses between 2018 to 2022. Our findings reveal that the adoption of IFRS 9 has led to a noteworthy enhancement in medium size banks' credit loss forecasting accuracy. This improvement is consistent with the increased value relevance of the financial information presented. Drawing parallels with studies like Mechelli & Cimini (2021), our results suggest that the refined credit loss forecasting, as facilitated by IFRS 9, contributes to the overall value relevance of financial reporting in the banking sector. This study underscores the significance of regulatory changes and their implications for both financial reporting and market perception in the banking industry.

Bakgrund: En ny reglering har införts den 1 januari 2018, vilket är IFRS 9 finansiella instrument som ersätter IAS 39. Värdering och redovisning förändras från en objektiv till en subjektiv bedömning av kreditförluster. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken effekt IFRS 9 har på svenska banker efter införandet. Studien undersöker även om effekten varierar beroende av bankers storlek. Metod: För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvantitativ studie med deduktiv ansats tillämpats. Sekundärdata har inhämtats ur bankernas årsredovisningar för 2018 från respektive hemsida. Banker som ingår i studien är 43 svenska banker som står under Finansinspektionens tillsyn. Studiens tre hypoteser testades med hjälp av ttest, där parvis observation gjordes mellan åren 2017 och 2018. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet visade en signifikant förändring av totala kapitalrelationen och kärnprimärkapitalrelationen i de större bankerna, vilka nyckeltalen var lägre efter införandet av IFRS 9. Egna kapitalet, kreditförlusterna och soliditeten kunde inte visa någon signifikant förändring. Slutsats av studiens resultat är att införandet av IFRS 9 haft en marginell effekt på svenska banker. / Background: The new regulation IFRS 9 has replaced IAS 39. The new regulation is subjective, forward-looking, compared with the old, objective model. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect IFRS 9 has on Swedish banks after the transition. Another aim is to study the effect of IFRS 9 on different bank sizes. Method: To achieve the purpose of the study, a quantitative method has been applied. Data has been obtained from annual reports for the year of 2018. The data consist of shareholders equity, balance sheet total and reported loan losses. Hypothesis testing has been done by using t-test Result and conclusion: The results can support a week significant positive effect on Tier 1 capital and capital adequacy ratio from large banks. No results could be found for Shareholders equity, Credit loss or Solidity.